Aging And the Life Course An Introduction to Social Gerontology 7Th Edition By Jill – Test Bank
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Sample Test
Chapter 03
Theories of Aging
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (p. 49)The
first practitioners of social gerontology were:
A. social workers.
B. sociologists.
C. developmental
psychologists.
D. biologists.
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2. (p. 49)Early
studies of aging influenced by biological concerns suggested that:
A. decline
in old age is inevitable.
B. activity in old age does nothing to alleviate mental and physical
decline.
C. those who are most active score highest on measures of life
satisfaction.
D. social roles are not important for understanding “normal” aging.
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3. (p. 49)The
central premise of the book Personal Adjustment in Old Age was that:
A. decline in old age is inevitable.
B. poor adjustment is due to being too busy.
C. poor
adjustment was correlated with a lack of activity.
D. people adjusted best if they lived around young people.
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4. (p. 48)A
theory is:
A. an explanation for how data are collected.
B. the background information on a social concept.
C. a
broad explanation that provides the structure for organizing and interpreting
multiple observable facts and their relationship to one another.
D. another word for hypothesis.
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5. (p. 49)Which
of the following was a main finding of the Kansas City Study of Adult Life?
A. There was a major change in the quality of role performance in middle
age.
B. There was consistent change in the competence of role performance in
middle age.
C. People
remained fully engaged in their primary occupations in middle age.
D. People became less involved in family responsibilities in middle age.
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6. (p. 49)What
was one of the major problems of the first project of the Kansas City Study of
Adult Life?
A. Young adults were not included in the interviews.
B. No
one over the age of 70 was interviewed.
C. Too many minorities were interviewed.
D. The measure of adjustment was flawed.
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7. (p. 49)What
was the major emphasis of the second project in the Kansas City Study of Adult
Life?
A. the income of older adults across the life span
B. the
emphasis on adjustment with measures of social role performance across the life
span
C. the emphasis on the role that personality plays in the adjustment to
aging
D. the emphasis on loss of status in old age
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8. (p. 50)All
of the following are micro theories of aging with the exception of:
A. continuity theory.
B. political
economy theory.
C. activity theory.
D. exchange theory.
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9. (p. 50)Disengagement
theory developed by Cumming and Henry states that:
A. it is best for people to stay active and to resist the shrinkage of
their social world.
B. normal
aging involves a natural and inevitable withdrawal from people in the social
system.
C. aging is a continuous process.
D. people who share similar interests, problems, and concerns age well.
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10.
(p. 50)Disengagement
theory proposes that:
A. disengagement can be easily avoided.
B. disengagement is caused by social factors rather than biological
factors.
C. disengagement
happens everywhere and in all historical eras.
D. disengagement typically occurs to people who believe that their life
space is increasing.
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11.
(p. 50)According
to activity theory, _____.
A. successful
aging is active aging
B. lack of activity contributes to aging more gracefully
C. how well people age can be directly correlated to how much exercise
they get
D. the social and psychological needs of the elderly are very different
from those of younger people
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12.
(p. 52)Persons
at the greatest risk of becoming isolated or involuntarily disengaged are the:
A. young old (65-74).
B. oldest
old (85 and older).
C. middle old (75-84).
D. middle-aged.
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13.
(p. 52)Which
of the following is NOT a factor contributing to disengagement among nursing
home residents?
A. limited participation in activities
B. hearing and vision impairment
C. eating
difficulties
D. depression
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14.
(p. 53)Which
of the following statements is true about continuity theory?
A. It
draws heavily from the basic dichotomy of internal and external aging processes
described in the Kansas City studies.
B. It ignores the role the personality of an individual plays in
determining his or her aging and adult development process.
C. It states that pathological aging and normal aging of an individual are
the same.
D. It defines normal aging specifically in terms of the female population.
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15.
(p. 53)Continuity
theory uses:
A. a
life course perspective to define normal aging and to distinguish it from
pathological aging.
B. role models to establish how successful older adults are aging.
C. objective tests to measure the aging process.
D. subjective tests to measure the aging process.
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16.
(p. 53)The
most controversial element of continuity theory is the definition of:
A. activity.
B. successful aging.
C. life satisfaction.
D. normal
aging.
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17.
(p. 55)Subculture
theory shares similar characteristics with activity and disengagement theories.
It differs from the two in that its origin is in:
A. the psychosocial area.
B. a
sociological theory of subcultural development.
C. classical economics.
D. social systems.
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18.
(p. 55)Which
of the following is NOT a condition for the development of subcultures?
