American Government Institutions and Policies, Brief Version 12th Edition by James Q. Wilson – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter_03_Federalism     True / False

 

1. The American experience suggests that many of the Antifederalists’ primary concerns about the size of government were not unwarranted.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.1 – LO1

 

2. The Constitution has been amended only 23 times in more than 225 years.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.1 – LO1

 

3. Over the last half-century, state and local government spending has declined significantly.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.1 – LO1

 

4. Politically, the most consistent conflict has been relations between state and national governments.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   52 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.1 – LO1

 

5. The Founders envisioned a system in which the national government would have supreme authority over the state governments.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

6. The wording of the U.S. Constitution regarding the federal government’s right to make laws is purposely vague and elastic.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   55 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

7. Thomas Jefferson generally thought the powers of the federal government should be narrowly construed and strictly limited.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   55 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

8. Chief Justice John Marshall was an early advocate of states’ rights.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   56 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

9. In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Maryland could not tax a bank chartered by the national government.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   56 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

10. The doctrine of nullification allows states to declare null and void a federal law that violates the Constitution.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

11. The writings of Jefferson and Madison influenced John C. Calhoun’s arguments for nullification of a federal tariff.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   58 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

12. The concept of dual federalism grew out of a debate on the issue of the commerce clause.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   58 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

13. In United States v. Lopez, the Supreme Court said that Congress had exceeded its commerce clause power by creating gun-free zones around schools.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

14. ​The Supreme Court has ruled that Congress cannot require local police to conduct background checks on all gun purchasers.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

15. The police power is generally recognized as a state power.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   62 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

16. Great Britain has a federal system much like our own.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   62 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3

 

17. Many of the powers of the federal government are exercised through the states.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3

 

18. An initiative allows voters to place legislative measures directly on the ballot by getting enough signatures.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3

 

19. The states play a key role in social welfare, interstate highways, and managing water supplies.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3

 

20. A categorical grant is one made for a specific purpose defined by federal law.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   71 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3

 

21. The response to Hurricane Katrina showed that the various responsibilities of the federal, state, and local governments are clear.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3

 

22. Until the 1960s, the majority of federal grants-in-aid served national purposes. ​   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   70 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4

 

23. Many governors and mayors enjoy how narrow the purposes of categorical​ grants are.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   71 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4

 

24. Block grants were intended to give states more freedom in their spending.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   71 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4

 

25. Generally, education waivers are easy to acquire.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4

 

Multiple Choice

 

26. When the Framers drafted the Constitution, the Antifederalists opposed it primarily on the grounds that it   a. empowered state governments.   b. created a bicameral Congress.   c. gave states the power to coin money.   d. created a navy.   e. gave too much power to the national government.   ANSWER:   e REFERENCES:   51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.1 – LO1 NOTES:   Factual

 

27. __________ is a political system in which the national government shares power with local governments.   a. A unitary government   b. Federalism   c. A confederation   d. A parliamentarian government   e. A republic   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   51 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.1 – LO1 NOTES:   Factual

 

28. For the Founders, federalism was a device to   a. protect personal liberty.   b. provide efficient local administration.   c. encourage citizen participation.   d. guarantee equality.   e. protect against foreign invasion.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   53 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

29. In a confederation, the national government derives its power from   a. the people.   b. the states.   c. the Congress.   d. the courts.   e. the president.   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   53 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

30. A federal republic derives its powers from   a. the people.   b. the states.   c. the Congress.   d. the courts.   e. the president.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

31. Madison’s description of federalism in Federalist No. 46 suggests there should be little concern over conflicts between the federal and state governments because   a. the federal government would clearly be the winner in such conflicts.   b. the state government would clearly be the winner in such conflicts.   c. such conflicts would occur only on minor issues of importance.   d. they are different agents with different powers.   e. the judicial branch would settle such disputes.   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

32. ​The Founders did not include in the U.S. Constitution an explicit statement of state powers, but added it later in   a. the Second Amendment.   b. the Seventh Amendment.   c. the Tenth Amendment.   d. the Fourteenth Amendment.   e. the First Amendment.   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

