Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity 16th Edition By Conrad Kottak – Test Bank
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Sample Test
Chapter 03
Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which
of the following research methods is a distinctive strategy within
anthropology?
A.its practice of cross-cultural comparison
B. the biological perspective
C. ethnography
D. the evolutionary perspective
E. working with skilled respondents
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Topic: Ethnography: anthropology’s
distinctive strategy
2. All
of the following are characteristic field techniques of the ethnographer EXCEPT
A.detailed work with key consultants.
B. direct, firsthand observation of behavior, including participant
observation.
C. in-depth interviewing, often leading to the collection of life
histories.
D. problem-oriented research.
E. longitudinal
analysis of data sets gathered from state-sponsored statistical agencies.
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Topic: Ethnography: anthropology’s
distinctive strategy
3. An
anthropologist has just arrived at a new field site and feels overwhelmed with
a creepy, profound feeling of alienation, of being without some of the most
ordinary, trivial (and therefore basic) cues of his culture of origin. What
term best describes what he is experiencing?
A.culture
shock
B. diachrony
C. synchrony
D. configurationalism
E. agency paralysis
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Topic: Ethnography:
anthropology’s distinctive strategy
4. Which
of the following is NOT an example of participant observation?
A.administering
interviews according to an interview schedule over the phone
B. helping out at harvest time
C. dancing at a ceremony
D. buying a shroud for a village ancestor
E. engaging in informal chit-chat
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Topic: Ethnography:
anthropology’s distinctive strategy
5. What
did Bronislaw Malinowski mean when he referred to everyday cultural patterns as
“the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior?”
A.Features
of culture such as distinctive smells, noises people make, how they cover their
mouths when they eat, and how they gaze at each other are so fundamental that
natives take them for granted but are there for the ethnographer to describe
and make sense of.
B. Everyday cultural patterns are full of senseless cultural “noise,” and
it is the anthropologist’s job to get at the truly valuable behaviors that
distinguish one culture from another.
C. Everyday cultural patterns of native life can best be studied by asking
key informants to explain them.
D. Features of everyday culture are, at first, imponderable, but as the
ethnographer builds rapport, their logic and functional value in society become
clear.
E. Everyday cultural patterns are important but so numerous that their
detailed description should not be included in the main body of an ethnographic
study.
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Topic: Ethnography:
anthropology’s distinctive strategy
6. In
the field, ethnographers strive to establish rapport: a good, friendly working
relationship based on personal contact
A.that is necessary in conducting any valuable research in the social sciences,
not just anthropology.
B. that, if done properly, ensures the ethnographer’s ability to conduct
detached, unbiased research.
C. achieved
in large part by engaging in participant observation.
D. and if that fails, the next option is to pay people so they will talk
about their culture.
E. as well as on payment, based on local standards, for people’s time
spent with the researcher.
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Topic: Ethnography:
anthropology’s distinctive strategy
7. The
research technique that uses diagrams and symbols to record kin connections is
called
A.kin-based interviewing.
B. genealogical participant observation.
C. interpretive anthropology.
D. DNA testing.
E. the
genealogical method.
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
8. What
is the term for an expert on a particular aspect of native life?
A.representative sample
B. etic informant
C. key
cultural consultant
D. biased informant
E. life-history approach specialist
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
9. Ethnographers
typically combine emic and etic research strategies in their fieldwork. This
means they are interested in applying both
A.local-
and scientist-oriented research approaches.
B. local and bifocal research approaches.
C. reflexive and salvage approaches.
D. personal and impersonal research approaches.
E. the genealogical and survey methods.
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
10.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic field technique
of the ethnographer?
A.structured interviewing
B. life histories
C. random
sampling
D. working with informants
E. the genealogical method
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
11.
Traditional ethnographic research focused on the single
community or culture, which was treated as more or less isolated and unique in
time and space; however,
A.all such single communities have already been studied, so anthropologists
have very limited project choices.
B. there
has been a shift within the discipline toward a recognition of ongoing and
inescapable flows of people, technology, images, and information.
C. the American Anthropological Association still requires its members to
strive toward research focused on one single community.
D. this is no longer true, nor has it ever really been true, a fact that
renders classic ethnographies historical curiosities and not serious academic
works.
E. there has been a shift within the discipline against the concept of
culture and toward the individual as the only true, reliable unit of analysis.
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
12.
