Archaeology Essentials Theories Methods And Practice 3rd Edition by Colin Renfrew – Test Bank
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Sample
Test
Chapter
4 Questions
1. To an
archaeologist, examples of relative dating methods include
2. a)
seriation
3. b)
studying the stratigraphy of a site
4. c)
pollen dating
5. d)
using layer data from deep-sea cores
6. e)
all of the above
2. Through
seriation, assemblages of artifacts are arranged in serial order, which is
taken to indicate
3. their
relative worth
4. what
year they were excavated
5. their
relative ordering in time
6. where
they were discovered on the site grid
7. where
the object originally came from
3. Absolute
dating methods
4. supply
only a relative date for the object in question compared to other objects
5. do
not yet include the scientific methods of the later 20th century
6. are
not considered important to archaeology
7. supply
a calendar date for the object in question
8. include
such methods as seriation and pollen dating
4. Although
the creation of a typology may enable an archaeologist to understand gradual
changes in design or decoration, to discover exactly when these changes
occurred archaeologists must employ
5. absolute
dating methods
6. relative
dating methods
7. parallels
to other artifact typologies
8. stratigraphy
9. none
of the above
5. For
most of human history the only way that people could measure time was through
6. the
use of calendars
7. observing
the alternating darkness of day and night and the cycle of the seasons
8. counting
tree rings
9. the
use of stratigraphy
10. calculating
the path of the planet Venus in the sky
6. Palynologists
study ____________ which, when found preserved in lake or bog sediments, allows
them to understand both ancient environments and to use them as a method of
________________ dating
7. fossils,
absolute
8. pollen,
relative
9. pollen,
absolute
10. bog
bodies, absolute
11. fauna,
relative
12. __________
are complex sequences of cold periods that occurred during the Ice Age and are
visible in ice cores
13. Interstadials
14. Interglacials
15. Glacials
16. Stadials
17. none
of the above
8. The
most coherent record of climate change on a global scale is obtained through
9. deep
sea cores
10. calendric
records
11. faunal
profiles
12. lexicostatistics
13. varves
9. In
order to obtain absolute dates from volcanic material in very early contexts
(over 1 million years ago), you would probably choose to use
10. varves
11. dendrochronology
12. uranium-series
dating
13. potassium-argon
dating
14. radiocarbon
dating
10. This
absolute dating method was developed by A.E. Douglass, an American astronomer,
chiefly from work he conducted at the Pueblos of the American Southwest
11. varve
dating
12. carbon
dating
13. tree-ring
dating
14. seriation
15. potassium-argon
dating
11. Layers
of sediments resulting from the melting of ice sheets and deposited in lakes on
an annual basis are known as
12. tree
rings
13. pollen
14. ice
cores
15. varves
16. contextual
seriation
12. Some
scholars prefer the term BCE to the term BC when talking about calendar dates
because BC, which means Before Christ, is not necessarily meaningful in areas
with other calendars or religions. What does BCE stand for?
13. Before
Columbus’s Exploration
14. Before
the Common Era
15. By
Convention Exactly
16. Before
Calendar Evidence
17. By
Common Evidence
13. In
the Christian calendar (which uses the terms BC and AD), there is no year
14. 0
15. 1 BC
16. AD 1
17. AD
666
18. none
of these exist in the Christian calendar
14. By 10,000
BC the only parts of the world that were not populated by Homo sapiens were
Antarctica, the deserts, and
15. South
America
16. Polynesia
17. the
Indian subcontinent
18. Central
Africa
19. North
America
15. Although
generally less precise than radiocarbon, thermoluminescence (TL) dating has an
advantages over radiocarbon dating: it can date
16. pottery
17. human
teeth
18. volcanic
rock
19. carbonized
botanical remains
20. all
of the above.
