A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education 7Th Edition By Robert Mechikoff – Test Bank
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Sample Test
A History & Philosophy of Sport, 7e (Mechikoff)
Chapter 3 Greece
1) What culture(s) are generally credited for developing much of
the Western world’s philosophical orientation toward the body and physical
education?
1. A)
Roman and Spanish
2. B)
Egyptian
3. C)
Anglo-Saxon
4. D)
Greek and Macedonian
5. E)
Greek and possibly Judaic influence
Answer: E
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2) The Greeks developed a culture that
1. A)
emphasized the pursuit of individual excellence in mind and body.
2. B)
promoted an appreciation of the arts and humanities.
3. C)
honored both athletic excellence and intellectual excellence.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
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3) The Phoenicians, according to Labib Boutros
1. A)
established trading ties with the Gauls.
2. B)
did not enjoy sports and physical activity as did the Greeks.
3. C)
may have influenced some of the rituals, sports, and physical activities that
were adopted by the Greeks.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: C
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4) Which of the following is true?
1. A) In
Phoenician mythology, the gods Baal and Melkart competed in chariot racing
competition.
2. B)
The Phoenician hero, athlete Melkart, was compared to the Greek hero, athlete
Heracles.
3. C)
Archeological excavations at the ancient Phoenician city of Pasadena have
uncovered ruins that are similar to ancient Roman stadiums.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E) In
Phoenician mythology, the gods Baal and Melkart competed in chariot racing
competition, and the Phoenician hero, athlete Melkart, was compared to the
Greek hero, athlete Heracles.
Answer: B
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5) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
According to Labib Boutros, Greek sports were based on divinities and worship
rites that were borrowed from the Egyptians.
2. B)
Boutros strongly implies that the Greeks borrowed religion and athletic
competitions from the Phoenicians and used these two cultural practices to
establish the Olympic Games and other Athletic Festivals in Greece.
3. C)
The Phoenicians used ritual human sacrifice to celebrate athletic success that
honored the god Melkart.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E)
According to Labib Boutros, Greek sports were based on divinities and worship
rites that were borrowed from the Egyptians, and Boutros strongly implies that
the Greeks borrowed religion and athletic competitions from the Phoenicians and
used these two cultural practices to establish the Olympic Games and other
Athletic Festivals in Greece.
Answer: B
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6) What two opposing ideas, according to John Fairs, existed in
Greece relative to the significance of the body and ultimately physical
education?
1. A)
Metaphysics and Ontology
2. B)
The naturalistic and anti-naturalistic schools of thought
3. C)
The Roman sport and the Cretan sport schools of thought
4. D)
The Platonic and the Spartan schools of thought
5. E)
The Athenian and the Cretan schools of thought
Answer: B
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7) According to John Fairs, which of the following is true?
1. A)
Naturalistic ideology believed that man should have a balanced educational
program that would utilize physical education and intellectual education.
2. B)
Anti-naturalist ideology believed in a viewpoint that rejected the material or
physical world, along with the body, and instead favored a world of pure
thought that originated exclusively from the mind.
3. C)
The naturalistic view believed in the necessity that men seek a harmonious
balance between the spiritual, intellectual, and physical being.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E)
Naturalistic ideology believed that man should have a balanced educational
program that would utilize physical education and intellectual education, and
the naturalistic view believed in the necessity that men seek a harmonious
balance between the spiritual, intellectual, and physical being.
Answer: D
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8) In the context of the philosophical positions of the body,
which of the following is true about the antinaturalistic view?
1. A) It
rejected the self-created world of pure thought in favor of the material world.
2. B) It
held that physical education was a servant to the intellectual process.
3. C) It
held the body in higher esteem than the mind.
4. D) It
was far more popular than the naturalistic view.
Answer: B
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9) Which of the following can be attributed to Socrates and
Plato?
1. A)
Their dualistic approach to questions about human existence.
2. B)
The fact that they were two of the greatest philosophers of all time.
3. C)
Their philosophical position of the body decisively influenced the status and
purpose of contemporary physical education.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
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10) Which of the following is true? Dualism
1. A) is
a philosophical system that separates human existence into three parts, which
are mind, spirit, and body.
2. B)
was classically described in the writings of the Greek philosopher Stephanos.
3. C) is
a metaphysical position that decisively influenced the purpose and status of
contemporary physical education.
4. D) is
both a philosophical system that separates human existence into three parts,
which are mind, spirit, and body and a metaphysical position that decisively
influenced the purpose and status of contemporary physical education.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: C
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11) With regard to dualistic thought, which of the following is
false?
1. A)
Dualism believes that it is important to concentrate more time and effort in
developing the mind as opposed to developing the body because the mind can form
ideas which can become discoveries that promote better living. The body does
not assist the mind in this process.
2. B)
Through the ability to develop the mind, individuals are able to contribute
timeless and eternal work in music, poetry, literature, philosophy, art and
architectural forms that are so beautiful that they are still used and copied
today.
3. C)
These “contributions” originate from the mind and do not decay. The body will
always decay and leaves nothing of value behind; the mind can form timeless
ideas.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
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12) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
Classical scholars, such as William Fleming, connect the philosophy of
existentialism with the ancient Greeks.
2. B)
Plato’s philosophy is strongly tied to humanism because Plato’s emphasis is
that developing the body is always more important than developing the mind.
3. C)
Plato believed in democratic ideals.