The relatively recent creation of virtual worlds has attracted
contemporary ethnographers to venture into online communities. Of the various
techniques used to study these virtual worlds, which has been most important?
A.participant
observation
B. interviews
C. genealogical method
D. key consultants
E. life histories
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Topic: Survey research
13.
Reflecting today’s world in which people, images, and
information move about as never before, fieldwork must be more flexible and
done on a larger scale. The result of such fieldwork is often an ethnography
that
A.challenges anthropologists concerned with salvaging isolated and untouched
cultures around the world.
B. becomes less useful and valuable to understanding culture.
C. is
increasingly multisited and multitimed, integrating analyses of external
organizations and forces to understand local phenomena.
D. is more traditional, negating anthropologists’ concerns about defending
their field’s roots.
E. requires researchers to stay at the same site for more than three
years.
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
14.
In survey research, what is sampling?
A.the
collection of a study group from a larger population
B. the interviewing of a small number of key cultural consultants
C. a form of participant observation
D. the collection of life histories of every member in a community
E. a collection reflecting the emic perspective
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Topic: Survey research
15.
In survey research, a sample should
A.include the entire population in question.
B. include anyone who will be interviewed by the ethnographer.
C. target only one social, cultural, or environmental factor that
influences behavior.
D. be
constituted so as to allow inferences about the larger population.
E. be invariant.
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Topic: Survey research
16.
In survey research, what term is used to refer to the attributes
that vary among the members of a population?
A.unknowns
B. questionnaires
C. interviews
D. variables
E. random samples
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Topic: Survey research
17.
Despite the variety of research techniques the ethnographer may
utilize in the field, in the best studies the hallmark of ethnography remains
A.collaborating with the community to construct a cohesive image of local
culture.
B. entering
the community and getting to know its people.
C. gathering large quantities of data on a limited budget.
D. defining the local culture in such a way as to highlight what makes the
particular culture so unlike any other.
E. providing detailed descriptions of “the imponderabilia of native life
and of typical behavior.”
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Topic: Survey research
18.
This chapter’s survey of the major theoretical perspectives that
have characterized anthropology highlights all of the following EXCEPT
A.a continuous concern with how to define and study culture.
B. the
theoretical and methodological shift from complexity to models that simplify
human diversity.
C. a continuous concern with scientific fundamentals and whether or not
anthropology’s research subject is best studied scientifically.
D. attention to whether or not anthropological data ought to be
comparative across time and space.
E. the discipline’s profound commitment to understanding human diversity.
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
19.
Lewis Henry Morgan is well known for his work The League of the Iroquois, considered
anthropology’s earliest ethnography. This and others of his works illustrate
his view of unilinear evolutionism, which is that
A.cultural diversity was actually a sign of the slowing down of cultural
evolution.
B. only the better and more civilized societies could survive.
C. all societies are on some path toward civilization, but the exact paths
vary.
D. natural selection acts simultaneously on the biological and cultural
aspects of human life.
E. there
is one line or path through which all societies have to evolve, and this path
involves specific stages that cannot be skipped, ending at the final stage of
civilization.
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
20.
Franz Boas is the undisputed father of four-field U.S.
anthropology. One of his most important and enduring contributions to
anthropology was
A.the field’s earliest example of multitimed and multisited ethnography.
B. providing evidence that both biology and culture are susceptible to
evolutionary forces, thus providing a framework for the comparative method.
C. stressing the relevance of independent invention in human cultural
history.
D. showing
that human biology is plastic, and that biology (including race) does not
determine culture.
E. expanding the local ethnographic focus to include a regional
perspective.
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
21.
The view that each element of culture, such as the culture trait
or trait complex, has its own distinctive history, and that social forms (such
as totemism in different societies) that might look similar are not comparable
because of their different histories, is known as
A.historical
particularism.
B. cultural generalism.
C. the Boasian approach.
D. structural functionalism.
E. comparative functionalism.
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
22.
As investigators who illustrated the functionalist approach in
anthropology, both Malinowski and Radcliffe-Brown performed ethnographic
research focused on
A.myth and ritual and the ways these aspects of culture created social
cohesion.
B. the evolutionary history of present-day cultural patterns.
C. the
role of cultural traits and practices in contemporary society.
D. the symbolic value that cultural traits and practices held with members
of contemporary society.
E. the role of cultural traits and practices aimed at conflict resolution.
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
23.