A. people with similar interests
B. people with similar concerns
C. people who are excluded from participation in the wider society
D. people
who recently became friends
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19.
(p. 55)According
to Rose, within the subculture of the elderly, high status is conferred on
those who:
A. are married.
B. have friends.
C. have
good mental and physical health.
D. have high income.
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20.
(p. 55)Older
people are likely to form a subculture because:
A. they
are isolated from young people and share common experiences with other older
people.
B. they are excluded by those who evaluate people based on their
occupational statuses.
C. they are labeled by young people as senile, slow, and disinterested in
current social activities.
D. they prefer to spend time with people their own age.
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21.
(p. 56)A
problem with exchange theory is that it:
A. fails to consider the costs and benefits involved in an exchange
between individuals in a relationship.
B. ignores
the value of nonrational resources, such as love and companionship.
C. fails to look at the immediate interactions between older people and
other age groups.
D. considers intimacy to be the greatest benefit an individual can receive
in any exchange.
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22.
(p. 56)Which
of the following is NOT a characteristic of exchange theory?
A. Older people with the greatest resource in an exchange with younger
people are the most capable of remaining engaged.
B. If costs are greater than benefits, social interaction will be limited.
C. If
benefits are greater than cost, rewards will be limited.
D. Maintaining an exchange relationship can be a struggle for people with
few resources.
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23.
(p. 56)Based
on the definition of “deferred exchange strategies,” the person most likely to
be involved in such a strategy would be a:
A. doctor.
B. family
member.
C. housekeeper.
D. grocery clerk.
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24.
(p. 56)Recent
studies have found exchange theory useful in explaining:
A. social
support and transition between generations.
B. gender differences in the aging process.
C. retirement patterns of different cohorts.
D. the decline in the status of adults.
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25.
(p. 56)The
social constructionist approach views an individual:
A. as
capable of interpreting her/his social reality.
B. as incapable of defining her/his social reality.
C. perspective on rational choice.
D. perspective on nonrational choice.
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26.
(p. 57)A
strength of the social constructionist approach is that:
A. older people are viewed as energetic and creative.
B. older people are passive objects, not active subjects, in constructing
their social worlds.
C. older
people are not passive objects.
D. older people are visible because of their power to negotiate.
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27.
(p. 57)Modernization
theory focuses on:
A. the economic development of all societies.
B. the degree of gender integration after World War II.
C. the labor force participation of older adults after World War II.
D. the
continuum of societies from least to most developed based on indicators like
industrialization and urbanization.
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28.
(p. 57)The
presumption behind modernization theory was that:
A. all nations had the same level of development.
B. the degree of urbanization was similar in all nations.
C. all nations had equal number of resources to fulfil their needs.
D. the
path to prosperity was similar for all nations.
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29.
(p. 58)The
basic premise of modernization theory was that:
A. older people had less power and authority in the community in which
they lived.
B. people lived independently rather than with their grandparents or kids.
C. there
was once a golden age of aging.
D. younger people were more venerated than the older people in any
community.
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30.
(p. 60)Age
stratification theory had its origins in:
A. social networking.
B. status
attainment research.
C. the process of professionalization.
D. high rates of urbanization.
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31.
(p. 61)An
underlying assumption of age stratification is that:
A. all
societies group people into social categories.
B. all societies rank individuals on ascribed characteristics.
C. all societies rank individuals on achieved characteristics.
D. there are similar social structures in all societies.
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32.
(p. 62)A
central concept in age stratification theory is:
A. age
cohort.
B. life expectancy.
C. life span.
D. functional age.
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33.
(p. 62)Which
of the following is NOT a central concern of age stratification theory?
A. how an individual’s location in the changing age structure affects
his/her behavior and attitudes
B. how individuals relate to each other within and between age strata
C. how individuals pass through key transitions
D. how
biological decline leads to social isolation between age strata
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34.
(p. 63)An
age-integrated institution is characterized by:
A. distinct activities for specific age groups.
B. social norms based on chronological age.
C. absence
of chronological age as means of entrance, participation, or exit.
D. social norms based on functional age.
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35.
(p. 63)Which
of the following is usually the most age-integrated institution of all?
A. a class
B. a
family
C. a factory
D. a workplace
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36.
(p. 63)_____
refers to outdated social structures that prevent people from participating
fully in society.
A. Cultural lag
B. Social lag
C. Structural
lag
D. Economic lag
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37.
(p. 64)The
political economy perspective is:
A. a conceptual framework for understanding inequality in the aging
process.
B. a policy solution for understanding inequality in the aging process.
C. a
framework for examining the larger social context of problems associated with
old age.
