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Sample Test

Chapter 03   Multiple Choice

 

1. Events following the death of Aristotle created a situation in which people sought:​   a. ​answers to questions concerning problems of everyday living   b. ​the first principles or universals that underlie physical reality   c. ​philosophical certainty   d. ​a solution to Zeno’s paradox   ANSWER:   a DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Prologue

 

2. The main target of skepticism was dogmatism. A dogmatist is anyone who:​   a. ​equates essences with verbal definitions   b. ​confuses names with real things   c. ​claims to have arrived at an indisputable truth   d. ​lives a life of excess instead of moderation   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   After Aristotle

 

3. In general, ____ promotes a suspension of belief in anything and ____ promotes a retreat from society.​   a. ​cynicism; skepticism   b. ​skepticism; cynicism   c. ​epicureans; stoics   d. ​stoics; epicureans   ANSWER:   b DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   After Aristotle

 

4. The Skeptics suggested that by ____, one could avoid the frustration of being wrong.​   a. ​arriving at one’s beliefs very carefully   b. ​believing only in ideas held by the majority of people   c. ​following one’s own natural impulses   d. ​not believing in anything   ANSWER:   d DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   After Aristotle

 

5. What did the Skeptics use as their guide(s) for living?​   a. ​philosophical truth, feelings, and convention   b. ​philosophical truth, sensations, and convention   c. ​sensations, feelings, and philosophical truth   d. ​sensations, feelings, and convention   ANSWER:   d DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   After Aristotle

 

6. Which statement is most consistent with a Cynic’s point of view?​   a. ​People need rules and regulations by which to live their lives.   b. ​Anything natural is good.   c. ​Courage in the face of adversity is the highest virtue.   d. ​The only things worth living for are patriotism, sacrifices for others, and devotion to a common cause.   ANSWER:   b DIFFICULTY:   applied REFERENCES:   After Aristotle

 

7. Who was given the nickname “Cynic,” and lived a self-sufficient, publicly outrageous life?​   a. ​Antisthenes   b. ​Gorgias   c. ​Diogenes   d. ​Epicurus   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   After Aristotle

 

8. Who preferred naturalistic explanations to supernatural ones and earned the title, “Destroyer of Religion”?​   a. ​Antisthenes   b. ​Gorgias   c. ​Diogenes   d. ​Epicurus   ANSWER:   d DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   After Aristotle

 

9. Hedonism, according to Epicurus, is:​   a. ​pleasure in having one’s basic needs satisfied and avoiding pain   b. ​avoiding pain at all costs   c. ​seeking extreme pleasure   d. ​attaining a relationship with a higher power   ANSWER:   a DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   After Aristotle

 

10. ​For the ____, courage in the face of danger was considered the highest virtue.   a. ​Neoplatonist   b. ​Epicurean   c. ​Stoic   d. ​Cynic   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Philosophy in Rome

 

11. For the Stoics, the basic moral choice a person makes is:​   a. ​to act or not to act in accordance with nature’s plan   b. ​to live or not to live in accordance with God’s will   c. ​to seek pleasure or to avoid pain   d. ​to follow one’s personal impulses or to conform to society’s values   ANSWER:   a DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Philosophy in Rome

 

12. Neoplatonism is a philosophy that emphasized the most ____ aspects of Plato’s philosophy.​   a. ​empirical   b. ​empathetic   c. ​rational   d. ​mystical   ANSWER:   d DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Philosophy in Rome NOTES:   new

 

13. According to Philo, the way to true knowledge is by:​   a. ​introspection of the innate truth   b. ​a purified, passive mind receiving divine illumination   c. ​engaging in active reason   d. ​combining empirical observation with rational deliberation   ANSWER:   b DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Philosophy in Rome

 

14. Turning away from the empirical world and entering a union with the eternal things that dwell beyond the world of the flesh was characteristic of the good life for:​   a. ​Zeno of Citium   b. ​Epicurus   c. ​Diogenes   d. ​Plotinus   ANSWER:   d DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Philosophy in Rome

 

15. The religion in which individuals are caught in an eternal struggle between wisdom and correctness as well as ignorance and evil is called:​   a. ​Vedantism   b. ​mystery religions   c. ​Zoroastrianism   d. ​cult of Mithras   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Emphasis on Spirit