Radcliffe-Brown advocated social anthropology as a synchronic rather
than a diachronic science—that is, a study
A.of culture in motion (synchronic) rather than as a static entity
(diachronic).
B. that compares cultural traits within the same society and not across
societies.
C. of societies across time (synchronic) rather than across space
(diachronic).
D. of
societies as they exist today (synchronic, one at a time) rather than across
time (diachronic).
E. of societies as made up of individuals, not as a sum greater than its
parts.
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
24.
Which of the following terms refers to the theoretical paradigm
that holds that customs (social practices) function to preserve the social
structure?
A.the Manchester school
B. synchronic functionalism
C. configurationalism, as illustrated in the works of Benedict and Mead
D. Panglossian structuralism
E. structural
functionalism, as illustrated in the work of Radcliffe-Brown and
Evans-Pritchard
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
25.
The work of which of the following anthropologists illustrated a
renewed interest in cultural change and even evolution (although of a very
different sort than Tylor and Morgan had in mind)?
A.Ruth Benedict
B. Max Gluckman
C. Victor Turner
D. Julian
Steward
E. Margaret Mead
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
26.
Despite the differences among theoretical paradigms of
practitioners as varied as Harris (cultural materialism), White (neoevolutionism),
Steward (cultural ecology), and Mead (configurationalism), all of them have
what in common?
A.a
strong sense of determinism, leaving very little (if any) room for the exercise
of individual human agency
B. a well-founded suspicion of the claims of science
C. an embrace of reflexive anthropology
D. a sense of moral duty to help the people they studied to accelerate
their path to civilization
E. a strong concern for the future of anthropological education
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
27.
Émile Durkheim’s focus on social facts illustrates what
assumption shared by many anthropologists?
A.Social fact, just like any other fact, can be studied objectively.
B. Culture is more of an idea in people’s heads than a social reality.
C. Culture is primarily a psychological and individual phenomenon.
D. Social phenomena studied by anthropologists require study methods that
are different from those used by other social scientists.
E. Psychologists
study individuals, but anthropologists study individuals as representative of
something more: a collective phenomenon that is more than the sum of its parts.
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
28.
Interpretive anthropologists such as Clifford Geertz approach
the study of culture as
A.a diachronic phenomenon.
B. functional puzzles.
C. a
system of meaning.
D. underlying sets of rules that must be deciphered through the analysis
of cultural patterns.
E. distinct from human psychology.
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
29.
Which is the key assumption in Claude Lévi-Strauss’s
structuralism?
A.All myths can be classified as either good or evil.
B. The human propensity to classify phenomena in certain ways is acquired
through enculturation.
C. There is a very specific role for human agency in culture, and the
structure of cultural patterns determines that role.
D. Cultural patterns determine the human propensity to classify things in
certain ways.
E. Human
minds have certain universal characteristics that originate in common features
of the Homo sapiens brain
and lead people everywhere to think similarly regardless of their society or
cultural background.
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
30.
The actions individuals take, both alone and in groups, in
forming and transforming cultural identities are referred to as
A.psychological individualism.
B. dynamic structuralism.
C. free will.
D. agency.
E. volition.
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
31.
Practice theory
A.focuses
on how individuals, through their actions and practices, influence and
transform the world they live in.
B. was popularized by Margaret Mead in the 1940s.
C. is the only theoretical paradigm to effectively solve the
“culture-individual” problem.
D. actually shares the same deterministic assumptions of earlier
theoretical paradigms.
E. explains social phenomena only in nonindustrial societies.
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
32.
This chapter mentions the work of Wolf and Mintz, both students
of Julian Steward, as illustrations of approaches that
A.put human agency at the center of cultural analysis.
B. focus on the study of cultures as closed systems, untouched by regional
and even global dynamics.
C. ignore the role of history in shaping culture as we know it.
D. consider
the relevance of world-system theory and political economy to anthropology.
E. are just as deterministic as the old evolutionary models, but for
different reasons.
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
33.
More recent approaches in historical anthropology, while sharing
an interest in power with world-system theorists, have focused more on
A.the structural causes of colonialism.
B. how anthropological theory can aid NGOs in writing an alternate history
of oppressed peoples.
C. the role of colonial bureaucracies in shaping international culture.
D. local
agency, the transformative actions of individuals and groups within colonized
societies.
