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Sample Test

CHAPTER 3

Federalism

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1.   When the Framers drafted the Constitution, the Antifederalist opposed it primarily on the grounds that the new government

a.	empowered state governments.
b.	created a bicameral Congress.
c.	gave states the power to coin money.
d.	created a navy.
e.	gave too much power to the national government.

 

ANS:    E                      REF:    51                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO1

 

2.   In this decision, the Supreme Court, by a 5–4 majority, ruled that the individual mandate component of Obamacare was constitutional because the mandate was a tax and was one of the powers of Congress.

a.	Baker v. Carr
b.	U.S. v. Lopez
c.	Printz v. U.S.
d.	McCulloch v. Maryland
e.	National Federation of Business v. Sebelius

 

ANS:    E                      REF:    51                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO1

 

3.   __________ is a political system in which the national government shares power with local governments.

a.	A unitary government
b.	Federalism
c.	A confederation
d.	A parliamentarian government
e.	A republic

 

ANS:    B                      REF:    51                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO1

 

4.   For the Founders, federalism was a device to

a.	protect personal liberty.
b.	provide efficient local administration.
c.	encourage citizen participation.
d.	guarantee equality.
e.	protect against foreign invasion.

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    53                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO1

 

5.   In a confederation, the national government derives its power from

a.	the people.
b.	the states.
c.	the Congress.
d.	the courts.
e.	None of the above is true.

 

ANS:    B                      REF:    53                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO1

 

6.   A federal republic derives its powers from

a.	the people.
b.	the states.
c.	the Congress.
d.	the courts.
e.	None of the above is true.

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    53                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO1

 

7.   Madison’s description of federalism in Federalist No. 46 suggests there should be little concern over conflicts between the federal and state governments because

a.	the federal government would clearly be the winner in such conflicts.
b.	the state government would clearly be the winner in such conflicts.
c.	such conflicts would occur only on minor issues of importance.
d.	they are different agents with different powers.
e.	the judicial branch would settle such disputes.

 

 

ANS:    D                     REF:    53                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO1

 

8.   The Founders did not include in the U.S. Constitution an explicit statement of state powers but added it later in

a.	the Second Amendment.
b.	the Seventh Amendment.
c.	the Tenth Amendment.
d.	the Fourteenth Amendment.
e.	None of the above is true.

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    53                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO2

 

9.   Just what sort of commerce Congress could regulate between the states was not spelled out in the U.S. Constitution because

a.	delegates held competing views of commerce.
b.	of an oversight.
c.	commerce was a new phenomenon.
d.	slavery was involved.
e.	New York delegates refused to allow discussion on the matter.

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    54                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO2

 

10.                Which statement best summarizes Madison’s view of federalism?

a.	He was a consistent supporter of the notion of a supreme national government.
b.	He was a consistent supporter of the notion of the supremacy of state governments.
c.	He was first an ardent supporter of national supremacy, then of states’ rights.
d.	He was first an ardent supporter of states’ rights, then of national supremacy.
e.	He assumed the national government would be supreme except in times of war.

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    54                    NOT:   C                      OBJ:    LO2

 

11.                The Civil War settled one part of the issue of national supremacy versus states’ rights, namely, that

a.	state governments are supreme over the national government.
b.	the national government derives its sovereignty from the states.
c.	the national government derives its sovereignty from the people.
d.	the national government derives its sovereignty from both the people and the states.
e.	state governments derive their power from each other.

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    55                    NOT:   C                      OBJ:    LO2

 

12.                The early chief justice whose decisions generally gave the broadest possible sweep to federal powers was

a.	Roger Taney.
b.	Frederick Vinson.
c.	John Marshall.
d.	Alexander Hamilton.
e.	John Harlan.

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    55                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO2

 

13.                An important outcome of Marshall’s ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) was to

a.	place limits on the constitutional powers granted to Congress by refusing McCulloch’s appeal.
b.	give greater power to the states in taxing agents of the federal government, including banks.
c.	protect newspaper editors who publish stories critical of the federal government.
d.	restrict the power of the Court in cases involving conflicts between states and the federal government.
e.	confirm the supremacy of the federal government in the exercise of the constitutional powers granted to Congress.

 

 

ANS:    E                      REF:    55                    NOT:   C                      OBJ:    LO3

 

14.                A central premise in Marshall’s analysis of federalism was that the government of the United States was established by

a.	the convention.
b.	the states.
c.	the people.
d.	the Supreme Court.
e.	both B and D.