16. Archaeomagnetic
(paleomagnetic) dating is contingent upon a number of factors. If a clay
structure is heated beyond a certain temperature (650-700o C),
is not reheated, and remains in
situ, this dating technique may then be used to measure the
__________________ of the iron particles, which may then be compared to a
master sequence that has been built up for that region
17. magnetic
pulses
18. magnetic
intensity
19. magnetic
direction
20. magnetic
half-life
21. all
of the above
17. If a
coin with a date on it is found in a sealed archaeological deposit, we know
that the deposit can be no older than the date on the coin. In that situation
the date on the coin represents
18. a terminus ante quem
19. an a maiore ad minus
20. an a minore ad maius
21. a terminum ad minore
22. a terminus post quem
18. The
presence of foreign pottery in a well-dated Egyptian context shows that this
type of pottery cannot be more recent than those Egyptian objects. This type of
cross-dating establishes a__________ for the manufacture of the foreign pottery
19. a terminus ante quem
20. an a maiore ad minus
21. an a minore ad maius
22. a terminum ad minore
23. a terminus post quem
19. One
of the major drawbacks of tree-ring dating is that the date recorded
corresponds to the felling of the tree, thus
20. tree-rings
cannot be used to calibrate carbon dates
21. it
cannot be considered an independent method of absolute dating
22. it is
hard to conduct tree-ring dating outside of the tropics where there are a lot
of trees
23. timbers
may be older or younger than the structures that they were used to build
24. all
of the above
20. The
time taken for half of the atoms of a radioactive isotope to decay is called
its
21. radiocarbon
22. thermoluminescence
23. half-life
24. half-decay
25. isotope
deterioration rate
21. Radiocarbon
dating methods can only be used on
22. inorganic
materials
23. organic
materials
24. volcanic
rocks
25. well-fired
pottery
26. objects
exposed to sunlight
22. ___________________
is another term for tree-ring dating which is based on the counting,
measurement, and patterning of annual growth rings in known species of trees
a. Radiocarbon
b. Varve
analysis
c. Botanical
dating
d. Dendrochronology
e. Amino
acid racemization
23. The
term for dating techniques based on the decay of radioactive isotopes which
have half-lives that are known and measurable is
24. a)
relative
25. b)
absolute
26. c)
enumerative
27. d)
radiometric
28. e)
nucleic
24. Which
dating technique would yield a result that might read 2.25 million years before
present, plus or minus 50,000 years?
25. a)
radiocarbon dating
26. b)
seriation
27. c)
assemblage typology
28. d)
potassium-argon dating
29. e)
uranium-series dating
25. Pollen
is a useful tool for archaeologists because
26. a)
from it archaeologists can construct detailed sequences of past vegetation and
climate
27. b)
pollen is not very durable and thus can reflect subtle changes in seasons and
climate
28. c)
pollen is almost indestructible: it survives for thousands of years
29. d) a
and b only
30. e) a
and c only
26. By
more than 1.6 million years ago, Homo erectus emerged in
27. a)
Eastern Europe
28. b)
East Asia
29. c)
Eastern Australia
30. d)
East Africa
31. e)
all of the above
27. One
of the most striking facts of world prehistory is that the transition to food
cultivation from hunting and gathering
1. spread
to the entire world from the fertile crescent of the Middle East
2. occurred
well before the end of the Ice Age
3. did
not cause any sort of restructuring of the organization of human society
4. was
recorded by the chroniclers of the Middle Ages
5. occurred
independently in several different areas of the world
28. The
reason that radiocarbon dating results must be calibrated is that, contrary to
what Libby assumed
29. the
half-life of 14C samples from wet contexts is twice that of 14C samples from
dry contexts
30. the
concentration of 14C in the atmosphere has actually remained the same over time
31. the
concentration of 14C in the atmosphere has actually varied over time
32. the
concentration of 14C in the atmosphere has nothing to do with radiocarbon
dating
33. the half-life
of 14C has been seriously modified by pollution in the atmosphere
29. Electron
Spin Resonance Dating (ESR) is most successful when used to provide dates for
30. tooth
enamel
31. obsidian
32. pollen
33. ceramics
34. volcanic
rocks
30. Assumptions
about genetic mutation rates stemming from the study of samples taken from
living people is the basis of
1. archaeomagnetic
dating
2. DNA
dating
3. optical
dating
4. natural
selection dating
5. tooth
enamel dating
True
or False Questions
1. Using
differences in tree-rings to tie a wooden structure to a calendar date is an
example of a relative dating technique.