33. Just what sort of commerce Congress could regulate between the states was not spelled out in the U.S. Constitution because   a. the Founders assumed the federal government would only have the powers explicity given to it.   b. of an oversight.   c. commerce was a new phenomenon.   d. slavery was involved.   e. New York delegates refused to allow discussion on the matter.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   55 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

34. ​Which statement best summarizes Madison’s view of federalism?   a. He was a consistent supporter of the notion of a supreme national government.   b. He was a consistent supporter of the notion of the supremacy of state governments.   c. He was first an ardent supporter of national supremacy, then of states’ rights.   d. He was first an ardent supporter of states’ rights, then of national supremacy.   e. He assumed the national government would be supreme except in times of war.   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   55 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Conceptual

 

35. The Civil War settled one part of the issue of national supremacy versus states’ rights, namely, that   a. state governments are supreme over the national government.   b. the national government derives its sovereignty from the states.   c. the national government derives its sovereignty from the people.   d. the national government derives its sovereignty from both the people and the states.   e. state governments derive their power from each other.   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   55 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Conceptual

 

36. The early chief justice whose decisions generally gave the broadest possible sweep to federal powers was   a. Roger Taney.   b. Frederick Vinson.   c. John Marshall.   d. Alexander Hamilton.   e. John Harlan.   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   56 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

37. An important outcome of Marshall’s ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) was to   a. place limits on the constitutional powers granted to Congress by refusing McCulloch’s appeal.   b. give greater power to the states in taxing agents of the federal government, including banks.   c. protect newspaper editors who publish stories critical of the federal government.   d. restrict the power of the Court in cases involving conflicts between states and the federal government.   e. confirm the supremacy of the federal government in the exercise of the constitutional powers granted to Congress.   ANSWER:   e REFERENCES:   56 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Conceptual

 

38. In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Supreme Court ruled that   a. states could form banks and tax them.   b. the national government could charter banks and the states could not tax those banks.   c. the national government’s power was dependent on the states.   d. Congress erred when it created a national banking system.   e. states could not charter banks.   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   56 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Conceptual

 

39. A central premise in Marshall’s analysis of federalism was that the government of the United States was established by   a. the convention.   b. the states.   c. the people.   d. the Supreme Court.   e. Congress   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   56 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

40. In McCulloch v. Maryland,   a. the Constitution’s “necessary and proper” clause permits Congress to take actions when it is essential to a power that Congress has.   b. the Constitution’s commerce clause gives the national government exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce.   c. Congress may not act to subject nonconsenting states to lawsuits in state courts.   d. the states may not regulate interstate commerce.   e. the national government’s authority to require state officials to administer or enforce a federal regulation is limited.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   62 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

41. The doctrine of nullification refers to   a. the power of Congress to veto state laws that violate the U.S. Constitution.   b. the claimed authority of the states to declare a federal law void for violating the U.S. Constitution.   c. the power of the president to veto state laws for violating the U.S. Constitution.   d. the authority of the president to dissolve Congress and to call for new elections.   e. the power of the federal government to invalidate state laws on matters of commerce.   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

42. When Congress passed laws (in 1798) to punish newspaper editors who published stories critical of the federal government, these two political leaders suggested in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions that the states had the right to nullify a federal law that, in the state’s opinion, violated the Constitution.   a. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson   b. John Adams and Alexander Hamilton   c. John Dickinson and George Clinton   d. Samuel Adams and John Hancock   e. John Jay and John Marshall   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Conceptual

 

43. During the battle over slavery, the case for nullification was forcefully presented by   a. William Jennings Randolph.   b. Robert E. Lee.   c. William Graham Sumner.   d. John C. Calhoun.   e. Jeb Stuart.   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   58 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

44. The doctrine of dual federalism grew out of a protracted debate on the subject of   a. commerce.   b. banking.   c. manufacturing.   d. welfare.   e. licensing of commercial fishermen.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   58 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