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    55                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO3

 

15.                In McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), the Supreme Court ruled that

a.	states could form banks and tax them.
b.	the national government could charter banks and the states could not tax those banks.
c.	the national government’s power was dependent on the states.
d.	Congress erred when it created a national banking system.
e.	states could not charter banks.

 

ANS:    B                      REF:    55, 56              NOT:   C                      OBJ:    LO3

 

16.                The doctrine of nullification refers to

a.	the power of Congress to veto state laws that violate the U.S. Constitution.
b.	the claimed authority of the states to declare a federal law void for violating the U.S. Constitution.
c.	the power of the president to veto state laws for violating the U.S. Constitution.
d.	the authority of the president to dissolve Congress and to call for new elections.
e.	the power of the federal government to invalidate state laws on matters of commerce.

 

 

ANS:    B                      REF:    56, 57              NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO4

 

17.                When Congress passed laws (in 1798) to punish newspaper editors who published stories critical of the federal government, these two political leaders suggested in the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions that the states had the right to nullify a federal law that, in the state’s opinion, violated the Constitution.

a.	James Madison and Thomas Jefferson
b.	John Adams and Alexander Hamilton
c.	John Dickinson and George Clinton
d.	Samuel Adams and John Hancock
e.	John Jay and John Marshall

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    56, 57              NOT:   C                      OBJ:    LO4

 

18.                Applying the principles of Thomas Jefferson to current political issues would probably dispose one to

a.	favor the decentralization of government power.
b.	oppose the decentralization of government power.
c.	favor seven-year terms for presidents.
d.	oppose seven-year terms for presidents.
e.	favor a more powerful bureaucracy.

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    57                    NOT:   C                      OBJ:    LO2

 

19.                During the battle over slavery, the case for nullification was forcefully presented by

a.	William Jennings Randolph.
b.	Robert E. Lee.
c.	William Graham Sumner.
d.	John C. Calhoun.
e.	JEB Stuart.

 

 

ANS:    D                     REF:    57                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO4

 

20.                The doctrine of dual federalism grew out of a protracted debate on the subject of

a.	commerce.
b.	banking.
c.	manufacturing.
d.	welfare.
e.	licensing of commercial fishermen.

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    57                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

21.                Initially, it was supposed that

a.	Congress could regulate interstate commerce.
b.	Congress could regulate interstate and intrastate commerce.
c.	the state governments could regulate interstate commerce.
d.	the state governments could regulate interstate and intrastate commerce.
e.	there was no distinction between interstate and intrastate commerce.

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    57                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

22.                The interstate commerce that the federal government can regulate is now interpreted to include

a.	almost any kind of economic activity.
b.	only the movement of goods between states.
c.	almost any commerce in goods, but not labor transactions.
d.	commerce between states and a handful of transactions within states.
e.	shipping and handling, but not production.

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    57                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

23.                According to the text, the Supreme Court has generally excluded __________ from many of the restrictions addressed in commerce clause cases.

a.	baseball players
b.	lawyers
c.	janitors
d.	window washers
e.	farmers

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    57                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

24.                The text says that it would be a mistake to conclude that the doctrine of dual federalism is

a.	entirely dead.
b.	alive and well.
c.	much changed.
d.	no longer a threat.
e.	an empirical reality.

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    57                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

25.                In United States v. Lopez (1995), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress overstepped its power to regulate commerce by prohibiting __________ in a school zone.

a.	guns
b.	adult bookstores
c.	cigarette sales
d.	alcohol sales
e.	dog races

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    57                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

26.                In United States v. Morrison, the Supreme Court ruled that violence against women

a.	was not an appropriate focus of punitive damages.
b.	did not substantially affect interstate commerce.
c.	could not be made the responsibility of distant relatives.
d.	was nonjusticiable.
e.	could not be regulated by law.