2. Archaeologists
have shown that the Maya calendar was very precise: it was used to record exact
dates.
3. A key
point in archaeology is the idea of association. For example, if objects are
found in the same, sealed, archaeological deposit, it is probable that they
were buried at the same time. If one of these objects can later be given an
absolute date, then it is possible to assign that absolute date to the sealed
deposit and the other objects associated with it as well.
4. The
typological idea that change in artifact style is gradual over time is
associated with Darwin’s theory of evolution.
5. Scientists
have come to recognize that fluctuations in climate during the Ice Age were far
less complex than originally thought; indeed, the Ice Age was just one long
unbroken spell of cold with little temperature fluctuation.
6. When
provided with a radiocarbon figure such as 3700 + 100 BP, the
first number (3700) is the number of years before the year 1950.
7. Traditionally,
radiocarbon dating techniques required approximately 10-20 grams of wood or
charcoal. A few radiocarbon laboratories using the accelerator mass
spectrometry (AMS) are now able to work with samples as small as 5-10 milligrams.
8. One
of the best things about radiocarbon dating is that the samples are resistant
to all contamination: other organic material can come in contact with a
radiocarbon sample without contaminating it.
9. One
of the most useful techniques for dating early human (hominin) sites in Africa
is radiocarbon dating.
10. The
main difference between optical dating and thermoluminescence dating is that
optical dating is used to date minerals that have been exposed to light and
thermoluminescence is used to date minerals that have been exposed to heat.
11. Archaeomagnetic
(or, “paleomagnetic”) dating is based on the constantly changing magnetic field
of the earth.
12. Based
on recent DNA evidence, it is clear that Homo sapiens did not evolve in Africa.
Chapter
4 Essay Questions
1. Very
briefly, identify and define three different relative dating
techniques.
2. Very
briefly, identify and define three different absolute dating
techniques.
3. Discuss
the basic method of tree-ring dating (dendrochronology). Include in your
discussion the techniques used by dendrochronologists to obtain tree rings, and
how the formation of these rings is affected by environmental conditions. Be
certain to include in your discussion 1) how tree rings are used to create long
master sequences and allow the calibration of radiocarbon dating, and 2), how
tree rings are used for direct dating. Finally, what are the limitations
of the method?
4. Discuss
the method of radiocarbon dating. Address the following three questions within
your essay: What does the method measure? What are the underlying assumptions
of radiocarbon dating? What are the limitations of the method?
Chapter
7 Questions
1. The
technique of mixing two or more metals to create a new material, such as copper
and tin to make bronze, is known as
2. ascribing
3. annealing
4. bifurcating
5. conjoining
·
alloying
2. Analytical
methods for characterization are varied. For pottery, a reliable technique for
determining the source is
3. heavy
mineral analysis
4. studies
of temper or exclusions
5. thin
section analysis
6. all
of the above
7. none
of the above
3. A
massive amount of information about how commodities were traded in the
Mediterranean around 1300 came from the site of Uluburun which is a
4. barrow
cemetery
5. location
mentioned in the Iliad
6. volcano
in the Andes
7. shipwreck
8. site
preserved in volcanic ash
4. From
about 2.5 million years ago until 14,000 BC at the earliest, the archaeological
record is dominated by artifacts made out of
bone
ceramic
stone
metal
plant remains
5. Study
of the patterns of wear or damage on the edges of stone tools that can provide
useful information on a particular tool’s function is known as
refitting
microwear analysis
scanning electron analysis
plating
none of the above
6. Most
stone tools are made by removing _________ from a __________
7. cores
from a flake
8. megaliths
from a quarry
9. flakes
from a core
10. hand-axes
from a chopper
11. choppers
from a hand-axe
7. __________
did not exist anywhere in the New World until after European contact
a. The
potter’s wheel
b. Agriculture
c. Weaving
d. Writing
e. Corn
8. We
tend to forget that different societies value different goods. For example,
while the Conquistadors valued the gold of the New World, the Aztec valued
__________ more highly than metal
9. a)
iron
10. b)
cattle
11. c)
wheat beer
12. d)
chariots
13. e)
feathers
9. ____________,
which dominated the human toolkit around 10,000 years ago, are tiny stone tools
that were probably used as barbs on composite implements
10. a)
Eoliths
11. b)
Microliths
12. c)
Cores
13. d)
Phytoliths
14. e)
Otoliths
10. The technique
of stone tool manufacture that involved knapping a core in such a way that
large flakes could be removed and shaped into tools is called
11. a)
the Oldowan industry
12. b)
refitting
13. c)
cold hammering
14. d)
the Champollion technique
15. e)
the Levallois technique
11. _________,
or conjoining, is the attempt to put stone tools, flakes, and cores back
together again, providing information on the stages in producing the tools and
reconstructing the process of the knapper’s craft.