45. Initially, it was supposed that   a. Congress could regulate interstate commerce.   b. Congress could regulate interstate and intrastate commerce.   c. the state governments could regulate interstate commerce.   d. the state governments could regulate interstate and intrastate commerce.   e. there was no distinction between interstate and intrastate commerce.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   58 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

46. The interstate commerce that the federal government can regulate is now interpreted to include   a. almost any kind of economic activity.   b. only the movement of goods between states.   c. almost any commerce in goods, but not labor transactions.   d. commerce between states and a handful of transactions within states.   e. shipping and handling, but not production.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

47. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the Supreme Court’s modern rulings on regulation of interstate commerce?   a. The Court allows federal regulation of almost anything related to interstate commerce.   b. The Court permits only state regulation of most interstate commerce.   c. The Court has excluded every type of service provider from federal regulation.   d. The Court allows limited federal regulation of interstate comemrce.   e. No regulation of interstate commerce is permitted by the state or federal governments.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

48. The text says that it would be a mistake to conclude that the doctrine of dual federalism is   a. entirely dead.   b. alive and well.   c. much changed.   d. no longer a threat.   e. an empirical reality.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

49. In United States v. Lopez (1995), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress overstepped its power to regulate commerce by prohibiting __________ in a school zone.   a. guns   b. adult bookstores   c. cigarette sales   d. alcohol sales   e. dog races   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

50. In United States v. Morrison, the Supreme Court ruled that violence against women   a. was not an appropriate focus of punitive damages.   b. did not substantially affect interstate commerce.   c. could not be made the responsibility of distant relatives.   d. was nonjusticiable.   e. could not be regulated by law.   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

51. In __________, the Supreme Court held that Congress could not require local police officers to conduct background checks on all gun purchasers because doing so would violate the Tenth Amendment.   a. United States v. Morrison   b. McCulloch v. Maryland   c. United States v. Lopez   d. Printz v. United States   e. Marbury v. Madison   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

52. In this 1999 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that state employees could not sue to force state compliance with federal fair-labor laws.   a. McCulloch v. Maryland   b. Printz v. United States   c. Alden v. Maine   d. United States v. Lopez   e. United States v. Morrison   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   60 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Factual

 

53. Under their police powers, states can enact and enforce all of the following EXCEPT   a. criminal codes.   b. laws requiring children to attend school.   c. restrictions on the availability of pornographic materials.   d. standards for DUI convictions.   e. the regulation of interstate commerce.   ANSWER:   e REFERENCES:   62 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2 NOTES:   Conceptual

 

54. Which of the following countries does NOT have a federal system of government?   a. United States   b. Italy   c. Canada   d. Germany   e. Australia   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   62 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3 NOTES:   Factual

 

55. Which of the following allows national governments the right to alter or even abolish local government?   a. A constitutional government   b. Federalism   c. A unitary system   d. Socialism   e. A confederation   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3 NOTES:   Factual

 

56. One of the reasons that our local governments are independent of the national government is   a. Article III of the U.S. Constitution.   b. the power of free elections.   c. the commitment of Americans to the idea of local self-government.   d. the fact that the local tax structure requires local administration.   e. the Fourteenth Amendment.   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3 NOTES:   Applied

 

57. In the United States, programs such as the interstate highway system and services to the unemployed are most accurately considered   a. state functions that operate without any involvement on the part of the federal government.   b. federal functions, although state governments pay some of the costs.   c. state functions that are designated under the Tenth Amendment.   d. federal functions that operate without any involvement on the part of state governments.   e. state functions, although the federal government seeks to regulate them.   ANSWER:   e REFERENCES:   63 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3 NOTES:   Conceptual

 

58. William H. Riker’s critical conclusion is that the main effect of federalism since the Civil War has been to perpetuate   a. poverty.   b. racism.   c. corruption.   d. fraud.   e. sexism.   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   64 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3 NOTES:   Factual