 

 

ANS:    B                      REF:    58                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

27.                In __________, the Supreme Court held that Congress could not require local police officers to conduct background checks on all gun purchases because doing so would violate the Tenth Amendment.

a.	United States v. Morrison
b.	McCulloch v. Maryland
c.	United States v. Lopez
d.	Printz v. United States
e.	Marbury v. Madison

 

 

ANS:    D                     REF:    58                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

28.                There are more than __________ local governments in the United States.

a.	875,000
b.	87,500
c.	8,750
d.	875
e.	None of the above

 

ANS:    B                      REF:    58                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

29.                In this 1999 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that state employees could not sue to force state compliance with federal fair-labor laws.

a.	McCulloch v. Maryland
b.	Printz v. United States
c.	Alden v. Maine
d.	United States v. Lopez
e.	United States v. Morrison

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    58                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

30.                Which of the following countries does not have a federal system of government?

a.	The United States
b.	The United Kingdom
c.	Canada
d.	Germany
e.	Australia

 

ANS:    B                      REF:    59                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO1

 

31.                Which of the following allows national governments the right to alter or even abolish local government?

a.	A constitutional government
b.	Federalism
c.	A unitary system
d.	Socialism
e.	A confederation

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    59                    NOT:   A                     OBJ:    LO4

 

32.                In McCulloch v. Maryland

a.	the Constitution’s “necessary and proper” clause permits Congress to take actions when it is essential to a power that Congress has.
b.	the Constitution’s commerce clause gives the national government exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce.
c.	Congress may not act to subject nonconsenting states to lawsuits in state courts.
d.	the states may not regulate interstate commerce.
e.	the national government’s authority to require state officials to administer or enforce a federal regulation is limited.

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    59                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

33.                In Gibbons v. Ogden

a.	the Constitution’s “necessary and proper” clause permits Congress to take actions when it is essential to a power that Congress has.
b.	the Constitution’s commerce clause gives the national government exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce.
c.	Congress may not act to subject nonconsenting states to lawsuits in state courts.
d.	the states may not regulate interstate commerce.
e.	the national government’s authority to require state officials to administer or enforce a federal regulation is limited.

 

 

ANS:    B                      REF:    59                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

34.                Under their police powers, states can enact and enforce all of the following except

a.	criminal codes.
b.	laws requiring children to attend school.
c.	restrictions on the availability of pornographic materials.
d.	standards for DUI convictions.
e.	the regulation of interstate commerce.

 

 

ANS:    E                      REF:    59                    NOT:   A                     OBJ:    LO5

 

35.                A ___________ system of government is one in which the states are sovereign and the national government is allowed to do only that which the states permit.

a.	unitary
b.	federal
c.	confederation
d.	Options A, B, C, and D are true.
e.	None of the above is true.

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    60                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO4

 

36.                One of the reasons that our local governments are independent of the national government is

a.	Article III of the U.S. Constitution.
b.	the power of free elections.
c.	the commitment of Americans to the ideal of local self-government.
d.	the fact that the local tax structure requires local administration.
e.	the Fourteenth Amendment.

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    60                    NOT:   A                     OBJ:    LO5

 

37.                In the United States, programs such as the interstate highway system and services to the unemployed are most accurately considered

a.	state functions that operate without any involvement on the part of the federal government.
b.	federal functions, although state governments pay some of the costs.
c.	state functions that are designated under the Tenth Amendment.
d.	federal functions that operate without any involvement on the part of state governments.
e.	state functions, although the federal government seeks to regulate them.

 

 

ANS:    E                      REF:    60                    NOT:   C                      OBJ:    LO5

 

38.                William H. Riker’s critical conclusion is that the main effect of federalism since the Civil War has been

a.	poverty.
b.	racism.
c.	corruption.
d.	fraud.
e.	sexism.

 

 

ANS:    B                      REF:    61                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO6

 

39.                Which of the following has a federal form of government?

a.	Russia
b.	Nigeria
c.	Malayasia
d.	Mexico
e.	All of the above is true.

 

 

ANS:    E                      REF:    61                    NOT:   A                     OBJ:    LO6

 

40.                Which is a procedure that enables voters to reject a measure adopted by the legislature?

a.	Initiative
b.	Referendum
c.	Recall
d.	Logrolling
e.	Rollback

 

ANS:    B                      REF:    62                    NOT:   A                     OBJ:    LO6

 

41.                In about half of the states, voters can use this procedure to place legislative measures directly on the ballot by getting enough signatures.

a.	Initiative
b.	Referendum
c.	Recall
d.	Logrolling
e.	Rollback

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    62                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO6

 

42.                This procedure, which is in effect in over 20 states, permits voters to remove an elected official from office.

a.	Initiative
b.	Referendum
c.	Recall
d.	Logrolling
e.	Rollback

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    63                    NOT:   A                     OBJ:    LO6

 

43.                The first form of grant-in-aid from the national government to the states was

a.	cash grants-in-aid.
b.	block grants.
c.	revenue sharing.
d.	categorical grants.
e.	land grants.

