Animal Physiology From Genes to Organisms 2nd Edition Lauralee Sherwood -Test Bank
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Sample
Test
Membrane Physiology
1. Multiple
Choice
|
Key/ Page |
No. |
|
|
b 70 |
1. |
All cells (not just animal cells) have a.
mitochondria. b.
a cell membrane. c.
a cell wall. d.
a nucleus. e.
microtubules. |
|
b 70 |
2. |
Phospholipids are able to form bilayer
membranes in aqueous environments because a.
they have hydrophobic
heads and hydrophilic tails. b.
they have polar heads
and nonpolar tails. c.
they have polar
tails and nonpolar heads. d.
the phospho-portion
can form phosphodiester bonds between adjacent phospholipids. e.
two of these. |
|
c 70, 71 |
3. |
The lipid bilayer is held together
mainly by a.
covalent bonding
between membrane lipids. b.
hydrogen-bonding
between the phospholipids’ tails. c.
repulsion
between the phospholipids’ tails and water. d.
covalent bonding
between the ends of phospholipids tails in opposite layers. e.
hydrogen-bonding
between the head groups of the phospholipids. |
|
b 70 |
4. |
Cell membranes have a ____ structure
with the polar head groups of the phospholipids facing toward the aqueous
environment and the ____ facing toward the interior
of the membrane. a.
bilayer,
hydrophilic tails b.
bilayer,
hydrophobic tails c.
micellar,
hydrophilic tails d.
liposomal, hydrophilic
tails e.
liposomal,
hydrophobic tails |
|
e 71, 72 |
5. |
Cholesterol is a membrane lipid that a.
reduces the
permeability of gill membranes to water. b.
affects the
activity of membrane proteins. c.
regulates
membrane fluidity and stability. d.
two of these. e.
all of these. |
|
c 71 |
6. |
Which of the following statements
regarding lipid membranes is true? a.
Phospholipids
will spontaneously form liposomes in nonpolar solvents. b.
A solution of
pure fatty acids forms a lipid bilayer in a polar solvent. c.
Membrane lipids
move laterally within their own layer. d.
Membrane lipids
frequently move between one layer of the bilayer and the other. e.
The preferred
form of a lipid bilayer in water is a flat sheet with exposed edges. |
|
a 72 |
7. |
Which of the following statements
regarding the fatty acid tails of phospholipids is FALSE? a.
Phospholipids with unsaturated tails make the bilayer more fluid because the
tails contain fewer hydrogens and thus form fewer hydrogen bonds with each
other. b.
Saturated
phospholipids’ tails pack more tightly against each other than do unsaturated
tails. c.
Most membrane
phospholipids have one fully saturated tail. d.
Phospholipid tails in
a membrane can interact with each other via van der Waals interactions. e.
Fatty acid tails
vary in length. |
|
a 72 |
8. |
Which of the following animals would
you expect to have the most unsaturated fatty acyl chains in the plasma
membranes of its cells? a.
arctic fish b.
penguins c.
polar bears d.
tropical fish e.
pelicans |
|
b 72 |
9. |
Membrane proteins are found a.
as distinct layers
with one layer facing the extracellular fluid and the other facing the
intracellular fluid. b.
both embedded in and
associated with the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. c.
associated with
the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, but not actually embedded in it. d.
only in the plasma
membrane, and not in other cellular membranes. e.
none of these. |
|
c 73 |
10. |
Which of the following statements about
the plasma membrane is true? a.
The plasma membrane is
symmetrical (on average) around the plane between the inner and outer halves. b.
The carbohydrate
portion of glycoproteins is only found on the part of the protein facing the
cytoplasm. c.
The carbohydrate
portion of glycoproteins is only found on the part of the protein facing the
extracellular fluid. d.
The carbohydrate
portion of glycoproteins is found on both the extracellular facing and
intracellular facing part of the protein. e.
There are no
glycoproteins in the plasma membrane. |
|
a 73 |
11. |
Which of the following statements about
the lipid bilayer portion of the plasma membrane is FALSE? a.
Some membrane phospholipids form transmembrane channels that allow ion
movement. b.
The lipid bilayer
defines the boundaries of the cell. c.
The lipid
bilayer forms a permeability barrier to polar and charged substances. d.
The lipid bilayer
confers fluidity to the plasma membrane. e.