E. the state’s role in denying some of its citizens a place in history.
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
34.
“What right do ethnographers have to represent a people or
culture to which they don’t belong?” This question illustrates
A.anthropology’s
crisis in representation—questions about the role of the ethnographer and the
nature of ethnographic authority.
B. the threat that the World Wide Web poses to anthropologists who are
less and less needed to write about and publish accounts of cultural diversity.
C. the fact that anthropologists are, after all, colonial agents of the
industrialized West.
D. a lack of leadership in the American Anthropological Association.
E. the problem inherent in anthropology’s overspecialization.
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Topic: Anthropology today
35.
An agreement to take part in research after having the nature,
procedures, and possible impacts of the research explained is known as
A.a research protocol briefing.
B. the do no harm directive.
C. informed
consent.
D. etic and emic protocols.
E. implied consent.
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Topic: Doing anthropology
right and wrong: ethical issues
36.
The Human Terrain System has sought to embed anthropologists and
other social scientists within military teams in Iraq and Afghanistan. Which of
the following is NOT a reason anthropologists and the AAA Executive Board
object to the use of anthropologists in the military?
A.Anthropologists in war zones have an ethical dilemma where their
responsibilities to their military units may conflict with their obligations to
the local people they study.
B. It is difficult to give informed consent in an active war zone without
feeling coerced, thereby compromising “voluntary informed consent” in the AAA
Code of Ethics.
C. Anthropologists may not be able to identify themselves as
anthropologists, distinct from military personnel.
D. Anthropologists,
by the nature of their discipline, are not permitted to interact with any
military personnel.
E. The Human Terrain System conflicts with the ethical responsibility of
anthropologists to disclose who they are.
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Topic: Doing anthropology
right and wrong: ethical issues
True / False Questions
37.
The characteristic field techniques of the ethnographer are
participant observation, the genealogical method, and in-depth interviewing.
TRUE
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Topic: Ethnography:
anthropology’s distinctive strategy
38.
Traditionally, ethnographers have tried to understand the whole
of a particular culture.
TRUE
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Topic: Ethnography:
anthropology’s distinctive strategy
39.
When an ethnographer uses an interview schedule to gather
information from the field, the researcher’s capacity to ask and answer truly
relevant questions is inevitably limited.
FALSE
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
40.
Really good key cultural consultants will actually end up
recording most of the data needed to write an ethnography.
FALSE
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
41.
The emic perspective focuses on local explanations of criteria
and significance.
TRUE
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
42.
The etic perspective refers to a non-scientific perspective.
FALSE
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
43.
Because there are so many anthropologists in the United States,
the distinction between emic and etic does not apply to American culture.
FALSE
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
44.
Longitudinal research is the long-term study of a community,
region, society, culture, or other unit, usually based on repeated visits.
TRUE
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
45.
Despite the increasing popularity of team research among
anthropologists, the best ethnographies are always the product of individual
work.
FALSE
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
46.
Ethnography is increasingly multitimed and multisited, the
result of a shift toward a recognition of the ongoing and inescapable flows of people,
technology, images, and information that characterizes much of the world today.
TRUE
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
47.
Given the realities of the contemporary world, anthropologists
need to apply methods that protect their analyses from biases caused by
external forces.
FALSE
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
48.
The American Anthropological Association Code of Ethics
prohibits anthropologists from working with governments on matters of national
security.
FALSE
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Topic: Doing anthropology
right and wrong: ethical issues
49.
Survey research studies a small sample of a larger population.
TRUE
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
50.
Survey research is usually conducted through intensive personal
contact with the study subjects.
FALSE
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Topic: Ethnographic
techniques
51.
This chapter’s overview of the history of anthropological theory
suggests that the discipline has made no important contributions to social
theory in general.
FALSE
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
52.
Morgan and Tylor, both considered among the fathers of anthropology,
worked within the paradigm of unilinear evolution.
TRUE
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
53.
Franz Boas’s famous biological studies of European immigrants to
the United States revealed and measured phenotypical plasticity, showing that
the environment and cultural forces could change human biology.
TRUE
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
54.
Boas and his students were strong proponents of cross-cultural
comparisons, without which they could not validate their findings.
FALSE
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
55.
Manchester anthropologists Max Gluckman and Victor Turner made
conflict an important part of their analysis, distancing themselves somewhat
from Panglossian functionalism, the tendency to see things as functioning not
just to maintain the system but to do so in the most optimal way possible.