 

 

ANS:    E                      REF:    63                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO6

 

44.                In 1808 Congress gave __________ to the states to pay for their militias, with the states in charge of size, deployment, and command of these troops.

a.	$250
b.	$3,500
c.	$25,000
d.	$200,000
e.	$500,000

 

ANS:    D                     REF:    64                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

 

45.                According to Table 3.1 in the textbook, this program represented the largest federal grant to state and local governments for fiscal year 2011.

a.	Medicaid
b.	Income security
c.	Education and training
d.	Transportation
e.	Community development

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    64                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

46.                According to the text, the grant-in-aid system grew rapidly because it helped state and local officials resolve what dilemma?

a.	How to get federal money into state hands without violating the U.S. Constitution
b.	How to limit federal taxation power without reducing aid to states
c.	How to increase federal taxation power without violating the U.S. Constitution
d.	How to shift financial control of state programs to the federal government without violating states’ rights
e.	How to ring critical state functions gradually under federal control

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    64                    NOT:   C                      OBJ:    LO6

 

47.                During the 1960s, federal grants to states were increasingly based on

a.	the demands of the individual states.
b.	what state officials perceived to be important state needs.
c.	the power of organized interest groups.
d.	what federal officials perceived to be national needs.
e.	the demands of coalitions of states.

 

 

ANS:    D                     REF:    65                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

48.                An interest group with a strong following in only one region of the country would have the best chance to achieve its goals under which type of system?

a.	Democratic
b.	Republican
c.	Federal
d.	Unitary
e.	Provincial

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    66                    NOT:   C                      OBJ:    LO6

 

 

 

49.                Of the following, which is NOT an example of the intergovernmental lobby?

a.	Local police chiefs
b.	Local gas station owners
c.	County highway commissioners
d.	Superintendents of schools
e.	Mayors

 

 

ANS:    B                      REF:    66                    NOT:   A                     OBJ:    LO6

 

50.                Which of the following is a member of the “Big 7”?

a.	The National Governors Association
b.	The National League of Cities
c.	The National Conference of State Legislatures
d.	None of the above is true.
e.	Options A, B, C, and D are true.

 

ANS:    E                      REF:    66                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

51.                A categorical grant is a transfer of federal funds designed for

a.	the private sector.
b.	discretionary use by a state.
c.	the accomplishment of broad goals.
d.	programs with matching grants.
e.	specific purposes.

 

 

ANS:    E                      REF:    66                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

52.                According to the text, block grants have enjoyed only marginal success, in part because

a.	the federal government steadily increased the number of strings attached to such grants.
b.	money from categorical grants shrank so low as to make these other grants essential.
c.	these grants were based on local priorities rather than on the needs of the nation as a whole.
d.	these grants discouraged federal control over how the money was to be used.
e.	these grants were not attractive to members of Congress.

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    66                    NOT:   C                      OBJ:    LO5

 

53.                __________ are terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants.

a.	Conditions of aid
b.	Mandates
c.	Strings-attached edict
d.	Court decisions
e.	Pontifications

 

 

ANS:    B                      REF:    68                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

54.                A 2006 study found that the highest number of unfunded mandates concerned

a.	intrastate commerce.
b.	the Internet.
c.	civil rights.
d.	the environment.
e.	education policy.

 

 

ANS:    D                     REF:    68                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

55.                According to the text, __________ waivers are “almost impossible to acquire.”

a.	environmental protection
b.	health policy
c.	education
d.	human services
e.	transportation

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    68                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO6

 

56.                The text suggests that we might expect to find more mandates in policy areas where the government

a.	spends less.
b.	spends more.
c.	wants the states to spend less.
d.	has been involved a longer period of time.
e.	cannot possibly enforce them.

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    68, 69              NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO6

 

57.                Judges have ordered Massachusetts to change the way it hires firefighters, even though the state does not receive aid from the federal government for fire fighting. Such an order is referred to as a

a.	condition of aid.
b.	quid pro quo order.
c.	mandate.
d.	pro bono requirement.
e.	per curiam order.