 

59. In about half of the states, voters can use this procedure to place legislative measures directly on the ballot by getting enough signatures.   a. Initiative   b. Referendum   c. Recall   d. Logrolling   e. Rollback   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3 NOTES:   Factual

 

60. Which is a procedure that enables voters to reject a measure adopted by the legislature?   a. Initiative   b. Referendum   c. Recall   d. Logrolling   e. Rollback   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3 NOTES:   Factual

 

61. This procedure, which is in effect in over 20 states, permits voters to remove an elected official from office.   a. Initiative   b. Referendum   c. Recall   d. Logrolling   e. Rollback   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3 NOTES:   Factual

 

62. The first form of grants-in-aid from the national government to the states was   a. cash grants-in-aid.   b. block grants.   c. revenue sharing.   d. categorical grants.   e. land grants.   ANSWER:   e REFERENCES:   67 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4 NOTES:   Factual

 

63. In 1808, Congress gave __________ to the states to pay for their militias, with the states in charge of size, deployment, and command of these troops.   a. $250   b. $3,500   c. $25,000   d. $200,000   e. $500,000   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   68 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4 NOTES:   Factual

 

64. According U.S. Census Bureau data, this program represented the largest federal grant to state and local governments for fiscal year 2011.   a. Medicaid   b. Income security   c. Education and training   d. Transportation   e. Community development   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   68 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.13.3.4 – LO4 NOTES:   Factual

 

65. ​According to the text, the grants-in-aid system grew rapidly because it helped state and local officials resolve what dilemma?   a. How to get federal money into state hands without violating the U.S. Constitution   b. How to limit federal taxation power without reducing aid to states   c. How to increase federal taxation power without violating the U.S. Constitution   d. How to shift financial control of state programs to the federal government without violating states’ rights   e. How to bring critical state functions gradually under federal control   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   68 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4 NOTES:   Conceptual

 

66. During the 1960s, federal grants to states were increasingly based on   a. the demands of the individual states.   b. what state officials perceived to be important state needs.   c. the power of organized interest groups.   d. what federal officials perceived to be national needs.   e. the demands of coalitions of states.   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   70 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4 NOTES:   Factual

 

67. Of the following, which is NOT considered part of the intergovernmental lobby?   a. Local police chiefs   b. Local gas station owners   c. County highway commissioners   d. Superintendents of schools   e. Mayors   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   70 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4 NOTES:   Factual

 

68. Which of the following is NOT a member of the “Big 7”?   a. The National Governors Association   b. The National League of Cities   c. The National Conference of State Legislatures   d. The National Association of Counties   e. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce   ANSWER:   e REFERENCES:   70 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4 NOTES:   Factual

 

69. A categorical grant is a transfer of federal funds designed for   a. the private sector.   b. discretionary use by a state.   c. the accomplishment of broad goals.   d. programs with matching grants.   e. specific purposes.   ANSWER:   e REFERENCES:   71 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4 NOTES:   Factual

 

70. According to the text, block grants have enjoyed only marginal success, in part because   a. the federal government steadily increased the number of strings attached to such grants.   b. money from categorical grants shrank so low as to make these other grants essential.   c. these grants were based on local priorities rather than on the needs of the nation as a whole.   d. these grants discouraged federal control over how the money was to be used.   e. these grants were not attractive to members of Congress.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   71 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4 NOTES:   Conceptual

 

71. ​__________ are terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants.   a. Conditions of aid   b. Mandates   c. Strings-attached edict   d. Court decisions   e. Pontifications   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   73 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4 NOTES:   Factual

 

72. The number of unfunded mandates is highest concerning what type of policy?   a. health policy   b. transportation   c. civil rights   d. the environment   e. education policy   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4 NOTES:   Factual

 

73. According to the text, __________ waivers are “almost impossible to acquire.”   a. environmental protection   b. health policy   c. education   d. human services   e. transportation   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4 NOTES:   Factual

 