4. D)
The Greeks viewed their gods as idealized human beings with beautiful bodies.
In order to gain favor with their gods, Greeks developed their bodies to look
like the gods, thus honoring the gods.
Answer: D
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13) Socrates and Plato
1. A)
were consummate philosophers and participated in athletic competitions.
2. B)
developed a metaphysical position based on dualism that elevated the
development of the body over the development of the mind.
3. C)
argued in the Phaedo that
the soul is evil and infects the mind.
4. D)
argued in the Phaedo that
the body must be developed to its full potential before the mind is able to
function correctly.
Answer: A
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14) In the Phaedo,
Socrates
1. A)
describes his epistemological position—how we acquire and validate knowledge.
2. B)
believes that humans can acquire authentic and valid knowledge through the
body.
3. C)
suggests that the ideas we have of truth and knowledge are based on information
that we receive from our bodily senses and are very reliable.
4. D)
describes why physical education and athletics are vitally important to
society.
Answer: A
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15) In TheRepublic,
Socrates
1. A)
continues to maintain his belief in dualism.
2. B)
believes that in order to educate the population correctly, each person must
have a “mind and body” education.
3. C)
believes that education should consist of gymnastics for the body and music for
the soul.
4. D)
believes that caring for the body is important, however, it is not equal to
caring and developing the mind—developing the mind remains the primary main
concern.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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16) Plato
1. A) is
the main source of information we have about Socrates.
2. B) provides
two views of the body based on the idea of metaphysical dualism.
3. C)
does not trust the body to provide accurate and valid information.
4. D)
believes that individuals acquire knowledge through the mind, not the body. The
significance of Plato’s dualism is tied to what knowledge actually is and how
individuals acquire their knowledge.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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17) In the context of the type of citizens who would inhabit his
utopia, the Republic, Plato strongly believed that
1. A)
the behavior of paying attention exclusively to the mind and neglecting the
body would make men soft and effeminate.
2. B)
the effort needed to maintain a healthy body would significantly harm the
intellectual development of an individual.
3. C)
the body necessarily contributed to knowledge and failed to affect the mind if
it was sick.
4. D)
physical education was primarily concerned with personal relationships,
emotional responses, and group behavior.
Answer: A
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18) The impact of Plato’s dualism on educational philosophy in
general and physical education in particular
1. A)
can be understood through his epistemology.
2. B)
asks, “can accurate knowledge be achieved while in the body?”
3. C)
asks, “if the answer is no, how is it possible to become educated if it is
demonstrated that the physical senses (body) can often fool the mind?”
4. D)
places the development of the mind as more important than developing the body
which is evident in contemporary educational philosophy.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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19) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
Charles H. McCloy believed that the development of the body, “education of the
physical,” should be the priority of physical education.
2. B)
Jesse F. Williams believed that men and women are of an organic unity and
opposed dualism.
3. C)
Both McCloy and Williams believed that our physical dimension is a significant
part of our existence and should be a high priority in the educational
curriculum.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
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20) The thematic emphasis in Charles H. McCloy’s work was on the
importance of an individual’s ________.
1. A)
behavior in a group
2. B)
personal relationships
3. C)
physical characteristics
4. D)
mental learning processes
Answer: C
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21) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
Plato argues for a harmonious relationship (not an equal relationship) between
mind and body in TheRepublic.
2. B)
Boutros argues that Greek sport was based on divinities and worship rituals
that were borrowed from the Phoenicians.
3. C)
Physical educators who believe in “education through the physical” believe in
not only developing physical fitness but also developing personal
relationships, positive emotional development, mental learning, appropriate
group behavior, and related social and aesthetic outcomes.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
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22) Aristotle
1. A)
studied with Plato, was a big fan of the Olympic games, and provided Olympic
officials with a revised list of the athletes who had won at Olympia.
2. B)
started his own school, the Lyceum, and tutored Alexander the Great.
3. C) is
generally recognized as the preeminent philosopher of antiquity.
4. D)
believed that the health of the mind was dependent on the health of the body.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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23) Aristotle’s educational curriculum at his gymnasium
consisted of
1. A)
grammar.
2. B)
gymnastics.
3. C)
music.
4. D)
drawing.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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24) Aristotle divided philosophy into three parts, namely
1. A)
geographical philosophy, historical philosophy, and physical philosophy.
2. B)
physical philosophy, spatial philosophy, and virtual philosophy.
3. C)
social philosophy, political philosophy, and thematical philosophy.
4. D)
theoretical philosophy, practical philosophy, and poetic philosophy.
Answer: D
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25) Which of the following is true? The Funeral Games of the
ancient Greeks
1. A)
were first mentioned by the poet Homer in TheOdyssey.
2. B)
were held to punish enemies, such as Partroclus who was killed at Troy.
3. C)
consisted of athletic contests that honored the deceased and were believed to
give pleasure to the gods.
4. D)
were to the Greeks, no other culture held funeral games.
Answer: C
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26) The people of Crete enjoyed
1. A)
Sheep-jumping.
2. B)
Racing sailboats.
3. C)
Ritual sacrifice of virgins to honor Pluto.
4. D)
None of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
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27) In the context of the historical foundations of sport and
physical education, which of the following statements is true about the
influence of Crete?
1. A)
Crete was a city of immense culture and fabulous architecture and was home to
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Aristophanes, and other famous poets, playwrights,
and philosophers.