TRUE
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
56.
Beyond Morgan’s and Tylor’s early anthropological work, no major
theoretical paradigm in anthropology has embraced the role of evolution in
cultural change.
FALSE
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
57.
Much of the history of anthropology has been about the roles and
relative prominence of culture and the individual.
TRUE
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
58.
Among the classic works of processual approaches to culture is
Edmund Leach’s Political
Systems of Highland Burma. This study made a tremendously important
point by taking a regional rather than a local perspective.
TRUE
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Topic: Theory in anthropology
over time
59.
The overall trend in anthropological theory has been from
theories that put human agency at the center of cultural dynamics to paradigms
that see evolution as the main force behind cultural change.
FALSE
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Topic: Theory in
anthropology over time
Essay Questions
60.
Briefly describe the nine characteristic field techniques of the
ethnographer. How do they compare with the research techniques you have learned
about in courses or readings in other academic disciplines?
Answers will vary
Topic: Ethnographic techniques
61.
What is the genealogical method, and why did it develop in
anthropology?
Answers will vary
Topic: Ethnographic techniques
62.
What advantages do you see in ethnographic research techniques?
What are the advantages for survey techniques? Which one would you choose, and
what would that choice depend upon?
Answers will vary
Topic: Ethnographic techniques
63.
What advantages might a project that combines both quantitative
and qualitative techniques have over one that utilizes only one or the other?
What research situation might be best suited to such a combined strategy?
Answers will vary
Topic: Ethnographic techniques
64.
In today’s world in which people, images, and information move
as never before, people simultaneously experience the local and the global.
Explain what this means and consider its implications for methods in cultural
anthropology.
Answers will vary
Topic: Ethnographic techniques
65.
Anthropologist Clyde Kluckhohn (1944) saw a key public service
role for anthropology. In his words, it could provide a “scientific basis for
dealing with the crucial dilemma of the world today: how can peoples of
different appearance, mutually unintelligible languages, and dissimilar ways of
life get along peaceably together.” Anthropologists also have made and continue
to make a dramatic impact on people’s welfare as they cope with crises such as
the January 2010 Haiti earthquake. What are some examples of this?
Answers will vary
Topic: Doing anthropology right and wrong: ethical issues
66.
What is Project Minerva? What about the Human Terrain System?
What concerns have these Pentagon programs raised among anthropologists? In
your view, what role (if any) should academics play in national security?
Answers will vary
Topic: Doing anthropology right and wrong: ethical issues
67.
Provide a brief account of the history of theory in the
discipline. Does this account support the view that much of the history of anthropology
has been about the roles and relative prominence of culture?
Answers will vary
Topic: Theory in anthropology over time
68.
Recalling Chapter 2, on culture, and after reading this brief
historical account of anthropological theory, what do you think is the
relationship between individuals and culture?
Answers will vary
Topic: Theory in anthropology over time
69.
How have anthropologists tried to bring evolution into the study
of human culture? Have these approaches succeeded, or failed? Why? Do you see
any way in which evolution and culture could be united into a broad and
effective explanatory paradigm?
Answers will vary
Topic: Theory in anthropology over time
70.
What do you think is the relation between theory and methods in
anthropology, if they relate at all?
Answers will vary
Topic: Theory in anthropology over time
Chapter 05
Language and Communication
Multiple Choice Questions
1. A key
feature of language that helps explain anthropologists’ continued interest in
studying it is that it
A.enables us to compare human and nonhuman primate linguistic grammars.
B. tells us a lot about the present, although nothing about the past.
C. is
always changing.
D. helps them distinguish between the more and less evolved human races.
E. rarely changes, so it provides a good window into linguistic uses of
the past.
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Topic: What is language?
2. Which
of the following statements about chimpanzee call systems is NOT true?
A.They consist of a limited number of sounds.
B. Like
language, they include displacement and cultural transmission.
C. They consist of sounds that vary in intensity and duration.
D. Calls cannot be combined when multiple stimuli are present.
E. They are stimuli dependent.
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Topic: Nonhuman primate
communication
3. Research
on the communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals their inability to
refer to objects that are not immediately present in their environment, such as
food and danger. The ability to describe things and events that are not present
is called
A.cultural transmission.