All of the above
statements are true. |
|
d 81 |
12. |
Ion channels a.
can exist in open or
closed states. b.
are typically
selective with respect to the types of substances that pass through them. c.
can selectively
repel particular ions. d.
all of these. e.
none of these. |
|
b 72 |
13. |
From a structural standpoint,
integral membrane proteins are most similar to which membrane lipids? a.
cholesterol b.
phospholipids c.
neutral lipids d.
polyunsaturated fatty
acids. e.
none of these. |
|
d 78, 79 |
14. |
Which of the following pairs have NO relationship? a.
hydrostatic
pressure and osmosis. b.
osmotic pressure
and osmosis. c.
osmotic pressure
and colligative properties of solutes. d.
all of these pairs
have a relationship. e.
none of these
pairs has a relationship. |
|
b 78 – 80 |
15. |
A semipermeable membrane encloses a
solution of 10 mM NaCl and 5 mM KCl. This “cell” is placed into a
solution of 6 mM CaCl2 and 6 mM NaCl. a.
The “cell” will be
hypertonic to the surrounding solution. b.
The “cell” will be
isotonic to the surrounding solution. c.
The “cell will
be hypotonic to the surrounding solution. d.
The “cell” has a lower
hydrostatic pressure than the surrounding solution. e.
Not enough
information is provided to answer the question. |
|
C 75 |
16. |
Molecules that can cross a membrane
unassisted due so either by a.
carrier mediated
transport or facilitated diffusion. b.
passive diffusion
or active transport. c.
conduction or
passive transport. d.
facilitated diffusion
or active transport. e.
none of these. |
|
b 75, 76 |
17. |
Which of the following does NOT
directly affect the rate of diffusion of a substance across a membrane? a.
concentration gradient b.
cellular volume c.
permeability of
the membrane to the diffusing substance d.
surface area across
which diffusion is taking place e.
molecular weight
of the diffusing substance |
|
e 77, 78 |
18. |
Osmosis is the movement of water a.
using a
carrier-mediated transport mechanism. b.
down a solute’s
concentration gradient. c.
down its own
concentration gradient. d.
across a membrane
irrespective of concentration gradients. e.
across a
membrane down its own concentration gradient. |
|
b 78 |
19. |
Osmotic pressure is a.
a measure of the
concentration of solvent in a solution. b.
equal to the
hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the movement of water into a
solution. c.
low in a
solution with a high solute concentration. d.
dependent upon the
lipid composition of the membrane. e.
two of these are
correct. |
|
d 79, 81 |
20. |
Which of the following statements is
true? a.
Tonicity refers to the
effect of penetrating solutes on cell volume. b.
A one molal solution
contains 1 mole of solute per liter of solution. c.
To accommodate
larger molecules, membrane channels have an average diameter of 1 – 1.5
nanometers. d.
Carrier proteins span
the membrane and can undergo shape changes. e.
Aquaporins
regulate solute movement across membranes. |
|
b 83 |
21. |
In a lab experiment with isolated lung
cells you observe a linear uptake in choline from the extracellular medium by
the cells until the extracellular concentration of choline reaches 200
nM. At this concentration the curve levels off and the same rate of
uptake is seen at 200 and 225 nM extracellular choline. What has happened
that can explain this observation? a.
Cellular and
extracellular choline concentrations are at equilibrium. b.
The transporters for choline saturate at 200 nM. c.
At choline
concentrations of 200 nM and above, the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm
prevents additional choline from entering the cell. d.
The cell cannot
synthesis enough ATP to keep up with the energy demand of the carrier. e.
None of these. |
|
c 83, 84 |
22. |
A scientist measuring the rate of
uptake of radiolabeled alanine by cultured cells finds that rates are faster
when the experiments are carried out in a buffered, balanced salts solution
than when the experiments are carried out in a complete (containing all
nutrients required for survival and growth) medium. The most likely
explanation for this observation is a.
the concentration
gradient for alanine is steeper in the former case than the latter. b.
the crenation
(shrinkage of cells) in the salts solution increases the surface
area-to-volume ratio for the cells increasing the rate of diffusion. c.
the absence of amino acids in the balanced salts solution decreases the
abundance of molecules competing for transport, and therefore increases the
apparent transport rate. d.
the temperature of the
balanced salt solution is higher, so rates of transport are greater. e.
no response
provides a valid answer. |
|
e 84 |
23. |
The movement of glucose into a cell is
an example of a.
simple
diffusion. b.
facilitated
diffusion. c.
active
transport. d.
