American Government Brief Version 11th Edition by James Q. Wilson – Test Bank
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Sample Test
CHAPTER 3: Civil Liberties
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The
amendment that is probably the most important in terms of having the Bill of
Rights apply to the states is the
|
a. |
Tenth Amendment. |
|
b. |
Twelfth Amendment. |
|
c. |
Fourteenth Amendment. |
|
d. |
Twentieth Amendment. |
|
e. |
Twenty-second Amendment. |
ANS:
C
REF:
39
NOT: Factual
2. The
Fourteenth Amendment provides for
|
a. |
equal protection only. |
|
b. |
due process and equal protection. |
|
c. |
states’ rights. |
|
d. |
due process only. |
|
e. |
habeas corpus and the elimination of ex post facto laws. |
ANS:
B
REF:
40
NOT: Factual
3. The process
of incorporation means that
|
a. |
private individuals are not required to
obey the Bill of Rights. |
|
b. |
some provisions of the Bill of Rights
also govern the states. |
|
c. |
the southern states were absorbed back
into the Union after the Civil War. |
|
d. |
the provisions of the Bill of Rights
apply to the federal government but not to the states. |
|
e. |
the original amendments to the
Constitution are applicable to state governments and all others to the
federal government. |
ANS:
B
REF:
40
NOT: Conceptual
4. In
general, all of the rights in the Bill of Rights now apply to the states,
except for the
|
a. |
First and Second Amendments. |
|
b. |
Second and Fourth Amendments. |
|
c. |
Third and Fifth Amendments. |
|
d. |
Third and Fourth Amendments. |
|
e. |
Fourth and Fifth Amendments. |
ANS:
C
REF:
40
NOT: Factual
5. In
2010, the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment means one has a “right”
to _________ for self-protection.
|
a. |
“conceal and carry” |
|
b. |
keep a handgun |
|
c. |
refuse to register weapons |
|
d. |
purchase high caliber fully automatic
weaponry |
|
e. |
None of the above is true. |
ANS:
B
REF:
40
NOT: Factual
6. The
fact that Americans go to court to sue one another indicates that
|
a. |
the Constitution is a flawed document
that does not protect enough rights. |
|
b. |
a second civil war could easily occur
in the United States over racial issues. |
|
c. |
the people do not trust the national
government to treat them fairly. |
|
d. |
rights are in conflict. |
|
e. |
power is more centralized in
presidential systems. |
ANS:
D
REF:
41
NOT: Conceptual
7. In
the 1950s, the State of New York banned a film that dealt with the topic of
|
a. |
adultery. |
|
b. |
drugs. |
|
c. |
homosexuality. |
|
d. |
murder. |
|
e. |
kidnapping. |
ANS:
A
REF:
41
NOT: Factual
8. Which
of the following has the Supreme Court considered to be “speech” deserving constitutional
protection?
|
a. |
Burning draft registration certificates |
|
b. |
Nude dancing |
|
c. |
Burning the American flag |
|
d. |
Sleeping overnight in national parks |
|
e. |
Both options B and C are true. |
ANS:
E
REF: 41
NOT: Factual
9. The
ban on unreasonable searches and seizures can be found in the
|
a. |
First Amendment. |
|
b. |
Second Amendment. |
|
c. |
Fourth Amendment. |
|
d. |
Fifth Amendment. |
|
e. |
Tenth Amendment. |
ANS: C
REF:
42
NOT: Factual
10.
The ban on double jeopardy can be found in the
|
a. |
First Amendment. |
|
b. |
Second Amendment. |
|
c. |
Fourth Amendment. |
|
d. |
Fifth Amendment. |
|
e. |
Tenth Amendment. |
ANS: D
REF:
42
NOT: Factual
11.
A bill of attainder
|
a. |
declares a person innocent, without
trial, or a crime. |
|
b. |
pardons a person of an offense before
trial. |
|
c. |
removes any all records of a criminal
offense. |
|
d. |
declares a person, without trial,
guilty of a crime. |
|
e. |
None of the above is true. |
ANS:
D
REF:
42
NOT: Factual
12.
An ex post facto law declares an act “illegal”
|
a. |
before the fact. |
|
b. |
after the fact. |
|
c. |
without reference to facts. |
|
d. |
if the facts are merely circumstantial. |
|
e. |
if the facts are compelling and without
contradiction. |
ANS:
B
REF:
42
NOT: Factual
13.