2. B)
Scholars agreed with the traditionalists and rejected the idea that Greek sport
originated as a result of contact with the established sporting communities of
Crete and Near Eastern civilizations such as the Phoenicians and the Egyptians.
3. C)
Crete had unimpressive ruins and monuments where competitions, such as archery,
took place.
4. D)
Boxing, jumping over bulls, and dancing were popular sports engaged in by the
people of Crete during the Aegean Bronze Age (3000-1100 B.C.).
Answer: D
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28) With regard to the development of Greek sport,
1. A)
the origin of Greek sport has not been clearly established by scholars.
2. B)
there was a sharp distinction between amateur and professional athletes as
described by H.W. Pleket and Slowikowski.
3. C)
there are two predominant schools of thought of the development of Greek sport;
the traditional “rise -and- fall approach” and the view that Greek sport came
about due to contact with other civilizations who practiced sport such as the
Egyptians, Crete, and the Phoenicians.
4. D)
Agon and Arete were common arguments that were used by philosophers who were
opposed to the popularity of Greek athletics.
5. E)
the origin of Greek sport has not been clearly established by scholars and
there are two predominant schools of thought of the development of Greek sport;
the traditional “rise -and-fall approach” and the view that Greek sport came
about due to contact with other civilizations who practiced sport such as the
Egyptians, Crete, and the Phoenicians
Answer: E
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29) With regard to agon and arete, which of the following is
true?
1. A)
According to Professor Miller, a definition of arete would include virtue,
skill, prowess, pride, excellence, valor, and nobility.
2. B) In
ancient Greece, arête was not limited to athletes.
3. C)
There is ample evidence that many Greek women were recognized for their agon
and Arete.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E)
According to Professor Miller, a definition of arete would include virtue,
skill, prowess, pride, excellence, valor, and nobility. In ancient Greece,
arête was not limited to athletes.
Answer: E
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30) With regard to theIliad,
which of the following is true?
1. A) It
was Plato’s greatest masterpiece.
2. B) It
is actually a song that the Greeks sung during important athletic festivals.
3. C) It
is the epic story of the Spartan Queen Kyniska’s victory at the Olympia.
4. D) It
was Plato’s greatest masterpiece, and it is actually a song that the Greeks
sung during important athletic festivals.
5. E)
None of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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31) According to Homer’s TheIliad,
which of the following is true?
1. A) This
poem tells the story of the kidnapping of Helen of Sparta by the Trojan Prince,
Paris.
2. B)
The Trojan War lasted for 10 years and was waged over the return of one woman,
who history named “Helen of Troy.”
3. C)
The funeral games for Patroclos is frequently quoted as an original source for
our understanding of ancient Greek athletic competitions.
4. D)
The Greeks left behind a great wooden horse that was filled with warriors who
opened the gates of Troy, after the celebrations, Trojans had passed out from
celebrating too much. The Greeks slaughtered the Trojans and took Helen back to
Greece.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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32) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) was a wealthy German businessman who was
convinced that Troy and the Trojan War Homer described in TheIliad were real
and not a myth.
2. B) He
explored the region of present-day Turkey where he was convinced that the
ancient city of Homer’s TheIliad was
situated and discovered Troy.
3. C)
The Temple of Athena at Troy served as a venue where athletic competitions were
held to honor the goddess Athena and were celebrated by both the Greeks and,
later on, the Romans.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E)
Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) was a wealthy German businessman who was
convinced that Troy and the Trojan War Homer described in TheIliad were real
and not a myth, and he explored the region of present-day Turkey where he was
convinced that the ancient city of Homer’s TheIliad was situated and discovered
Troy.
Answer: D
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33) Which of the following are false?
1. A)
Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) stopped at Troy to honor the heroes of Troy
by running around the walls of the city naked and caring the shield that was
said to have belonged to Achilles, one of the heroes of the Trojan War.
2. B)
Helen of Athens was married to Menelaus, King of Athens when the Trojan Prince,
Hector, abducted her from Athens and fled to Troy.
3. C)
Heinrich Schliemann was multilingual and spent several years studying classics
and archeology at the Sorbonne but never earned the Doctor of Philosophy
degree.
4. D)
Schliemann married a Greek woman, Sophie, and claimed to have discovered
Priam’s gold stash and photographed his wife wearing a golden necklace he
claimed was worn by Helen of Troy.
Answer: B
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34) The Panhellenic Games consisted of the
1. A)
Olympic Games.
2. B)
Nemean Games.
3. C)
Isthmian Games.
4. D)
Pythian Games.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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35) Which of the following is true of the Isthmian games?
1. A)
They were held in Delphi at the sacred site of Apollo.
2. B)
The winners at these games received a wreath of fresh celery.
3. C)
They were the oldest and most prestigious of the Panhellenic Games.
4. D)
They were held near Corinth to honor Poseidon, the sea god.
Answer: D
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36) Which of the following is true of the Nemean games?
1. A)
They were the oldest and most prestigious of the Panhellenic Games.
2. B)
The winners at these games received a wreath of wild celery.
3. C)
The winners at these games were crowned with an olive wreath.
4. D)
They were held in Delphi at the sacred site of Apollo.
Answer: B
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37) Which Greek city developed both physical education and
“high” culture to a level that most scholars claim has not been achieved since?
1. A)
Sparta
2. B)
Athens
3. C)
Cleveland
4. D)
Troy
5. E)
Nemea
Answer: B
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38) The most brutal and violent athletic contest of the Greeks
was
1. A)
wrestling.