B. displacement.
C. linguistic imagination.
D. phonology.
E. productivity.
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Topic: Nonhuman primate
communication
4. What
is the term for the ability to create new expressions by combining other
expressions?
A.displacement
B. diglossia
C. productivity
D. morphemic utility
E. phonemic utility
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Topic: Nonhuman primate
communication
5. Recent
research on the origins of language suggests that a key mutation might have
something to do with it. Comparing chimp and human genomes, it appears that
A.chimps lack the tongue-rolling gene that all humans have, which might explain
why they struggle to achieve clear speech.
B. chimps share with humans all the genetic propensities for language but
lack the language-activation mutation.
C. a speech-friendly mutation occurred among Neandertals in Europe and
spread to other human populations through gene flow.
D. the
speech-friendly form of FOXP2 took hold in humans some 150,000 years ago, thus
conferring selective advantages (linguistic and cultural abilities) that
allowed those who had it to spread it, at the expense of those who did not.
E. the speech mutation occurred even before the hominin line split from
the rest of the hominids.
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Topic: Nonhuman primate
communication
6. Language
and communication involve much more than just verbal speech. The study of
communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions
is known as
A.linguistic physiology.
B. biosemantics.
C. kinesics.
D. protolinguistics.
E. diglossia.
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Topic: Nonverbal
communication
7. Linguistic
anthropologists also are interested in investigating the structure of language
and how it varies across time and space. What is the study of the forms in
which sounds combine to form words?
A.phonology
B. syntax
C. morphology
D. lexicon
E. grammar
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Topic: The structure of
language
8. The lexicon of a
language is
A.a
dictionary containing all of its morphemes and their meanings.
B. its degree of complexity.
C. the set of rules that govern the written but not spoken language.
D. its symbolic and poetic value.
E. the range of speech sounds.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: The structure of
language
9. What
term refers to the arrangement and order of words into sentences?
A.syntax
B. lexicon
C. grammar
D. phonology
E. morphology
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Topic: The structure of
language
10.
What are phonemes?
A.the rules by which deep structure is translated into surface structure
B. regional differences in dialect
C. syntactical structures that distinguish passive constructions from
active ones
D. the
minimal sound contrasts that distinguish meaning in a language
E. electromagnetic signals that carry messages between speakers in a
telephone conversation
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Topic: The structure of
language
11.
What is the study of the sounds used in speech?
A.phones
B. phonemes
C. phonology
D. phonetics
E. phonemics
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Topic: The structure of
language
12.
Which of the following was studied by Sapir and Whorf?
A.the interaction of thought and surface structure
B. the
influence of language on thought
C. the influence of deep structure on surface structure
D. the influence of deep structure on semantic domains
E. the influence of culture on language
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Topic: Language, thought,
and culture
13.
Just as in other areas of anthropology, the study of language
involves investigating what is or isn’t shared across human populations and why
these differences or similarities exist. The linguist Noam Chomsky has argued
that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language,
so that all languages have a common structural basis. He calls this set of
rules
A.the evolutionary linguistic imprint.
B. linguistic structuralism.
C. generalities.
D. a global mental map.
E. the
universal grammar.
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Topic: Language, thought,
and culture
14.
Sapir and Whorf argued that the grammatical categories of
different languages lead their speakers to think about things in particular
ways. However, studies on the differences between female and male Americans
with regard to the color terms they use suggest that
A.changes in the U.S. economy, society, and culture have had no impact on the
use of color terms, or on any other terms for that matter.
B. contrary
to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, it might be more reasonable to say that changes
in culture produce changes in language and thought, rather than the reverse.
C. in support of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, different languages produce
different ways of thinking.
D. women and men are equally sensitive to the marketing tactics of the
cosmetic industry.
E. women spend more money on status goods than do men.
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Topic: Language, thought,
and culture
15.
________ refers to the specialized set of terms and distinctions
that are particularly important to certain groups.
A.Syntactical vocabulary
B. Spatial vocabulary
C. Focal
vocabulary
D. Vernacular vocabulary
E. Temporal vocabulary
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Topic: Language, thought,
and culture
16.
A sociolinguist studies
A.the interaction of history and sociology.
B. cross-cultural comparisons of phonemic distinctions.
C. the universal grammar of language.
D. linguistic competence.
E. speech
in its social context.
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Topic: Sociolinguistics
17.
Which of the following statements about sociolinguists is NOT
true?