The right of free expression, although not absolute, enjoys a
higher status than the other rights granted by the Constitution. This is known
as the doctrine of
|
a. |
prior restraint. |
|
b. |
inevitable discovery. |
|
c. |
neutrality and clarity. |
|
d. |
least means. |
|
e. |
preferred position. |
ANS: E
REF:
42
NOT: Conceptual
14.
All the following are addressed in the First Amendment except
|
a. |
free exercise of religion. |
|
b. |
due process of law. |
|
c. |
establishment of religion. |
|
d. |
freedom of assembly. |
|
e. |
freedom of the press. |
ANS:
B
REF:
42
NOT: Factual
15.
In free expression, neutrality refers
to which of the following?
|
a. |
The utterance of inflammatory,
dangerous statements |
|
b. |
The absolute nature and unconditional
status of speech |
|
c. |
The restriction of press coverage |
|
d. |
The government not favoring one group
over another |
|
e. |
Political speech not being symbolic |
ANS:
D
REF:
43
NOT: Conceptual
16.
The Supreme Court’s landmark decision in New York Times v. Sullivan focused
on
|
a. |
fundamental liberties. |
|
b. |
clear and present danger. |
|
c. |
libel. |
|
d. |
obscenity. |
|
e. |
flag burning. |
ANS:
C
REF:
43
NOT: Factual
17.
The Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Miller v. California focused
on
|
a. |
fundamental liberties. |
|
b. |
clear and present danger. |
|
c. |
libel. |
|
d. |
obscenity. |
|
e. |
flag burning. |
ANS:
D
REF:
43
NOT: Factual
18.
The Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Texas v. Johnson focused
on
|
a. |
fundamental liberties. |
|
b. |
clear and present danger. |
|
c. |
libel. |
|
d. |
obscenity. |
|
e. |
flag burning. |
ANS:
E
REF:
43
NOT: Factual
19.
In general, you may make false and defamatory statements about
public officials so long as you lack
|
a. |
actual malice. |
|
b. |
presumed competence. |
|
c. |
provocative motivation. |
|
d. |
venal motivation. |
|
e. |
exceptional motive. |
ANS: A
REF:
43
NOT: Conceptual
20.
The reason that symbolic speech does not have the same
protection as actual speech is that
|
a. |
the First Amendment allows restrictions
on speech when it harms society. |
|
b. |
the First Amendment does not mention
such speech. |
|
c. |
symbols cannot convey political or
social messages. |
|
d. |
symbols do not require use of the
spoken word, as required by the First Amendment. |
|
e. |
any illegal action could be excused as
meaning to send a message. |
ANS:
E
REF:
44
NOT: Conceptual
21.
In the Des Moines “student-black-armband” case, the Supreme
Court ruled that the wearing of the armbands was
|
a. |
a form of protected speech. |
|
b. |
clearly unconstitutional. |
|
c. |
illegal when deemed so by local school
authorities. |
|
d. |
proper for citizens over age
twenty-one, but not for students. |
|
e. |
proper for citizens on private
property. |
ANS:
A
REF:
44
NOT: Factual
22.
One reason the Nazi Party was allowed to parade through Skokie,
Illinois, is that
|
a. |
the group held an elderly man hostage
and threatened to murder him. |
|
b. |
a political party is always free to
march. |
|
c. |
the provocation of the march was
neither severe nor person-to-person. |
|
d. |
the Nazis had promised to parade in a
nonviolent fashion. |
|
e. |
freedom of speech is absolute in the
United States. |
ANS:
C
REF:
44
NOT: Factual
23.
Which Supreme Court justice took the unusual position that the
First Amendment protected all publications, even wholly obscene ones?
|
a. |
Hugo Black |
|
b. |
William Rehnquist |
|
c. |
John Marshall |
|
d. |
Potter Stewart |
|
e. |
Clarence Thomas |
ANS:
A
REF: 44 | 45
NOT: Factual
24.
Which Supreme Court justice famously stated that he could not
define obscenity with exceptional rigor, but insisted that he knew it when he
saw it?
|
a. |
Hugo Black |
|
b. |
William Rehnquist |
|
c. |
John Marshall |
|
d. |
Potter Stewart |
|
e. |
Clarence Thomas |
ANS:
D
REF: 44 |
45 NOT:
Factual
25.