2. B)
pankration.
3. C)
boxing.
4. D)
field Marches.
5. E)
chariot Racing.
Answer: B
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39) The Greek sport that was a combination of wrestling and
boxing was
1. A)
hoplitodromos.
2. B)
pankration.
3. C)
double stadion.
4. D)
dolichos.
Answer: B
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40) Athenians, especially those influenced by Plato, believed
1. A) in
establishing a harmonious relationship between mind and body.
2. B)
that a person with an out-of-shape, flabby body was a disgrace and poorly
educated.
3. C) in
striving to resemble the gods (who were often depicted as perfect physical
specimens) by perfection of their physical beauty.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
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41) Which of the following is true about physical education in
Athens?
1. A)
Chariot racing, choral training, and ball games were unknown to the Athenians.
2. B)
Physical education programs took place in plain and functional facilities
rather than in lavish gymnasia or palaistrai that were built in Sparta.
3. C)
Physical education had the utilitarian purpose of preparing soldiers for war,
and it exemplified the Greek aesthetic ideals of beauty and harmony.
4. D)
Each newborn infant was examined by a council of elders, known as ephors, who
determined if the infant would be fit enough to be involved in physical
education.
Answer: C
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42) In the context of Athenian physical education, which of the
following terms refers to a physical education teacher who owned his own
palaistra and charged a fee, similar to today’s private health clubs?
1. A) A
pedagogue
2. B)
A paidotribe
3. C)
The Diaulos
4. D)
The ephors
Answer: B
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43) In Sparta,
1. A)
periodic physical fitness assessments were administered to the youth by ephors.
2. B)
the exam occurred every 10 days.
3. C) if
any of the examined youth appeared to be fat or flabby, they were beaten and
punished.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
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44) In Sparta,
1. A)
women had more rights and freedom then Athenian women did.
2. B)
women were ordered to develop athletic ability and engaged in footraces,
wrestling, and discus throwing.
3. C)
women would train right alongside with the men.
4. D)
women engaged in athletic competition.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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45) In regard to Spartan woman, which of the following is true?
1. A)
According to Plutarch, the Spartan lawgiver, Lykourgos, ordered that virgins
should compete in footraces, wrestling, and throwing the discus.
2. B)
Lykourgos ordered that virgins were to be molded so that all softness and
daintiness and effeminacy were removed and in addition, were to parade in the
nude and to dance and sing at certain religious festivals in the presence of
young men as spectators.
C)Kyniska, daughter of the Spartan King Archidamos, entered a
chariot team in the Olympic Games of 396 B.C. and again in 392 B.C. and won
both times. She was the first woman in Greece to be recognized as an Olympic
champion.
1. D) A
famous Athenian, Euripides, opined that Spartan girls could not be chaste, even
if they wanted to because they use the same race track and palaistra as the
young men do exposing their thighs which Euripides found disgraceful.
2. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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46) Identify a difference between the Spartans and the
Athenians.
1. A)
The education of the Spartans was the responsibility of the state, whereas the
education of the Athenians was the responsibility of the family.
2. B)
Athenian cultural mores were directed to achieving domination and victory on
the battlefield or in athletic competition, whereas the Spartans thought it
necessary to perfect their military skills and also study appropriate values,
virtues, and methods for the continued progress of the city through education
and cultural enrichment.
3. C)
The Spartans were made to develop both their minds and bodies, whereas the
Athenians focused on developing only their minds.
4. D)
The Athenians engaged in physical training, whereas the Spartans engaged in
physical education.
Answer: A
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47) Wrestling took place at specially designated “schools” known
as
1. A)
palaistra.
2. B)
gymnasium.
3. C)
arena.
4. D)
lyceum.
5. E)
academy.
Answer: A
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48) Which of the following is true of the Heraian Games?
1. A)
The athletes for these games used a different Olympic stadium because the races
were not as long as for the males.
2. B)
These games included footraces and wrestling competitions for virgins.
3. C)
These games required that athletic virgins be divided into three groups.
4. D)
Victors of these games were awarded a wreath of dried celery.
Answer: C
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49) Spartan women
1. A)
participated in gymnastics and were conditioned to give birth to strong,
healthy children.
2. B)
worked out right alongside of the men, in the nude.
3. C)
received instruction in dancing, wrestling, swimming, and horseback riding.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E)
participated in gymnastics and were conditioned to give birth to strong,
healthy children and received instruction in dancing, wrestling, swimming, and
horseback riding.
Answer: D
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50) The Heraian Games
1. A)
were exclusively for females.
2. B)
were held at the Olympic Stadium.
3. C)
were administered by 16 women. The male Hellanodikai served as judges during
the competition.
4. D)
consisted of three events, all of the events were footraces.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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51) With regard to arete and agon, which of the following is
true?
1. A)
Arete was an honor reserved only for Olympic champions.
2. B)
Those athletes who were honored with Arete received great wealth and had the
right to confer Arete on other athletes who were worthy, for a price.
3. C)
Agon was a special athletic festival held only for Olympic champions.
4. D)
Agon was available for women as well as men.
5. E)
None of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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52) The ancient Olympic Games were first recorded to have begun
in
1. A)
776 B.C.
2. B)
900 B.C.
3. C)
1896.
4. D)
1000 B.C.
5. E)
None of the answers are correct.