There is not enough information given to distinguish between simple or facilitated diffusion. e.
There is not
enough information given to distinguish between facilitated diffusion and active transport. |
|
e 87, 88 90 |
24. |
Which of the following pairs have NO
relationship? a.
Secondary active
transport and cotransport carriers. b.
Symporters and
cotransport carriers. c.
Na+-K+ pump
and ouabain. d.
Caveolae and cell
transport. e.
Osmosis and
carrier mediated transport. |
|
c 86 |
25. |
Which of the following is a NOT direct
function of the Na+-K+ pump? a.
development of a
Na+ gradient across the cell membrane b.
development of a
K+ gradient across the cell membrane c.
regulation of
cellular pH d.
cell volume regulation e.
all of these are
direct functions of this pump. |
|
e 89 |
26. |
Nursing babies obtain some immunity by
intestinal absorption of antibodies found in their mother’s milk. This
process requires the movement of intact antibodies from the lumen of the
intestine into the blood. This process involves a combination of a.
endocytosis. b.
exocytosis. c.
cotransport
carriers. d.
endocytosis and
cotransport carriers. e.
endocytosis and
exocytosis. |
|
a 89 |
27. |
The term potocytosis refers to a.
the uptake of
substances through the activity of caveolae. b.
the specific
uptake of tetrahydrocannabinol by facilitated diffusion. c.
the uptake of
solid substances involving the formation of pseudopods. d.
the uptake of liquids
through cellular drinking. |
|
c 91, 92 |
28. |
Which of the following would disqualify
a chemical messenger from being considered a paracrine signal? a.
It is an organic
molecule. b.
It is not
transported in the blood. c.
It affects the
cell that released it. d.
Once released, it is distributed
to its target(s) by simple diffusion. e.
It is released
as a specific response to a signal. |
|
b 93 |
29. |
The affect a chemical messenger elicits
in a cell is determined primarily by the identity of a.
the
chemical messenger. b.
the
receptor for the chemical messenger. c.
the second
messengers present in the cell. d.
the cell. e.
the
organism. |
|
d 95 |
30. |
The activation of certain receptors
results in the phosphorylation of a target protein. The enzyme responsible
for this phosphorylation would be classified as a __________ . a.
proteinase
(or protease) b.
receptorase c.
phosphatase d.
kinase e.
ATPase |
|
b 97, 98 F 3-19 |
31. |
Which of the following sequences best
represents the order of events in the cAMP second messenger pathway? a.
cAMP à receptor
à G-protein activation à PKA à phosphoproteins b.
receptor à
G-protein activation à AC à cAMP à PKA à phosphoproteins c.
AC à
decreased temperature à phospholipid-breakdown à cAMP à PKA à phosphoproteins d.
G-protein activation à
GDP à cGMP à cAMP à PKA à phosphoproteins e.
None of
the above. |
|
c 94, 95 97, 98 |
32. |
One advantage of signaling pathways
involving the generation of second messengers has compared to a signaling
pathway that utilizes the influx of ions is a.
the former are much
faster in terms of generating cellular responses to first messengers. b.
the former are
slower in terms of generating cellular responses, allowing cells to be more
circumspect in their response to chemical signals. c.
the former
require less first messenger to elicit a response, since they allow for
signal amplification. d.
the former require
more first messenger to elicit a response, allowing for more rapid
termination of the signaling event. e.
none of these. |
|
c 94 |
33. |
The internal (intracellular) receptor
for steroid hormones acts as a transcription factor. Therefore, the
cellular response to a steroid would be expected to include a.
an increase in
mRNA produced from specific genes. b.
an increase in
protein production, representing specific gene products. c.
both of these. d.
neither of these. |
|
d 102, 103 |
34. |
Two chambers containing aqueous
solutions are separated by a membrane. Chamber 1 contains 10 mM Na+ while chamber 2 contains
1 mM Na+.
The membrane potential (1 relative to 2) in this scenario a.
is greater than
0 mV. b.
is equal to 0
mV. c.
is less than 0
mV. d.
cannot be
determined based on the information given. |
|
a 104 |
35. |
Potassium efflux from most cells is
driven by a.
the
concentration gradient for potassium. b.
the charge
gradient across the membrane. c.
the
concentration gradient for sodium. d.
the action of
the Na+-K+ pump. e.
none of
these. |
|
d 91 – 93 |
36. |
Which of the following
statements is FALSE? a.