74. The text suggests that we might expect to find more mandates in policy areas where the government   a. spends less.   b. spends more.   c. wants the states to spend less.   d. has been involved a longer period of time.   e. cannot possibly enforce them.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   74 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4 NOTES:   Factual

 

Essay

 

75. Compare the competing views of federalism held by Hamilton and Jefferson. ANSWER:   ∙ Hamilton: The people created the national government; laws and treaties are made pursuant to the “supreme law of the land” (the Constitution); the national government was the superior and leading force in political affairs, its powers should be broadly defined and liberally construed. ∙ Jefferson: The government is the product of agreement among the states; the principle threat to liberty will probably come from the national government, thus its powers should be narrowly construed. REFERENCES:   54 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

76. Summarize the facts of the case and discuss the implications for federalism from the Supreme Court’s ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland. ANSWER:   Maryland attempted to tax a Baltimore bank created by Congress. McCulloch, a cashier, refused to pay and was taken to court. The Court ruled Congress had the power to create a bank even though the Constitution did not explicitly grant such a power. The national government was created by the people and, therefore, superior to the state governments. Due to the elastic clause (or the necessary and proper clause), Congress has “implied power” to put in place its enumerated ones. REFERENCES:   56 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

77. Explain how Madison, Jefferson, and John C. Calhoun defined the doctrine of nullification. ANSWER:   ∙ Madison and Jefferson opposed 1798 laws that punished newspapers critical of the government. In the Virginia-Kentucky Resolutions, they argued states had the right to “nullify” federal laws that, in the opinion of the states, violated the Constitution. ∙ Calhoun opposed a tariff enacted by the national government and its efforts to restrict slavery. He argued states had the right to declare acts unconstitutional, null and void. REFERENCES:   57 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

78. Note some recent examples of cases where the U.S. Supreme Court has revealed its view that the commerce clause does not justify any federal action. ANSWER:   ∙ United States v. Morrison: Court ruled attacks against women do not substantially affect interstate commerce. ∙ Printz v. United States: Court ruled that a federal law requiring local police to conduct background checks on all gun purchasers was unconstitutional. ∙ Alden v. Maine: Court ruled state employees could not sue to force state compliance with federal fair labor laws. ∙ Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina Ports Authority: Court further expanded states’ sovereignty immunity from private lawsuits. REFERENCES:   59 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.2 – LO2

 

79. ​Compare and contrast the governmental structure of the United States and the nations with a unitary government. ANSWER:   The United States is a federal system which means  there are local (territorial, regional, provincial, state, or municipal) units of government—as well as a national government— that can make final decisions with respect to at least some governmental activities and whose existence is specially protected A unitary system is one in which local governments as they possess can be altered or even abolished by the national government and cannot plausibly claim to have final authority over any significant governmental activities. ​In a unitary system, welfare, highways, education, the police, and the use of land are all matters that are directed nationally. In a federal system, highways and some welfare programs are largely state functions (though they make use of federal money), while education, policing, and land-use controls are primarily local (city, county, or special-district) functions. REFERENCES:   62 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3

 

80. What are some formal mechanisms that some state constitutions employ in order to incorporate direct democracy into the governmental process? ANSWER:   ∙ Initiative: Allows voters to place legislative measures on the ballot. ∙ Referendum: Allows voters to reject a measure adopted by the legislature. ∙ Recall: Voters can remove an elected official from office. REFERENCES:   66 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.3 – LO3

 

81. Explain what grants-in-aid are and why the system that grew up around them was so attractive to state officials. ANSWER:   The first began in the form of land grants of federal money. These were soon accompanied by cash grants. Grants-in-aid are federal monies put into states hands; i.e., Washington would pay the bills; the states would run the programs. Today, hundreds of programs exist. The money seemed to be “free.” States did not have to propose, collect, or take responsibility for federal taxes. However, states could claim credit for the federally funded projects. To states, the money was there. It was attractive because there were budget surpluses. As those surpluses dwindled, Washington inaugurated the income tax. Moreover, the federal government managed the currency and could print more at will. REFERENCES:   67 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4