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    69                    NOT:   C                      OBJ:    LO7

 

58.                In 1996, the voters of __________ passed Proposition 215, a ballot measure permitting the “compassionate use” of marijuana for medicinal purposes.

a.	California
b.	Colorado
c.	Washington
d.	Oregon
e.	Texas

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    70                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO6

 

59.                President __________ declared, in a State of the Union Address, that the era of big national government was over.

a.	Bush
b.	Reagan
c.	Nixon
d.	Eisenhower
e.	Clinton

 

 

ANS:    E                      REF:    71                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO2

 

60.                According to a 2011 study by the Government Accountability Office, the federal government and the states provide duplication of services in

a.	economic development.
b.	food regulation.
c.	counterterrorism.
d.	Options A, B, C, and D are true.
e.	None of the above is true.

 

ANS:    D                     REF:    72                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1.   The American experience suggests that many of the Antifederalists’ primary concerns were not unwarranted.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    51                    OBJ:    LO1

 

2.   The Constitution has been amended 25 times in more than 225 years.

 

ANS:    F                      REF:    51                    OBJ:    LO2

 

3.   Over the last half-century, state and local government spending has declined significantly.

 

ANS:    F                      REF:    51                    OBJ:    LO3

 

4.   The Supreme Court ruled the individual mandate component of “Obamacare” unconstitutional.

 

ANS:    F                      REF:    51                    OBJ:    LO5

 

5.   The Founders envisioned a system in which the national government would have supreme authority over the state governments.

 

ANS:    F                      REF:    53                    OBJ:    LO4

 

6.   The wording of the U.S. Constitution regarding the federal government’s right to make laws is purposely vague and elastic.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    54                    OBJ:    LO3

 

7.   Thomas Jefferson generally thought the powers of the federal government should be narrowly construed and strictly limited.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    54                    OBJ:    LO5

 

8.   Chief Justice John Marshall was an early advocate of states’ rights.

 

ANS:    F                      REF:    55                    OBJ:    LO3

 

9.   In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Maryland could not tax a bank chartered by the national government.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    56                    OBJ:    LO3

 

10.                The concept of dual federalism grew out of a debate on the issue of commerce.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    56                    OBJ:    LO2

 

11.                The writings of Jefferson and Madison influenced John C. Calhoun’s arguments for nullification of a federal tariff.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    57                    OBJ:    LO4

 

12.                In United States v. Lopez, the Supreme Court said that Congress had exceeded its commerce clause power by creating gun-free zones around schools.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    57, 59              OBJ:    LO5

 

13.                The Supreme Court has ruled that Congress cannot require local police to conduct background checks on all gun purchasers.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    58                    OBJ:    LO5

 

14.                Great Britain has a federal system much like our own.

 

ANS:    F                      REF:    59                    OBJ:    LO1

 

15.                The police power is generally recognized as a state power.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    59                    OBJ:    LO5

 

16.                Many of the powers of the federal government are exercised through the states.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    60                    OBJ:    LO5

 

17.                The states play a key role in social welfare, public education, and law enforcement.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    62                    OBJ:    LO5

 

18.                An initiative allows voters to place legislative measures directly on the ballot by getting enough signatures.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    62                    OBJ:    LO5

 

19.                As of 2006, federal aid accounted for approximately 30 percent of state general revenue.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    65                    OBJ:    LO5

 

20.                A categorical grant is one made for a specific purpose defined by federal law.

 

ANS:    T                      REF:    66                    OBJ:    LO5

 

 

ESSAY

 

1.   Compare the competing views of federalism held by Hamilton and Jefferson.

 

ANS:

• Hamilton: The people created the national government; laws and treaties are made pursuant to the “supreme law of the land” (the Constitution); the national government was the superior and leading force in political affairs, its powers should be broadly defined and liberally construed.
• Jefferson: The government is the product of agreement among the states; the principle threat to liberty will probably come from the national government, thus its powers should be narrowly construed.

 

REF:    54                    OBJ:    LO2

 

2.   Summarize the facts of the case and discuss the implications for federalism from the Supreme Court’s ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland.

 

ANS:

Maryland attempted to tax a Baltimore bank created by Congress. McCulloch, a cashier, refused to pay and was taken to court. The Court ruled Congress had the power to create a bank even though the Constitution did not explicitly grant such a power. The national government was created by the people and, therefore, superior to the state governments. Due to the elastic clause (or the necessary and proper clause), Congress has “implied power” to put in place its enumerated ones.