Hormones are
long distance signaling molecules. b.
Nanotubes allow
the movement of organelles between adjacent cells. c.
Cytokines may act as small, long distance signaling molecules. d.
Paracrine signaling
molecules are one type of chemical communication between organisms. e.
Steroids are
hydrophobic molecules derived from cholesterol. |
|
b 106, 107 |
37. |
Two chambers are separated by a
cation-permeable membrane. The first chamber contains 10 mM NaCl and 1 mM
KCl, and the second chamber contains 10 mM KCl and 1 mM NaCl. At equilibrium,
the membrane potential (with chamber 1 relative to chamber 2) is a.
greater than 0
mV. b.
equal to 0 mV. c.
less than 0 mV. d.
unable to be
determined without knowing the temperature. |
|
d 106, 107 |
38. |
For most cells, the membrane potential
is closer to the Ek+ (-90 mV) than for ENa+ (+ 60 mV). This is because a.
EK+ <<<<
ENa+, and systems tend toward lower energy
states. b.
cells like potassium
better than sodium, so they work to maintain potassium closer to its
equilibrium distribution. c.
cell membranes
are equally permeable to Na+ and
Cl–, so every time a Na+ comes
in, its depolarizing effect is negated by a Cl– ion. d.
cell membranes are
more permeable to K+ than Na+,
so there are a greater number of pathways available for K+ to
move towards its equilibrium distribution than are available for Na+ to
do the same. e.
none of these. |
|
c 93 |
39. |
Signaling molecules are divided into
categories based upon their chemical structure. Which of the following
is NOT a chemical structure category for signaling molecules? a.
retinoids b.
gases c.
pyrimidines d.
amines e.
peptides |
|
e 104 – 107 |
40. |
The equilibrium potential for most
neurons is around -70mV. The maintenance of this potential is an
example of a.
equilibrium. b.
homeostasis. c.
steady state. d.
both equilibrium and
homeostasis. e.
both homeostasis
and steady state. |
B
True or false
True
1.
Glycoproteins are found only on the outer surface of membranes.
73
False
2. Net
diffusion leads to the establishment of an equilibrium, but not a steady state.
75
False
3. The
electrochemical gradient is the charge difference that occurs across the plasma
77
membrane.
True
4. A
solution that is hypertonic is also hyperosmotic.
80
True 5.
Secondary active transport relies on an ion concentration gradient.
84, 87
False
6.
Histamine is an example of an autocrine signaling molecule.
91
True
7.
Nanotubes are one example of intercellular communication in mammals.
91
False
8.
Neurosecretory neurons are adapted for hormone production and therefore do not
91,
92
conduct.
False
9. The
G-protein signaling pathway begins with the binding of the first messenger to
97
adenylyl cyclase.
True
10. The term membrane
potential means that the separated ions have the ability to do work.
102
1. Matching
(correct answers are aligned with each number; e.g., #1 matches with letter a)
|
1. |
Caveloae |
a. |
Potocytosis |
|
2. |
Exocytosis |
b. |
secretion |
|
3. |
AC |
c. |
ATP |
|
4. |
PLC |
d. |
PIP2 |
|
5. |
PDE |
e. |
cAMP |
|
6. |
PKC |
f. |
DAG |
|
7. |
Calmodulin |
g. |
Ca2+ |
|
8. |
Nernst equation |
h. |
equilibrium potential |
|
9. |
Hydrostatic pressure |
i. |
cell volume |
|
10. |
Agonist |
j. |
receptor |
1. Essay
Page No.
86, 87
1.
Assuming that the Na+-K+ pumps are located on the basolateral membrane (the side
away from the environment) of salmon gill epithelium, explain how increasing
the number of pumps helps the animal adjust to life in the sea.
70 – 73
2.
Describe an experiment to demonstrate that lipid composition and structure
affect plasma membrane fluidity and stability.
77 – 80
3. Why
is the chemical composition of a cell’s cytoplasm so critical to its survival
in the body?
102 –
4.
Describe an experiment that would enable you to test whether a specific ion was
104
important in determining the membrane potential for a specific cell.
106,
5.
Explain why a large increase in extracellular potassium is more
life-threatening than a
107
similar increase in extracellular sodium.
TB_chapter4
Neuronal Physiology
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