Answer: A
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53) The first recorded Olympic champion was
1. A)
Alexander the Great.
2. B)
Payton Manning.
3. C)
Plato.
4. D)
Coroebus of Elis.
5. E)
Pericles of Athens.
Answer: D
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54) The origins of the Olympic Games is or was
1. A)
based on mythology.
2. B)
based on religion.
3. C)
based on the account provided by Plato.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E)
based on mythology and on religion.
Answer: E
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55) The first Olympic Games
1. A)
had one event, the Stade race—a footrace of 200 meters, about 600 ancient feet.
2. B)
had elaborate athletic facilities.
3. C)
were dedicated to the god Poseidon.
4. D)
awarded victors wreaths of holly.
5. E)
None of the answers are correct.
Answer: A
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56) Eventually, the Olympic Games
1. A)
utilized a stadium that sat about 40,000 spectators.
2. B)
built a gymnasium, palaistra, hippodrome, temple dedicated to Zeus, and a
treasury building, and held animal sacrifices.
3. C)
built a hotel—theLeonidaion—that could accommodate up to 50 wealthy VIPs.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E) A
utilized a stadium that sat about 40,000 spectators and built a gymnasium,
palaistra, hippodrome, temple dedicated to Zeus, and a treasury building, and
held animal sacrifices.
Answer: D
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57) In the context of the Ancient Olympic Festival (472 or 468
B.C.), which of the following events took place on the fourth day?
1. A)
The hoplite race
2. B)
Equestrian events
3. C)
The Pentathlon
4. D)
Boys’ events in the stadium
Answer: A
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58) Which of the following is true? Under Greek rules
1. A)
only male citizens of Greece could compete in the Olympic Games.
2. B)
married women, with the exception of the priestess of Demeter, were not allowed
to attend the Olympic Games.
3. C)
the athletes competed nude.
4. D)
the most important officials at the Olympics were the Hellanodikai.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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59) The famous Greek poet Pindar (518-446 B.C.)
1. A)
attended the Olympic Games.
2. B) was
a superb athlete and won five times at Olympia.
3. C)
wrote lyric poems known as “odes” to honor athletes, if paid enough money.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E)
attended the Olympic Games and wrote lyric poems known as “odes” to honor
athletes, if paid enough money.
Answer: E
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60) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
According to Miller, there is ample evidence that the Olympic Games were
stopped once and for all in A.D. 435 by the Emperor Theodosius.
2. B)
Miller claims that when Emperor Theodosius II issued his decree in A.D. 435,
Greek religion and Greek athletics, already relics, ceased completely to play
any meaningful role in society.
3. C) In
the Olympic Games of antiquity, virgin women were allowed to drive in the
chariot races, as the “owner.”
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: B
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61) The Olympic Games enforced the following rules:
1. A)
Athletes and their trainers had to arrive in Olympia no later than one month
prior to the start of the games.
2. B)
Athletes had to be Greek citizens.
3. C)
Athletes must have no criminal record.
4. D)
Athletes had to swear to Zeus that they had trained for the previous 10 months.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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62) Which of the following is true of the MousikosAgon?
1. A) It
was an important part of the Pythian games.
2. B) It
marked the demise of the Olympic Games.
3. C) It
was an important part of the Olympic Games.
4. D) It
mainly included religious rituals.
Answer: A
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63) In 472 B.C., the Olympics
1. A)
reorganized into a five-day event.
2. B)
devoted two and a half days to competition, and the remaining days were devoted
to religious matters.
3. C)
added the Marathon race.
4. D)
reorganized into a five-day event and devoted two and a half days to
competition, and the remaining days were devoted to religious matters.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
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64) With regard to the Olympic Games, women
1. A)
could compete with the men from 146 B.C. onward when Rome conquered Greece and
took control of the Olympic games.
2. B)
were sometimes sacrificed along with 100 bulls to honor Zeus.
3. C)
who were married to Olympic champions were allowed to attend the games.
4. D)
were sometimes sacrificed along with 100 bulls to honor Zeus and those who were
married to Olympic champions were allowed to attend the games.
5. E)
None of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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65) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
Olympia was a sacred place where victory in sports, as well as other occasions
(such as military victories), was celebrated.
2. B)
The Olympic Games featured competitions not only for athletes but also for
poets, philosophers, and musicians.
3. C)
Cheating was a problem during the ancient Olympics.
4. D)
The great philosophers Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle attended the Olympic
Games but did not compete as athletes.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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66) The Greeks saw their gods as “idealized” human beings,
perfect images of masculine and feminine beauty.
Answer: TRUE
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67) Because it was through the perfection of the body that men
most resembled gods, the culture of the body was a spiritual as well as
physical activity.
Answer: TRUE
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68) Jesse Feiring Williams advocated “education of the
physical.”
Answer: FALSE
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69) Charles H. McCloy believed in “education through the
physical.”
Answer: FALSE
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70) Arete is the Greek concept that “with regard to athletic
competition, the end justifies the means—win at all costs.”
Answer: FALSE
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71) In ancient Greece, Mousikosagon was used to identify nude
athletic competitions such as track and field events, wrestling, boxing, and
the pankration.
Answer: FALSE
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72) Professional athletes were a fact of life in ancient Greece.
Answer: TRUE
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73) Physical education programs and athletic competition were
only taken seriously in Athens and Sparta; the rest of the Greek world ignored
physical education and serious athletic competition.