 

REF:    55                    OBJ:    LO2, 3, 4, 5

 

3.   Explain how Madison, Jefferson, and John C. Calhoun defined the doctrine of nullification.

 

ANS:

• Madison and Jefferson opposed 1798 laws that punished newspapers critical of the government. In the Virginia-Kentucky Resolutions, they argued states had the right to “nullify” federal laws that, in the opinion of the states, violated the Constitution.
• Calhoun opposed a tariff enacted by the national government and its efforts to restrict slavery. He argued states had the right to declare acts unconstitutional, null and void.

 

REF:    56, 57              OBJ:    LO4

 

4.   Note some recent examples of cases where the U.S. Supreme Court has revealed its view that the commerce clause does not justify any federal action.

 

ANS:

• United States v. Morrison: Court ruled attacks against women do not substantially affect interstate commerce.
• Printz v. United States: Court ruled that a federal law requiring local police to conduct background checks on all gun purchasers was unconstitutional.
• Alden v. Maine: Court ruled state employees could not sue to force state compliance with federal fair labor laws.
• Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina Ports Authority: Court further expanded states’ sovereignty immunity from private lawsuits.

 

REF:    57–59              OBJ:    LO5

 

5.   Discuss the terms of local governance covered in the textbook.

 

ANS:

• Municipal corporations are chartered by a state to exercise certain defined powers and provide certain specific services.
• A special-act charter applies to a certain city (for example, New York City) and lists what that city can and cannot do. A general-act charter applies to a number of cities that fall within a certain classification, usually based on city population. Thus in some states, all cities over 100,000 population will be governed on the basis of one charter, while all cities between 50,000 and 99,999 population will be governed on the basis of a different one.
• Dillon’s rule calls for the states to define the scope of these charters in a narrow way.
• A home-rule charter, now in effect in many cities, allows a municipal government to do anything not prohibited by the charter or state law.

 

REF:    58                    OBJ:    LO5

 

6.   What are some formal mechanisms that some state constitutions employ in order to incorporate direct democracy into the governmental process?

 

ANS:

• Initiative: Allows voters to place legislative measures on the ballot.
• Referendum: Allows voters to reject a measure adopted by the legislature.
• Recall: Voters can remove an elected official from office.

 

REF:    62, 63              OBJ:    LO5

 

7.   Explain what grants-in-aid are and why the system that grew up around them was so attractive to state officials.

 

ANS:

The first began in the form of land grants of federal money.  These were soon accompanied by cash grants. Grants-in-aid are federal monies put into states hands; i.e., Washington would pay the bills; the states would run the programs. Today, hundreds of programs exist. The money seemed to be “free.” States did not have to propose, collect, or take responsibility for federal taxes. However, states could claim credit for the federally funded projects. To states, the money was there. It was attractive because there were budget surpluses. As those surpluses dwindled, Washington inaugurated the income tax. Moreover, the federal government managed the currency and could print more at will.

 

REF:    63, 64              OBJ:    LO5

 

8.   Explain what a “categorical grant” is, and why their incorporation into block grants never seemed to quite satisfy critics.

 

ANS:

Categorical grant: A grant for a specific purpose defined by federal law, usually requiring states or localities to put up “matching” funds.

 

State officials complained that they were too narrow and specific. Moreover, the federal government increasingly attached strings, or conditions. Congress and the federal bureaucracy liked category grants. Some consolidation into block grants occurred, but few block grants were enacted. Block grants attracted little support from lobbyists and groups.

 

REF:    66, 67              OBJ:    LO5

 

9.   Compare and contrast the following two kinds of federal controls on state governments: conditions of aid and mandates. Be sure to list examples of each.

 

ANS:

• Conditions of aid are requirements placed on state governments when they accepted federal dollars. Examples are: Environmental impact studies, “prevailing wage” requirements, citizen participation, and nondiscriminatory in hiring.
• Mandates are terms set by the federal government that states must meet whether or not they accepted federal dollars. Examples are: school-desegregation, Massachusetts hiring of firefighters, police brutality in Philadelphia, and planning in Chicago. Most federal mandates occur in civil rights and environmental issues.

 

REF:    68–70              OBJ:    LO5

 

10.                The text says, “Devolution did not become a revolution.” Explain.

 

ANS:

Large federal-state programs were not turned into block grant programs. Spending on most federal and state programs increased. Public support was never very strong. Devolution seems to have resulted in more, not fewer, governmental rules and regulations.