D. a way to think about the financial problems encountered by the elderly.
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38.
(p. 64)A
major element of political theory is:
A. the
power struggles between groups and business interests.
B. cohort differences.
C. the decline in the status of the elderly.
D. the gendered values of society.
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39.
(p. 66)A
major criticism of political economy theories is that:
A. they ignore public policies.
B. they
view older people as too passive.
C. they fail to offer an empirical perspective on the socioeconomic
determinants of the experience of aging and old age.
D. they ignore the economy.
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40.
(p. 65)Feminist
theory of aging notes that:
A. men and women experience age differently because of social activities.
B. men and women have different interests and form groups based on these
interests.
C. men
and women experience aging differently because of the organization of social
structure and gendered social definition of reality.
D. men and women experience age differently because of their power
resources.
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41.
(p. 65)In
the context of aging, feminist theorists contend that:
A. men are less likely than women to engage in risky behaviors.
B. women are less likely than men to take primary responsibility for
maintaining social ties.
C. the
entire life course of individuals is gendered.
D. older men do not experience aging.
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42.
(p. 65)What
example best applies to political economy theory?
A. the
quality of care for the frail elderly
B. the friendship networks of older women
C. the mutual exchange between parents and adult children
D. the adjustment to growing older
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43.
(p. 63)Age
integration theory suggests that:
A. societies are not segregated by age.
B. there are numerous examples of completely age-segregated societies in
the real world.
C. all societies will one day be completely age integrated.
D. age
integration can be applied to periods of an individual’s life course.
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44.
(p. 66)Feminist
theories:
A. are formalized theories, such as activity theory.
B. seek to prove that masculinity and femininity are not socially
constructed.
C. are only studied by women.
D. use
theory to illustrate gender differences in decision-making and outcomes.
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45.
(p. 66)Which
of the following statements is true about critical gerontology?
A. It focuses only on the aging issues faced by the middle class in
developed nations.
B. It suggests that aging remains unaffected by changes caused in a
society by globalization and urbanization.
C. It excludes the political and feminist approaches to aging.
D. It
states that aging affects individuals, families, and nations all around the
world.
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True / False Questions
46.
(p. 48)In
age stratification theory, the individual is the subject matter.
FALSE
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47.
(p. 49)Early
researchers saw old age as a period of physical and mental decline.
TRUE
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48.
(p. 50)Most
controversial about disengagement theory was the idea that disengagement
occurred primarily because of social factors rather than biological factors.
FALSE
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49.
(p. 50)According
to activity theory, successful aging is based on individual attributes.
FALSE
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50.
(p. 54)Religious
faith sustains people through many crises as they age.
TRUE
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51.
(p. 52)According
to continuity theory, continuity is an adaptive strategy for successful aging.
TRUE
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52.
(p. 53)Continuity
theory emphasizes that personality plays a major role in adjustment to old age
and that adult development is an aging process.
TRUE
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53.
(p. 55)A
major criticism of continuity theory is that it defines normal aging around the
female model of aging.
FALSE
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54.
(p. 55)Subcultures
develop when people meet to share their concerns about ageism.
FALSE
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55.
(p. 56)The
origins of exchange theory are in developmental psychology.
FALSE
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56.
(p. 57)The
social constructionist approach focuses on older adults as active subjects who
participate in the creation of their social realities.
TRUE
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57.
(p. 58)A
central feature of modernization theory is the social construction of reality.
FALSE
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58.
(p. 63)Most
people are involved in both age-integrated and age-segregated activities.
TRUE
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59.
(p. 64)The
political economy theories view old age as a socially constructed process
created through power struggles.
TRUE
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60.
(p. 52)What
matters most when staying active is actually performing activities.
FALSE
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61.
(p. 63)Structural
lag occurs when societies lag behind other societies because of older people
demanding to be more integrated.
FALSE
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62.
(p. 66)One
aspect of the feminist approach concerns gender differences in employment
patterns and retirement.
TRUE
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Essay Questions
63.
Think of the older people that you know. Are most engaged or
disengaged? Who is happiest?
Answers will vary.
64.
What are the main premises of modernization theory?
Answers will vary.
65.
Think of some examples of structural lag.
Answers will vary.
Chapter 05
Old Age and the Welfare State
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (p. 95)Before
_____, the United States had no national social welfare program.
A. 1915
B. 1935
C. 1960
D. 1980
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2. (p. 96)The
term “welfare” as used by social scientists refers to programs that protect
people from the risk of loss due to all of the following except:
A. unemployment.
B. retirement.
C. accidents.
D. disability.
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