Answer: FALSE
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74) Sparta, like Athens, believed in “education through the
physical” and appreciated the cultural contributions of the Athenians that were
displayed in Sparta.
Answer: FALSE
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75) Athens had lavish, private gymnasiums and palaistra that
charged fees.
Answer: TRUE
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76) The Cynosarges, a private gymnasium located in Athens,
allowed non-Athenian parents to enroll their sons.
Answer: TRUE
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77) Athenian women received extensive instruction in physical
education, just like Spartan women, and were expected to excel in athletic
competition.
Answer: FALSE
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78) Belistiche, the concubine of Ptolemy Philadelphos who was
the King of Egypt, is also listed as an Olympic champion in the chariot race.
Answer: TRUE
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79) Spartan women were allowed to compete in the Olympic Games
as wrestlers after 146 B.C. primarily because the Romans who conquered Greece
relished the thought of Spartan women competing in wrestling.
Answer: FALSE
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80) The Olympic Games were dedicated to Athena, the chief deity
of the Greeks.
Answer: FALSE
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81) Agon is a term that represents the agonistic process or
“agony” that Greek athletes experienced while engaged in strenuous physical
training. and competition. It was also a term used to identify a place where
athletic competition was held.
Answer: TRUE
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82) Homer made reference to agon as a meeting place where
athletic events were held.
Answer: TRUE
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83) Homer was a Greek who lived sometime between 1000 to 800
B.C. and is credited as the originator of TheIliadandtheOdyssey which, in part,
reveals Greek athletic competition in a section devoted to the Funeral Games of
Patroclus who died during the siege of Troy.
Answer: TRUE
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84) The pentathlon was the event in the Olympic Games that
featured four events—broad jump, pankration, discus throw, and ephippios
competition. The athlete who won this event was considered the best athlete in
the Greek world.
Answer: FALSE
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85) Pindar was a famous Greek poet who, for a fee, would compose
an ode or poem to honor victorious athletes at Olympia and other athletic
festivals.
Answer: TRUE
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86) The MousikosAgon was an important part of the Pythian and
Isthmian games but never a part of the Olympics.
Answer: TRUE
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87) The sweat of Olympians was a coveted product and was bottled
and sold to fans and others.
Answer: TRUE
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88) Phillip of Macedon and his son, Alexander the great, erected
the Phillipion at Olympia to commemorate their military victory over the
Greeks.
Answer: TRUE
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89) Victorious athletes at Olympia were crowned with a wreath of
wild celery.
Answer: FALSE
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90) The winning athletes at Nemea received a crown of olives.
Answer: FALSE
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91) At the Isthmian games, athletes were awarded a crown of
laurel.
Answer: FALSE
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92) Athletes who won at the Pythian games received a wreath of
sea weed to honor Poseidon who was the patron god of Delphi.
Answer: FALSE
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93) Aristotle believed that it was essential that the rational
soul be educated because the health of the mind was dependent upon the health
of the body.
Answer: TRUE
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94) The Spartan king Lykourgos mandated that Spartan women must
undergo serious physical training and to compete in athletic competitions.
Answer: TRUE
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95) Male children who lived in Sparta were taken from their
homes at the age of 7, housed in the public barracks, and supervised by the
Paidonomos, who was in charge of the Spartan educational program called
the Agoge.
Answer: TRUE
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96) In contrast to Sparta, the education of Athenian youths was
the responsibility of the family, not the state.
Answer: TRUE
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97) Athenians who could afford it, hired a Spartan Paidonomos to
teach their sons about physical education and athletic competition.
Answer: FALSE
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98) The athletic competitions at Olympia and Nemea were
dedicated to Zeus.
Answer: TRUE
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99) Spartan women dominated the competition held at Olympia to
honor Hera, wife of Zeus.
Answer: TRUE
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100) In TheRepublic,
Plato presents his educational philosophy. Among his beliefs is that women
should be trained as athletes and be allowed to use the stadium and compete in
the diaulos, the ephippios. He wanted women athletes to be decently dressed
during their competitions—not nude like the men.
Answer:TRUE
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101) Discuss Aristotle’s contributions to the Olympic Games.
Answer: Aristotle was a big fan of the Olympic Games. He
conducted an extensive review of the list of Olympic victors and ended up
writing a much better account of the victors at Olympia than that which
previously existed.
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102) In the context of the ancient Olympics, what role, if any,
did women have at Olympia—could they participate in some way?
Answer: There was a way for women to take part in the
Olympic Games. Although they could not show up and drive, if they were wealthy
enough, they could enter a chariot team to compete in the games. Greek women
held athletic competitions at Olympia to honor the goddess Hera, Zeus’s sister
as well as his wife. The Heraian Games included footraces for virgins. In
addition to footraces, there were exhibitions of dancing.
Spartan women received extensive training in sports and participated
in rigorous exercises. Spartan law giver Lykourgos ordered that Spartan women
should do no less bodybuilding than the men and proclaimed that making the
women compete in races would be of significant benefit. According to Plutarch
(c. A.D. 100), Lykourgos ordained that virgins in Sparta not only compete in
footraces but also wrestle and throw the discus.
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A History & Philosophy of Sport, 7e (Mechikoff)
Chapter 5 Philosophy, Sport, and Physical Education
During the Middle Ages: 900-1400
1) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
The period beginning with the tenth century and ending with the birth of the
Italian Renaissance in the fourteenth century is known as the Medieval Period
or the Middle Ages.