 

REF:    70–72              OBJ:    LO5

 

CHAPTER 5

Civil Liberties

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.   A person treating the U.S. flag contemptuously is

a.	subject to conviction in federal court.
b.	subject to conviction in state court.
c.	subject to conviction in state and federal court.
d.	protected by Fourth Amendment rights.
e.	protected by the right to exercise free speech.

 

 

ANS:    E                      REF:    96                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO3

 

2.   In 2007, the Supreme Court allowed a school principal to punish a student for displaying a flag saying “Bong Hits 4 Jesus” because

a.	the Court held that it was within the student’s freedom of speech to wear the shirt.
b.	the Court held that the language incited unruly behavior.
c.	the Court held that the language harmed a religion.
d.	the Court held that the shirt endorsed drug use.
e.	None of the above is true.

 

ANS:    D                     REF:    96                    NOT:   C                      OBJ:    LO3

 

3.   Civil liberties are

a.	the protections the Constitution provides against the abuse of government.
b.	the protecting of certain groups, such as women, gays, and African Americans.
c.	free speech, free press, religious freedoms, and the rights of the accused.
d.	Both A and B are true.
e.	Both A and C are true.

 

ANS:    E                      REF:    96                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO3

 

4.   In 1803, this U.S. president wrote a letter to the then governor of Pennsylvania requesting that he prosecute newspaper publishers for speaking out against the government.

a.	George Washington
b.	John Adams
c.	Thomas Jefferson
d.	James Madison
e.	James Monroe

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    96                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO5

 

5.   Conflicts in civil liberties often arise because

a.	majoritarian politics is ineffective in resolving crises.
b.	the U.S. Constitution is vague on issues of individual rights.
c.	the Bill of Rights lists several competing rights.
d.	policy entrepreneurs rarely operate in the civil rights area.
e.	the Supreme Court has refused to play a leading role in the interpretation of the First Amendment.

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    97                    NOT:   C                      OBJ:    LO1

 

6.   The Sedition Act of 1798 was, in part, the result of strained relations between the United States and

a.	Spain.
b.	England.
c.	France.
d.	Italy.
e.	Germany.

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    97                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO3

 

7.   In passing the Sedition Act of 1798, the Federalist were fearful that Thomas Jefferson and his party would

a.	support the French Revolution.
b.	support better relations with England.
c.	restrict freedoms of speech and the press.
d.	jail French sympathizers.
e.	ban all trade.

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    97                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO3

 

 

8.   The Espionage and Sedition Acts (1917–1918) made it a crime to

a.	make false statements that would interfere with the American military.
b.	send through the mail material “advocating treason.”
c.	write any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language against the United States.
d.	curtail war production.
e.	All of the above are true.

 

 

ANS:    E                      REF:    97                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO3

 

 

9.   Usually, the Supreme Court has reacted to wartime curtailments of civil liberties by

a.	upholding them.
b.	rejecting them.
c.	upholding them at first, limiting them later.
d.	rejecting them at first, reinstating them later.
e.	avoiding rulings on constitutionality and consigning such issues to the lower federal courts.

 

 

ANS:    A                     REF:    98                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO1

 

10.                The earliest immigrant group to arrive in large numbers and thus alter the scope of civil rights issues consisted of

a.	Mexican Hispanics.
b.	Hispanics from other Latin American countries.
c.	Irish Catholics.
d.	Southeast Asians.
e.	German Protestants.

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    98                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO1

 

11.                The immigrant group usually associated with the drive for bilingual education is composed of

a.	Southeast Asians.
b.	Hispanics.
c.	Africans.
d.	Eastern Europeans.
e.	Germans.

 

 

ANS:    B                      REF:    98                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO1

 

12.                Senator Joseph McCarthy became a powerful policy entrepreneur by claiming that

a.	the Japanese posed a West Coast security threat.
b.	hippies were undermining Christianity.
c.	communists had infiltrated the government.
d.	homosexuals were transmitting AIDS to heterosexuals.
e.	secular humanists were indoctrinating educators.

 

 

ANS:    C                      REF:    98                    NOT:   F                      OBJ:    LO6

 

13.                The Bill of Rights has come to apply to the states through the interpretation of

a.	the Fourteenth Amendment.
b.	the Tenth Amendment.
c.	the commerce clause.
d.	Article III.
e.	the necessary and proper clause.