A.They are concerned more with performance than with competence.
B. They look at society and at language.
C. They are concerned with linguistic change.
D. They focus on surface structure.
E. They
are more interested in the rules that govern language than the actual use of
language in everyday life.
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Topic: Sociolinguistics
18.
What is the term for variations in speech due to different
contexts or situations?
A.linguistic confusion
B. situational syntax
C. contextual phonetics
D. Chomskian verbosity
E. style
shifting
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Topic: Sociolinguistics
19.
Cultural—including linguistic—diversity is alive, well, and
thriving in many countries. Local entrepreneurs and international companies
such as Google, Yahoo, and Microsoft that capitalize on that diversity are
positioned to succeed. Their success depends, however, in large part on
A.their ability to creatively impose their product on others.
B. their capacity to take a biocultural approach to marketing.
C. external market forces that have little to do with people’s cultural,
including linguistic, preferences.
D. their ability to hire workers from the markets they hope to enter and
teach them the values of their corporate culture.
E. their
capacity to follow one of the main lessons of applied anthropology, that
external inputs fit best when tailored properly to local settings.
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Topic: Sociolinguistics
20.
What term refers to the existence of “high” and “low” dialects
within a single language?
A.displacement
B. diglossia
C. semantics
D. kinesics
E. lexicon
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Topic: Sociolinguistics
21.
What type of term is used to convey or imply a status difference
between the speaker and the person being referred to or addressed?
A.formal addresses, but sociolinguists rarely pay attention to them, because
their use in a social situation is always a result of linguistic exploitation
B. honorifics
C. style shifts
D. diglossia
E. linguistic relational
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Topic: Sociolinguistics
22.
What is an example of what Bourdieu calls symbolic domination in
the context of language use?
A.in an egalitarian society, the promotion of linguistic diversity
B. pride in one’s linguistic heritage, regardless of what the majority
thinks
C. the
fact that in a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige
dialect tend to accept it as standard or superior
D. focal vocabulary contrasts among groups
E. Chomsky’s insistence that the universal grammar defines all culture
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Topic: Sociolinguistics
23.
When does copula deletion (absence of the verb “to be”) occur in
AAVE?
A.where
SE has contractions
B. randomly
C. in the past tense
D. in the future tense
E. in SE, not AAVE
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Topic: Sociolinguistics
24.
What term refers to languages that have descended from the same
ancestral language?
A.F2 languages
B. sibling languages
C. daughter
languages
D. brother languages
E. protolanguages
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Topic: Historical
linguistics
25.
What is pidgin?
A.a partial language that results from primitive tribes’ attempts to learn the
language of a modern industrialized state
B. a
mixed language that develops to ease communication between members of different
cultures in contact, usually in situations of trade or colonial domination
C. a rhythmic sublanguage present in any human language as the result of a
universally shared mutation
D. a set of languages believed to be most like the original human
language, spoken by a small population of Indian Ocean islanders
E. metalanguage, developed by computer programmers, that has yielded
valuable insights into the workings of the human brain
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Topic: Language, thought,
and culture
26.
One aspect of linguistic history is language loss. When a
language disappears,
A.less strain is put on the educational system, because it has less language
diversity to deal with.
B. historical linguists have confirmation that language is also a victim
of evolutionary forces.
C. so does pride in one’s heritage.
D. cultural
diversity is reduced as well.
E. humanity is that much closer to global integration.
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Topic: Historical
linguistics
27.
Words that clearly descend from the same ancestral word are
known as
A.synonyms.
B. subgroups.
C. homonyms.
D. cognates.
E. daughters.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Historical
linguistics
True / False Questions
28.
Animal call systems exhibit linguistic productivity.
FALSE
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Topic: Nonhuman primate
communication
29.
Linguistic productivity refers
to the fixed linguistic structures that prevent the creation of new
expressions.
FALSE
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Topic: Nonhuman primate
communication
30.
Recent genetic research suggests that a speech-friendly mutation
took hold in humans around 150,000 years ago, thus conferring selective
advantages (linguistic and cultural abilities) that allowed those who had it to
spread it, at the expense of those who did not.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: What is language?
31.
Kinesics is the study of communication through body movements,
stances, gestures, and facial expressions.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Nonverbal
communication
32.
All human nonverbal communication is instinctive, not influenced
by cultural factors.
FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Nonverbal
communication
33.