2. B)
During the Middle Ages, ascetic monks engaged in bodily mortification in order
to inhibit bodily lusts and desires and by doing so, prepared their souls for
heaven.
3. C)
The philosophical position on the body during the Middle Ages reflected
theological beliefs.
4. D) Most
early Christians did not value their bodies and in fact, held the body in
contempt.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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2) During the Middle Ages,
1. A)
Christians looked upon the Greek practice of engaging in athletics and the
desire to develop great physiques as a pagan practice.
2. B)
Christians believed the Greek practice of worshiping pagan gods by displaying
their athletic prowess proved that the Greeks cared more about secular matters
than spiritual matters.
3. C)
most Christians believed that to participate in athletics or engage in physical
training to glorify the body would contaminate the body that “housed” the soul
and by doing this, the soul would become impure.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E) the
majority of Christians believed that to participate in athletics or to engage
in physical training to glorify the body would contaminate the body which
“housed” the soul and by doing this, the soul would become impure, and they
looked upon the Greek practice of engaging in athletics and the desire to
develop great physiques as a pagan practice.
Answer: D
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3) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
The negative attitude that Medieval Christians had toward the body was in no
small part the result of a reaction to the pagan practices of the Greeks who
glorified the body.
2. B)
Conversely, many Christian theologians would eventually come to embrace the
ideas of Plato and Aristotle, who were “pagan” Greeks.
3. C) In
addition to the Christian influence on European civilization, Judaism and the
religion of Islam also had a profound impact.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E)
The negative attitude that Medieval Christians had toward the body was in no
small part the result of a reaction to the pagan practices of the Greeks who
glorified the body. Conversely, many Christian theologians would eventually
come to embrace the ideas of Plato and Aristotle, who were “pagan” Greeks.
Answer: D
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4) When Rome collapsed in A.D. 476,
1. A)
chaos reigned, and many people left Rome and sought protection from powerful
aristocrats who demanded that in exchange for protection, people agreed to
complete allegiance and subjugation.
2. B) a
bleak period of history known as the Dark Ages began.
3. C)
organized sport and physical education during the Dark Ages was, for the most
part, nonexistent.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E) a
bleak period of history known as the Dark Ages began, and organized sport and
physical education was, for the most part, nonexistent.
Answer: D
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5) When the Dark Ages ended, and the Medieval Period began
around 900,
1. A)
metaphysical questions were once again being discussed.
2. B)
Christians turned to the church for guidance.
3. C)
Jews continued to seek spiritual leadership and guidance in their temples.
4. D)
Muslims found comfort and answers to their questions in their mosques.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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6) One of the few remaining cultural institutions left intact
after the fall of Ravenna, Capitol of the Western Roman Empire, was
1. A)
the Christian Church.
2. B)
the British Empire.
3. C)
the Athenian Empire.
4. D)
the Roman trade.
Answer: A
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7) The Inquisition
1. A)
was a religious movement directed by the Catholic Church, designed to convert
nonbelievers to Christianity.
2. B)
was a medieval court based in part on the belief of St. Augustine that a biblical
passage (Luke 14:23) granted permission to use force against heretics.
3. C)
was directed against the Marranos and the Moriscos.
4. D)
enabled secular authorities to obtain confessions through torture, if
necessary.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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8) Medieval philosophy relied on the ideas of which of the
following philosophers?
1. A)
Bishop Miller of Berkeley
2. B)
Aristophanes
3. C)
Aristotle and Plato
4. D)
Marcus Tillius Cicero
Answer: C
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9) In addition to the Catholic Church, which of the following
groups had a significant impact on medieval philosophy?
1. A)
Jewish and Islamic philosophers
2. B)
The Stoics
3. C)
The Epicureans
4. D)
Scholastics and Agnostics
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: A
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10) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
Plato and Aristotle were interested in the metaphysical concepts that were used
to form the foundation of Christianity.
2. B)
The early Christian writers were compelled to embrace specific attitudes or
beliefs put forth by the ancient Greeks in order to reconcile Greek philosophy
with Christian theology.
3. C)
Not all Christians were ready to accept the merging of Christianity with pagan
Greek philosophy.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E)
Plato and Aristotle were interested in the metaphysical concepts that were used
to form the foundation of Christianity, and the early Christian writers were
compelled to embrace specific attitudes or beliefs put forth by the ancient
Greeks in order to reconcile Greek philosophy with Christian theology.
Answer: D
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11) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
Tertullian, circa A.D. 2, was an early Christian who demanded bodily mortification
and opposed the use of the pagan philosophy of the ancient Greeks put forth by
Plato et al. as part of Christian theology.
2. B)
Platonism, much to the dismay of Tertullian, was commonly regarded by Christian
thinkers as having been an intellectual preparation for Christianity.
3. C)
Christian theologians attempted to use philosophy to prove theological
Christian dogma, but this approach to merge philosophy and theology did not
work.
4. D)
Theologians accept the existence of God on faith alone and not necessarily
using philosophical deductions that are based on reasoned and rational inquiry.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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12) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
Some Orthodox Christians consistently rejected the contention that the human
body was evil, but they were in the minority.
2. B)
Elements of the early Christian Church, along with various and influential
“streams” of Roman Catholicism during the early Middle Ages, looked upon the
human body as having great value and did not believe that people are born with
the “original sin” that corrupts the body and soul.