Under the current standard, the Supreme Court insists that
obscenity convictions be based on contemporary __________ standards.
|
a. |
religious |
|
b. |
regional |
|
c. |
statewide |
|
d. |
national |
|
e. |
community |
ANS:
E
REF:
45
NOT: Factual
26.
Passage of the Communications Indecency Act resulted in the
Supreme Court expanding the protection of free speech to
|
a. |
radio broadcasting. |
|
b. |
the Internet. |
|
c. |
cable television broadcasting. |
|
d. |
cross national telegrams. |
|
e. |
satellite broadcasting. |
ANS:
B
REF:
45
NOT: Factual
27.
The Supreme Court has upheld zoning ordinances that prohibited
“adult” movie theaters near
|
a. |
churches. |
|
b. |
schools. |
|
c. |
parks. |
|
d. |
residential areas. |
|
e. |
All of the above are true. |
ANS:
E
REF:
45
NOT: Factual
28.
Which one of the following sorts of speech is protected by the
Constitution?
|
a. |
Libel |
|
b. |
Advocacy of an illegal act that is in
imminent danger of being committed |
|
c. |
Publication of indecent material |
|
d. |
The use of fighting words that are
highly provocative and personal |
|
e. |
Incitement |
ANS: C
REF:
45
NOT: Factual
29.
In 2010 the Supreme Court ruled that an advertisement by a
corporation, labor union, or nonprofit organization that backed or opposed a
candidate
|
a. |
could not be run at any time during an
election period. |
|
b. |
could be run up to 30 days before an
election. |
|
c. |
could be run at any time. |
|
d. |
could be run up to 60 days before an
election. |
|
e. |
could be run if approved by a
non-partisan committee. |
ANS:
C
REF: 46
NOT: Factual
30.
The text suggests that “an overwhelming majority” of Americans
support freedom of speech
|
a. |
in concrete cases. |
|
b. |
in the abstract. |
|
c. |
during a time of war. |
|
d. |
during times of international crises. |
|
e. |
for unpopular groups who speak out in
their communities. |
ANS:
B
REF:
46
NOT: Conceptual
31.
A state cannot apply a license fee on a Jehovah’s Witnesses who
goes door to door with religious materials. This is in keeping with the
|
a. |
free exercise clause of the First
Amendment. |
|
b. |
“wall of separation” called for by
Thomas Jefferson. |
|
c. |
establishment clause of the First
Amendment. |
|
d. |
three-part test for constitutional aid
to religious organizations. |
|
e. |
the Supreme Court’s interpretation of
the Fourteenth Amendment. |
ANS:
A
REF:
47
NOT: Conceptual
32.
Under the free exercise clause, a man
|
a. |
can have more than one wife if his
religion encourages it. |
|
b. |
cannot have more than one wife even if
his religion encourages it. |
|
c. |
can have more than one wife if he is
able and willing to support both of them. |
|
d. |
can have more than one wife if he lives
within his church compound. |
|
e. |
can have more than one wife if all the
wives agree and are of the same religion. |
ANS:
B
REF:
47
NOT: Factual
33.
The draft laws
|
a. |
have always exempted conscientious
objectors from military duty. |
|
b. |
exempt conscientious objectors only if
they believe in a Supreme Being. |
|
c. |
exempt conscientious objectors only if
they belong to a religious tradition. |
|
d. |
did not exempt conscientious objectors
during WWI and WWII. |
|
e. |
exempted conscientious objectors during
the Vietnam War. |
ANS: A
REF:
47
NOT: Factual
34.
The historical source for the metaphor of a “wall of separation”
between religion and the state is
|
a. |
the Bill of Rights. |
|
b. |
debates in the First Congress. |
|
c. |
the first meeting of the Continental
Congress. |
|
d. |
twentieth-century Supreme Court
decisions. |
|
e. |
the writings of Thomas Jefferson. |
ANS:
E
REF:
48
NOT: Factual
35.
In many countries that have state-supported churches, attendance
|
a. |
is strongly encouraged by the
government. |
|
b. |
requires mandatory contributions. |
|
c. |
is mandatory. |
|
d. |
is higher than the United States. |
|
e. |
is lower than in the United States. |
ANS:
E
REF:
48
NOT: Factual
36.