Phonology is the study of speech sounds.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: The structure of
language
34.
Syntax refers to the
rules that dictate the order of words in a language.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: The structure of
language
35.
Sapir and Whorf argued that all humans share a single set of
universal grammatical categories.
FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Language, thought,
and culture
36.
Focal vocabularies are found only in non-Western societies like
the Eskimo and the Nuer.
FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Language, thought,
and culture
37.
In this chapter, an alternative to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
suggests that cultural changes lead to changes in language.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Language, thought,
and culture
38.
Ethnosemantics studies how different members of different
linguistic groups organize, categorize, and classify their experiences and
perceptions.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Language, thought,
and culture
39.
Sociolinguists study linguistic performance by categorizing
speakers as inadequate, competent, or highly proficient.
FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Sociolinguistics
40.
Diglossia refers
to linguistic groups, like those in Papua New Guinea and Australia, that
distinguish between only two colors: black and white or dark and light.
FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Sociolinguistics
41.
According to the principle of linguistic relativity, all
languages and dialects are equally effective as systems of communication.
TRUE
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Topic: Sociolinguistics
42.
Bourdieu argues that languages with the highest symbolic capital
are those that are better systems of communication.
FALSE
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Topic: Sociolinguistics
43.
In all languages, the same honorifics have the same meaning,
regardless of context.
FALSE
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Topic: Sociolinguistics
44.
Sociolinguistics has demonstrated that men lack the linguistic
capacity to distinguish between slight changes in color.
FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Sociolinguistics
45.
Studies investigating differences in the way men and women talk
are examples of sociolinguistics.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Sociolinguistics
46.
African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is an incomplete
linguistic system that is able only to express thoughts and ideas related to
life in inner-city communities.
FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Sociolinguistics
47.
The origins of AAVE are found mostly in West Africa, rather than
in the dialects of the southern part of the United States.
FALSE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Sociolinguistics
48.
Creole languages are commonly found in regions where different
linguistic groups come into contact with one another.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Language, thought,
and culture
49.
Historical linguists use linguistic similarities and differences
in the world today to study long-term changes in language.
TRUE
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Topic: Historical
linguistics
50.
The world’s linguistic diversity has been cut in half, as
measured by the number of distinct languages extant, in the past 500 years; and
half the remaining languages are predicted to disappear during this century.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Historical
linguistics
51.
Problems arise with contemporary means of communication, such as
texting and online messaging, because much of what we communicate is a
nonverbal reflection of emotional states.
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Nonverbal
communication
52.
Linguistic stratification can occur between dialects when one is
considered a prestige dialect, as is the case with High German and Low German,
and with Standard English (SE) and African American Vernacular English (AAVE).
TRUE
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Topic: Sociolinguistics
Essay Questions
53.
Compare and contrast the evolution of language and biological
evolution. What role may mutations play in the origins of human language, if
any?
Answers will vary
Topic: Nonhuman primate communication
54.
Discuss factors that increase linguistic diversity among
speakers of the same language.
Answers will vary
Topic: Sociolinguistics
55.
What are honorifics? Why are sociolinguists interested in their use
in context? In your everyday life, do you ever use honorifics? What does their
use, or lack of use, imply about your relationships to others?
Answers will vary
Topic: Sociolinguistics
56.
Discuss some common interests of linguistics and ethnography. Of
what use can knowledge of linguistic techniques and principles be to the
ethnographer?
Answers will vary
Topic: Sociolinguistics
57.
What is linguistic relativity? Illustrate how it applies to
languages and to dialects of English.
Answers will vary
Topic: Sociolinguistics
58.
What are some ways in which linguistics can aid archaeologists,
biological anthropologists, and sociocultural anthropologists who are
interested in history?
Answers will vary
Topic: Historical linguistics
59.
How has technology influenced the way you communicate?
Considering what you already know about anthropological theory and methods,
what kinds of questions might an anthropologist pose about the role of
technology in human culture, and particularly language? How might he or she go
about answering those questions?
Answers will vary
Topic: Nonverbal communication
60.
According to some estimates, the world’s linguistic diversity
has been cut in half in the past 500 years, and half the remaining languages
are predicted to disappear during this century. Why does this matter? Isn’t
this just a natural result of globalization, something we should actually
celebrate because it makes communication among diverse groups much easier?
Answers will vary
Topic: Historical linguistics
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