 

82. Explain what a “categorical grant” is, and why their incorporation into block grants never seemed to quite satisfy critics. ANSWER:   Categorical grant: A grant for a specific purpose defined by federal law, usually requiring states or localities to put up “matching” funds. State officials complained that they were too narrow and specific. Moreover, the federal government increasingly attached strings, or conditions. Congress and the federal bureaucracy liked category grants. Some consolidation into block grants occurred, but few block grants were enacted. Block grants attracted little support from lobbyists and groups. REFERENCES:   71 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4

 

83. Compare and contrast the following two kinds of federal controls on state governments: conditions of aid and mandates. Be sure to list examples of each. ANSWER:   ∙ Conditions of aid are requirements placed on state governments when they accepted federal dollars. Examples are: Environmental impact studies, “prevailing wage” requirements, citizen participation, and nondiscriminatory in hiring. ∙ Mandates are terms set by the federal government that states must meet whether or not they accepted federal dollars. Examples are: school-desegregation, Massachusetts hiring of firefighters, police brutality in Philadelphia, and planning in Chicago. Most federal mandates occur in civil rights and environmental issues. REFERENCES:   73 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4

 

84. Discuss why so many laws that Congress passes are not always favored by mayors and governors. ANSWER:   -One reason is that members of Congress represent different constituencies from the same localities. -Another reason is that the organizations that once linked members of Congress to local groups have eroded. The political parties which once allowed many localities to speak with a single voice in Washington, have decayed to the point where most members of Congress now operate as free agents, judging local needs and national moods independently REFERENCES:   76 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.3.4 – LO4

 

Chapter_05_Civil_Rights   True / False

 

1. Until 1967, 16 states outlawed marriages between whites and nonwhites.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   108 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

2. Laws cannot treat people differently.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   108 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

3. In the late 1800s, the Supreme Court struck down a law that required that juries consist only of white males.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   112-113 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

4. In 1883, the Supreme Court ruled that racial discrimination in public accommodations (such as hotels) was unconstitutional.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   112 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

5. In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed political equality but not social equality.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   113 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

6. The NAACP was formed by a group consisting of both whites and blacks.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   113 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

7. The decision of the Supreme Court in Brown was unanimous.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   114 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

8. In the immediate aftermath of Brown v. Board of Education, southern resistance to school integration quickly collapsed.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   115 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

9. The federal government withholding federal aid to segregated schools in the 1970s led many schools to integrate.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   115 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

10. Findings from social science studies on the impact of segregation on black children influenced the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   116 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

11. De jure segregation refers to segregation that is the result of residential patterns as opposed to deliberate government policy.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

12. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education settled the issues of busing across city and county lines.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   117 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

13. ​In 1992, the Supreme Court ruled that schools could not be held responsible for segregation caused solely by segregated living patterns.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   118 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

14. Martin Luther King, Jr. was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama because he refused to give up his bus seat to a white man. ​   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   119 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

15. ​The strategy known as civil disobedience was done by peacefully disobeying a law and accepting the punishment.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   119 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

16. The outcome of the 1964 elections helped the civil rights forces.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   121 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.1 – LO1

 

17. The courts have so far declined to submit laws that treat men and women differently to the strict scrutiny test.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   124 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.2 – LO2

 

18. ​States can give widows a property-tax exemption not given to widowers.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   125 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.4 – LO4

 

19. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Virginia Military Institute when its tradition of admitting only male cadets was challenged.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   125-126 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.4 – LO4

 

20. It is illegal for an employee to experience a work environment that has been made hostile or intimidating by a steady pattern of offensive sexual teasing, jokes, or obscenity.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   126 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.3 – LO3

 

21. Privacy is mentioned only once in the Constitution.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   127 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.4 – LO4

 

22. In 1989, the Webster case upheld some state restrictions on abortion.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   128 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   AGBR.WILS.12.5.4 – LO4