The Supreme Court’s first interpretation of the establishment
clause did not occur until the
|
a. |
1840s. |
|
b. |
1870s. |
|
c. |
1890s. |
|
d. |
1920s. |
|
e. |
1940s. |
ANS:
E
REF:
48
NOT: Factual
37.
In a 1947 decision, the Supreme Court allowed a New Jersey town
to fund busing to a parochial school because
|
a. |
no alternative form of transportation
existed. |
|
b. |
enrollment at that school was open to
all. |
|
c. |
the resulting tax burden on the average
citizen was negligible. |
|
d. |
busing was religiously neutral. |
|
e. |
students were only being taken home
from the school. |
ANS:
D
REF:
49
NOT: Factual
38.
Which classic case involved prayer in public schools?
|
a. |
Everson v. Board of Education |
|
b. |
Zorach v. Clauson |
|
c. |
Engel v. Vitale |
|
d. |
Lemon v. Kurtzman |
|
e. |
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris |
ANS:
C
REF:
49
NOT: Factual
39.
Which case addressed the issue of school vouchers?
|
a. |
Everson v. Board of Education |
|
b. |
Zorach v. Clauson |
|
c. |
Engel v. Vitale |
|
d. |
Lemon v. Kurtzman |
|
e. |
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris |
ANS:
E
REF:
49
NOT: Factual
40.
Under its current First Amendment jurisprudence, the Court will
allow
|
a. |
aid for construction of buildings on
denominational campuses. |
|
b. |
government loans of textbooks to
parochial schools. |
|
c. |
tax deduction of tuition payments. |
|
d. |
tax exempt status for parochial
schools. |
|
e. |
All of the above are true. |
ANS: E
REF:
50
NOT: Factual
41.
In 1989 Pittsburgh was allowed to display a menorah in the front
of a county courthouse because it sat next to
|
a. |
a nativity scene. |
|
b. |
a crèche. |
|
c. |
a Christmas tree. |
|
d. |
a dancing bear. |
|
e. |
Santa Clause. |
ANS:
C
REF:
51
NOT: Factual
42.
Since the First Congress in 1789, the House and the Senate have
opened each session with
|
a. |
a prayer. |
|
b. |
a Bible reading. |
|
c. |
a brief sermon. |
|
d. |
a hymn. |
|
e. |
a reading of religiously inspired
poetry. |
ANS:
A
REF:
51
NOT: Factual
43.
Most nations deal with the problem of illegally obtained
evidence by
|
a. |
not allowing it to be presented in
court. |
|
b. |
allowing only conclusions drawn from it
to be presented in court. |
|
c. |
dismissing the officers involved in
obtaining it. |
|
d. |
letting the evidence be presented but
allowing legal action against the officers who obtained it. |
|
e. |
letting the evidence be presented but weighing
it less than other evidence. |
ANS:
D
REF:
52
NOT: Factual
44.
Opponents of excluding illegally obtained evidence from trial
argue that
|
a. |
nobody should be convicted of a crime
on tainted evidence. |
|
b. |
a guilty person should not go free
because the police blundered. |
|
c. |
the Supreme Court has reversed itself
and now permits all such evidence in trials. |
|
d. |
the police should be allowed to sue
criminals for their injuries using such evidence. |
|
e. |
the exclusionary rule was rejected by
the Constitutional Convention. |
ANS:
B
REF:
52
NOT: Conceptual
45.
The Supreme Court did not apply the Exclusionary Rule to the
states until the
|
a. |
1940s. |
|
b. |
1950s. |
|
c. |
1960s. |
|
d. |
1970s. |
|
e. |
1980s. |
ANS:
C
REF:
53
NOT: Factual
46.
One reason for adopting the exclusionary rule was
|
a. |
pressure from police officers to do so. |
|
b. |
public complaints about criminals
getting off easy. |
|
c. |
to deter police from using illegal
means to gather evidence. |
|
d. |
to make trials more speedy to deal with
the backlog of cases. |
|
e. |
to allow juries to consider all the
evidence. |
ANS:
C
REF:
53
NOT: Conceptual
47.