 

16. Jesus can be best thought of as a(n):​   a. ​philosopher with a focus on God   b. ​empathetic ruler   c. ​complex man with multifaceted goals   d. ​simple man with focused goals   ANSWER:   d DIFFICULTY:   applied REFERENCES:   Emphasis on Spirit NOTES:   new

 

17. Which of the following did St. Paul add to the Judaic tradition?​   a. ​One God created the universe.   b. ​God is omniscient, omnipresent, and omnipotent.   c. ​Hymans fell from a state of grace in the Garden of Eden.   d. ​God sacrificed his son to atone for our shared transgression, otherwise known as original sin, which allows humans to reunite with God.   ANSWER:   d DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Emphasis on Spirit

 

18. The fact that St. Paul valued ____ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers.​   a. ​faith above reason   b. ​reason above faith   c. ​intuition above empirical observation   d. ​Epicureanism above Stoicism   ANSWER:   a DIFFICULTY:   applied REFERENCES:   Emphasis on Spirit

 

19. Largely due to this man’s efforts, Christianity was defined by a single set of beliefs and documents.​   a. ​Constantine   b. ​St. Augustine   c. ​Thomas Aquinas   d. ​St. Paul   ANSWER:   a DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Emphasis on Spirit

 

20. What concerns were held by both St. Augustine and St. Jerome?​   a. ​The question of fate or free will   b. ​The influence that pagan philosophies held over Christians   c. ​The reconciliation of faith and reason   d. ​The quest for salvation by choosing good over evil   ANSWER:   b DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Emphasis on Spirit NOTES:   new

 

21. According to St. Augustine, evil exists because:​   a. ​God created it to test the faith of humans   b. ​humans chose it   c. ​at times the devil is more powerful than God   d. ​humans are basically animals   ANSWER:   b DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Emphasis on Spirit

 

22. According to St. Augustine, not acting in accordance with one’s internal sense causes:​   a. ​a feeling of Godliness   b. ​one to rise above animal impulses   c. ​guilt   d. ​anxiety   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Emphasis on Spirit

 

23. Confessions, a volume about one man’s sins, confessions, and forgiveness, is written by:​   a. ​St. Paul   b. ​St. Augustine   c. ​Thomas Aquinas   d. ​Avicenna   ANSWER:   b DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Emphasis on Spirit

 

24. For St. Augustine, the primary goal of human existence is to:​   a. ​seek pleasure and avoid pain   b. ​accept one’s fate   c. ​enter into a personal, emotional union with God   d. ​engage in active reason   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Emphasis on Spirit

 

25. According to St. Augustine, humans can have conceptions of the past and future because:​   a. ​we are made in God’s image   b. ​we live in the eternal present   c. ​of the remnants of sensory experiences   d. ​man is the measure of all things   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Emphasis on Spirit

 

26. Aristotle’s philosophy was highly influential in ____ during the so-called Dark Ages.​   a. ​the Western world   b. ​the Roman Empire   c. ​the Arab world   d. ​Alexandria   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   The Dark Ages

 

27. In analyzing human thinking, Avicenna started with five external senses then postulated:​   a. ​three rational states   b. ​seven internal senses   c. ​four senses that bridge internal and external experience   d. ​the active intellect   ANSWER:   b DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Islamic and Jewish Influences

 

28. According to Avicenna, the active intellect was:​   a. ​the mechanism by which humans enter into a relationship with God   b. ​essentially as Aristotle had described it   c. ​less important than common sense   d. ​nonexistent   ANSWER:   a DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Islamic and Jewish Influences

 

29. Which of the following is true of Averroës’ philosophy?​   a. ​It was basically Aristotelian.   b. ​It was basically Platonistic.   c. ​It denied the existence of a soul.   d. ​It was supported by many Christians.   ANSWER:   a DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Islamic and Jewish Influences

 

30. Who discovered that the retina, not the lens, is the light sensitive part of the eye and that inoculation might prevent disease?​   a. ​Avicenna   b. ​Averroës   c. ​Maimonides   d. ​St. Anselm   ANSWER:   b DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Islamic and Jewish Influences

 

31. ____ sought to reconcile Judaism and Aristotelian philosophy.​   a. ​Avicenna   b. ​Averroës   c. ​St. Anselm   d. ​Maimonides   ANSWER:   d DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Islamic and Jewish Influences