3. C)
The Christian view of the body, good or bad, was not based on beliefs about the
corporeal nature of Christ.
4. D)
The early Christian Church believed that because God was omnipresent, He was in
all things, including the body.
5. E)
Elements of the early Christian Church, along with various influential
“streams” of Roman Catholicism during the early Middle Ages, looked upon the
human body as having great value and did not believe that people are born with
the “original sin” that corrupts the body and soul. The Christian view of the
body, good or bad, was not based on beliefs about the corporeal nature of
Christ.
Answer: A
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13) Both ascetic dualism and the words of Socrates in the Phaedo ________.
1. A)
promote the idea that human body is evil and corrupt
2. B)
uphold the notion that the soul is a source of sin and wanton lust
3. C)
describe man as a whole being
4. D) portray
human beings as “bodily images” of a perfect God
Answer: A
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14) With regard to the position of the body as presented in the
Bible,
1. A)
biblical concepts of the body, soul, and flesh describe man as a whole being,
as opposed to having a dualistic existence.
2. B)
there were, and still are, confusing and contradictory views of scripture
relative to how it relates to the position and role of the body.
3. C)
various interpretations of scripture can have a significant impact on the
perceived worth or value of the body.
4. D)
the scope and development of sport and physical education has been influenced
by the position of the body as described in the Bible.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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15) The Scholastics of the Middle Ages
1. A)
opposed physical education.
2. B)
regarded the body as an instrument of sin.
3. C)
saw great value in physical activity.
4. D)
believed in a close relationship between mind and body.
5. E)
saw great value in physical activity and believed in a close relationship
between mind and body.
Answer: E
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16) The Scholastic, St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)
1. A)
wrote SummaTheologiae,
which among other areas of discussion, stated that to achieve happiness, man
requires perfection in both the soul and the body.
2. B)
denounced the body in his classic work SummaTheologiae.
3. C)
believed that intelligence depends in part on the physical fitness of an
individual.
4. D)
believed that men who have bodies of better disposition are likely to have
souls with diminished powers of understanding.
5. E)
believed that intelligence depends in part on the physical fitness level of an
individual. He wrote SummaTheologiae,
which among other areas of discussion, stated that to achieve happiness, man
requires perfection in both the soul and the body.
Answer: E
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17) St. Thomas Aquinas
1. A)
believed, as did Aristotle, that the soul needs a body to acquire knowledge.
2. B)
developed with his fellow Scholastics, a philosophical and religious
justification for cherishing the body and valuing physical fitness and
recreation because of the benefits of physical, mental, social, and moral
well-being.
3. C)
believed, as did Aristotle, in the unity (mind and body) of man.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E)
believed, as did Aristotle, in the unity (mind and body) of man, and that the
soul needs a body to acquire knowledge.
Answer: D
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18) Which philosopher or theologian believed that the body was
not evil and was important to the mind, spirit, and human existence?
1. A)
Moses Maimonides
2. B)
Socrates
3. C)
Pope Gregory IX
4. D)
Plato
Answer: A
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19) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
Changes in attitude toward sport and other secular activities within the
Christian Church began to change during the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
2. B)
During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, many nobles entered the priesthood
and brought with them their love for secular habits such as hunting, falconry,
and quite possibly combat sports.
3. C)
Young nobles who became priests influenced the attitude of the church towards
the body and sports.
4. D)
Over time, the church slowly accepted playful activities that were secular in
nature.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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20) Bishop Odon of Bayeux
1. A)
was able to blend his spiritual virtues with the secular athletic skills of a
knight.
2. B)
was a noble knight who served in the army of his half-brother, William the
Conqueror.
3. C)
supervised the work of the Bayeux Tapestry, which illustrates numerous sporting
activities that took place during the Middle Ages.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
5. E)
was able to blend his spiritual virtues with the secular athletic skills of a
knight. He also supervised the work of the Bayeux Tapestry, which illustrates
numerous sporting activities that took place during the Middle Ages.
Answer: D
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21) Which of the following is true?
1. A)
Ball games that were popular during Roman times continued to remain popular
during the Middle Ages.
2. B)
The game of soule was
popular among the peasantry and resembled the modern game of soccer.
3. C)
English football and horse racing were popular in London during the twelfth
century.
4. D)
Outraged by the number of incidents of damage to property and persons by
widespread drunkenness and lewd conduct, the church prohibited games that
involved gambling, specific festivals, and immoral behavior.
5. E)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
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22) With regard to the brutality of tournaments, the Catholic
Church
1. A)
issued papal bulls that forbade the savage and abominable tournaments.
2. B)
threatened those who participated in the melee with eternal damnation.
3. C)
tolerated, for utilitarian reasons, knightly sports and the melee during the
era of the Crusades.
4. D)
All of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
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23) Which of the following games of the Middle Ages is similar
to modern-day bowling?
1. A) Maitre-paumiers
2. B) Lejeudepaume
3. C) Soule
4. D) Kegels
Answer: D
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24) Which of the following is true of the melee, a notable event
in medieval tournaments?
1. A)
The purpose of the melee was to kill opponents.
2. B)
The church encouraged peasants and nobles alike to participate in the carnage
and brutality of the melee.
3. C) It
included two mounted horsemen charging at each other, wielding long, wooden
lances.
4. D) It
involved groups of opposing knights engaging in hand-to-hand combat with dull
swords.
Answer: D
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