Police may legally search persons for evidence either when they
have a search warrant or when
|
a. |
they have authorization from the chief
of police. |
|
b. |
there are three or more witnesses. |
|
c. |
someone has complained. |
|
d. |
they have a reasonable suspicion. |
|
e. |
they legally arrest those persons. |
ANS:
E
REF:
54
NOT: Factual
48.
During an arrest, the police may legally search
|
a. |
the suspect only. |
|
b. |
the suspect, things in plain view,
other rooms in a house. |
|
c. |
the suspect, things in plain view,
things or places under the suspect’s immediate control. |
|
d. |
the suspect and things in plain view. |
|
e. |
things in plain view only. |
ANS:
C
REF: 54
NOT: Factual
49.
President ________ called for AIDS tests for immigrants and
federal prisoners.
|
a. |
Nixon |
|
b. |
Reagan |
|
c. |
Clinton |
|
d. |
Johnson |
|
e. |
Carter |
ANS:
B
REF:
55
NOT: Factual
50.
The constitutional ban on being forced to give evidence against
oneself was originally intended to
|
a. |
inform people of the right to remain
silent in the police station. |
|
b. |
prevent biased information from being
introduced. |
|
c. |
prevent the use of torture or “third-degree”
police tactics. |
|
d. |
prevent irrelevant information from
being introduced. |
|
e. |
inform people of the right to remain
silent. |
ANS:
C
REF:
55
NOT: Conceptual
51.
All of the following statements concerning the Miranda case are
correct except
|
a. |
Miranda was convicted of rape and
kidnapping. |
|
b. |
Miranda signed a written confession. |
|
c. |
The victim identified Miranda in a
lineup of suspects. |
|
d. |
Miranda did not have a lawyer present when
he was questioned, and his conviction was overturned. |
|
e. |
Miranda was released and never served
time for the crime for which he was charged. |
ANS:
E
REF:
57
NOT: Factual
52.
Miranda has
been extended to mean that one has a right to a lawyer
|
a. |
when appearing in a postindictment
police lineup only. |
|
b. |
when riding in a squad car to a police
station and during the fingerprinting process. |
|
c. |
when one is questioned by a
psychiatrist to determine competency for trial only. |
|
d. |
during the finger-printing process
only. |
|
e. |
when appearing in a postindictment
police lineup and when questioned by a psychiatrist to determine competency
for trial. |
ANS:
E
REF: 57
NOT: Factual
53.
Lately the courts seem to be taking the position on the
exclusionary rule of
|
a. |
modifying it to make more evidence
admissible. |
|
b. |
abandoning it to make any evidence
admissible. |
|
c. |
continuing it as before. |
|
d. |
making it stricter to discourage police
misconduct. |
|
e. |
applying to a greater variety of
circumstances. |
ANS:
A
REF:
57
NOT: Conceptual
54.
In more recent decisions, the Supreme Court’s approach to the
exclusionary rule appears to
|
a. |
expand the range of exclusions so as to
make police work more difficult. |
|
b. |
head in the direction of removing the
exception altogether. |
|
c. |
ignore previous rulings. |
|
d. |
emphasize the need for modification and
flexibility. |
|
e. |
redirect constitutional issues related
to searches to state legislatures. |
ANS:
D
REF: 57 |
58 NOT:
Factual
55.
An example of a good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule
would be if police
|
a. |
conducted a search incidental to an
arrest. |
|
b. |
conducted a search with a properly
obtained search warrant. |
|
c. |
used a defective search warrant they
believed to be valid. |
|
d. |
searched an automobile they believed to
be carrying drugs. |
|
e. |
seized an object they were not searching
for but that fell into plain view. |
ANS:
C
REF:
58
NOT: Conceptual
56.
Under the USA Patriot law, the attorney general may hold any
noncitizen who is thought to be a national security risk for up to ___________
days.
|
a. |
14 |
|
b. |
30 |
|
c. |
7 |
|
d. |
60 |
|
e. |
90 |
ANS:
C
REF:
58
NOT: Factual
57.
The Supreme Court has ruled that enemies who appear on our
shores without military uniforms for the purpose of committing hostile acts are
|
a. |
government agents. |
|
b. |
merely citizens. |
|
c. |
prisoners of war. |
|
d. |
civilian soldiers. |
|
e. |
unlawful combatants. |
ANS:
E
REF:
59
NOT: Factual
58.