 

32. Who was responsible for the ontological argument for the existence of God?​   a. ​St. Augustine   b. ​St. Anselm   c. ​Lombard   d. ​Abelard   ANSWER:   b DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Reconciliation of Christian Faith and Reason

 

33. ​The major assumption made in the ontological argument for the existence of God is that:   a. ​one can find God by studying nature   b. ​faith and reason are essentially the same process   c. ​if one can think of something, it must exist   d. ​the Aristotelian conception of God is the only correct conception of God   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Reconciliation of Christian Faith and Reason

 

34. Which statement would Peter Lombard most likely agree with?c​   a. ​There is no place for pagan philosophy in religion.   b. ​Faith alone can bring one closer to understanding God.   c. ​The use of reason interferes with faith.   d. ​One can learn about God by studying the empirical world.   ANSWER:   d DIFFICULTY:   applied REFERENCES:   Scholasticism

 

35. The attempt to synthesize Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology is referred to as:​   a. ​Neoplatonism   b. ​Averroism   c. ​Scholasticism   d. ​Paganism   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Scholasticism

 

36. To remove inconsistencies in church dogma, Abelard used:​   a. ​the direct examination of nature   b. ​a careful study of the Bible   c. ​the dialectic method   d. ​the acceptance of Aristotle’s philosophy   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Scholasticism

 

37. Who believed that so-called universals were nothing more than convenient verbal labels?​   a. ​nominalists   b. ​realists   c. ​rationalists   d. ​nativists   ANSWER:   a DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Scholasticism

 

38. The belief that abstract universals (essences) exist and that empirical events are only manifestations of those universals is called:​   a. ​reification   b. ​conceptualism   c. ​nominalism   d. ​realism   ANSWER:   d DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Scholasticism

 

39. Abelard’s proposed compromise between nominalism (concepts summarize individual experience) and realism (once concepts are formed, they exist apart from individual experience), is called:​   a. ​conceptualism   b. ​scholasticism   c. ​the ontological argument   d. ​the dialectic   ANSWER:   a DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Scholasticism

 

40. In addition to making a comprehensive review of Aristotle’s works and the Islamic and Jewish scholar’s interpretation of Aristotle’s works, ____ was the first since the Greeks to attempt to learn about nature by making careful empirical observations.​   a. ​St. Anselm   b. ​Lombard   c. ​Abelard   d. ​Magnus   ANSWER:   d DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Scholasticism

 

41. Once Aristotle’s ideas were assimilated into church dogma, they were:​   a. ​less important   b. ​no longer challengeable   c. ​completely understood   d. ​considered supernatural   ANSWER:   b DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Scholasticism

 

42. ​Aristotle’s emphasis on ____ placed the church in a difficult position.   a. ​faith   b. ​the supernatural   c. ​reason   d. ​Plato’s philosophy   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Scholasticism

 

43. What was a goal of St. Thomas Aquinas?​   a. To demonstrate that Christianity existed in accord with other religions   b. ​To demonstrate that Christianity existed in accord with other religions   c. ​To apply the scientific method in solving theological problems   d. ​To strengthen the position of the church through reason   ANSWER:   d DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Scholasticism

 

44. According to Aquinas, predestination maintains that:​   a. ​God has preordained which people will be granted salvation   b. ​good deeds can bring one closer to salvation   c. ​salvation will come if one accepts Jesus as the son of God   d. ​sin must precede repentance and salvation   ANSWER:   a DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   Scholasticism NOTES:   new

 

45. Which of the following was true of Aquinas’ theology?​   a. ​It united faith and reason.   b. ​It deplored the study of nature.   c. ​It demonstrated that church dogma was debatable.   d. ​It argued that the Christian church should be as it had been described by St. Augustine.   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   conceptual REFERENCES:   Scholasticism

 

46. Who denounced the search for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance?​   a. ​Pythagoras   b. ​Plato   c. ​William of Occam   d. ​Aquinas   ANSWER:   c DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   William of Occam: A Turning Point

 

47. The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is called:​   a. ​Scholasticism   b. ​Occam’s razor   c. ​nominalism   d. ​realism   ANSWER:   b DIFFICULTY:   factual REFERENCES:   William of Occam: A Turning Point