In 2004 the Supreme Court decided that enemy combatants
|
a. |
must be tried in civilian courts. |
|
b. |
must be tried in military courts. |
|
c. |
have no right to appeal. |
|
d. |
have the right to appeal. |
|
e. |
do not have the right to see evidence. |
ANS:
D
REF: 59
NOT: Factual
TRUE/FALSE
1. In
1833, the Supreme Court ruled that the Bill of Rights applied to both the
federal and state governments.
ANS:
F
REF: 39
2. The
courts have ruled that dogs can be used to detect drugs in schools.
ANS:
T
REF: 39
3. The
Bill of Rights was applied to the states effective on the ratification of the
Fourteenth Amendment.
ANS:
F
REF: 40
4. Americans’
propensity for lawsuits indicates that “rights are in conflict.”
ANS:
T
REF: 41
5. In
America, freedom of religion is absolute.
ANS:
F
REF: 41
6. Throughout
history, American courts generally have broadened the area of free expression.
ANS: T
REF: 41
7. The
right to a trial by jury can be found in the Bill of Rights.
ANS:
T
REF: 42
8. The
phrase “cruel and unusual punishment” is found in the Eighth Amendment.
ANS: T
REF: 42
9. Libel
is protected speech.
ANS:
F
REF: 43
10.
Obscenity is protected by the First Amendment.
ANS:
F
REF: 44
11.
From the Supreme Court’s perspective, nudity and sex are, by definition,
obscenity.
ANS:
F
REF: 45
12.
Corporations have all the same rights of expression as
individuals.
ANS:
F
REF: 45
13.
The free-exercise clause protects polygamy when its practice is
part of a religious faith.
ANS:
F
REF: 47
14.
A person can refuse to obey a compulsory vaccination law for
religious reasons.
ANS:
F
REF: 47
15.
An individual must believe in a Supreme Being to qualify for conscientious
objector status.
ANS:
F
REF: 47
16.
The “wall of separation” between church and state is stated
explicitly in the Bill of Rights.
ANS:
F
REF: 48
17.
Federal aid is not permitted for building construction on a
church-supported college campus.
ANS:
F
REF: 50
18.
A voucher system that allows students to choose to attend
religious schools is constitutional.
ANS:
T
REF: 50
19.
The Supreme Court recently ruled against the display of the Ten
Commandments in courthouses.
ANS:
T
REF: 51
20.
In the United States, improperly gathered evidence is excluded
from a trial even if it is relevant to determining guilt.
ANS:
T
REF: 52
21.
The right to be free from unreasonable searches or seizures is
set forth in the Fourteenth Amendment.
ANS:
F
REF: 53
22.
A search warrant must describe what is to be searched for and
seized.
ANS: T
REF: 53
23.
The police can require a driver to take a breathalyzer test to
determine intoxication.
ANS:
T
REF: 54
24.
Supervisors can search the desk of an employee without a warrant
if the search involves something related to the employee’s work.
ANS:
T
REF: 54 | 55
25.
Once the Supreme Court overturned his conviction, Ernesto
Miranda never served time for the crime of which he was originally charged.
ANS: F
REF: 57
26.
Today, a criminal defendant has the right to a lawyer when
appearing in a police lineup or when being questioned by a psychiatrist.
ANS:
T
REF: 57
27.
Under the USA Patriot Act, the government can tap telephones
without a court order.
ANS:
F
REF: 58
28.
The USA Patriot Act allows the government to tap Internet
communications without a court order.
ANS:
F
REF: 58
29.
During the Second World War, the Supreme Court upheld the
constitutionality of a trial where Nazi spies in civilian clothes were tried as
“unlawful combatants.”
ANS:
T
REF: 59
30.
Military trials cannot be conducted in secret.
ANS:
F
REF: 59
ESSAY
1. Explain
what “incorporation” means with specific reference to the Bill of Rights
and Palko v.
Connecticut.
ANS:
|
(a.) |
The Bill of Rights (the
first ten amendments to the Constitution) was originally meant to apply only
to the federal government. |
|
(b.) |
This changed after the
Civil War, particularly as a result of the Fourteenth Amendment. |
|
(c.) |
The Court used the due
process and equal protection clauses to apply certain provisions of the Bill
of Rights to the states. |
|
(d.) |
More specifically, the
Court has incorporated those rights that it has deemed “fundamental” to
“ordered liberty.” |
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