12. a)
Refitting
13. b)
Annealing
14. c)
Filigree
15. d)
Microwear analysis
16. e)
Alloying
12. The
primary goal of characterization is to
13. a)
reveal information about the character of the person who made it
14. b)
mimic how objects were used in the past
15. c)
assign objects to standard categories so they can be stored properly
16. d)
discover the source of the material an object is made out of
17. e)
all of the above
13. Inclusions
in the clay used to make pottery that act as a filler, creating strength and
counteracting cracking and shrinkage during firing, are known as
14. a)
slag
15. b)
temper
16. c)
microliths
17. d)
faience
18. e)
debitage
14. The
intentional use and control of fire by humans is known as
15. a)
pyrotechnology
16. b)
pyromania
17. c)
metallurgy
18. d)
smelting
19. e)
pyroxia
15. All
of the following are examples of synthetic materials except
16. a)
pottery
17. b)
glass bottles
18. c)
iron weapons
19. d)
bronze shields
20. e)
stone hand-axes
16. When
a thin-section of an object is prepared for study, it is made thin enough to
______________ so that specific minerals can be seen in it through the use of a
light microscope
17. a)
transmit light
18. b)
fold and bend
19. c)
block light
20. d)
allow water to pass through it
21. e)
none of the above
17. Volcanic
glass which is used to make chipped stone tools is a particularly good material
to perform trace-element analysis on. Another word for Volcanic glass is
18. temper
19. petroglyph
20. obsidian
21. mineral
glass
22. none
of the above
18. The
alloying of copper with tin produces
19. a)
gold
20. b)
bronze
21. c)
silver
22. d)
aluminum
23. e)
iron
19. Isotopic
analysis of lead is not only used on objects made of pure lead, but on
artifacts made out of ___________ as well
20. a)
copper
21. b)
glass
22. c)
bronze
23. d)
silver
24. e)
all of the above
20. For
many years, archaeologists puzzled over the method used to create the flute or
channel on Folsom points, a Paleo-Indian tool of North America. Based on
textual observations and experimentation, it was determined that the flute was
created by
21. a)
the block-on-block technique
22. b)
pressure flaking using a small, pointed tool
23. c) an
antler billet
24. d)
pressure flaking using a T-shaped crutch, placed against the chest
25. e) an
unknown process
21. Observing
the wear patterns on ancient stone tools is an aspect of microwear analysis;
experimental archaeology provides added information on the specific activities
the tools might have been used for by
22. a) using
modern copies of stone tools in a variety of specific tasks
23. b)
studying the traces of polish on modern copies of tools after use
24. c)
creating categories of tool use according to wear patterns created on modern
copies
25. d)
all of the above
26. e)
none of the above
22. The
study of traded goods is an important part of the investigation of
23. a)
exchange
24. b)
our hominin ancestors
25. c)
the development of agriculture
26. d)
long-term climate change
27. e)
none of the above
23. In
describing mechanisms of exchange, “direct access” is used to describe
situations where
24. a)
the consumer is able to buy whatever they want
25. b)
goods are bought from independent middlemen
26. c)
trading is done through emissaries who represent a state
27. d)
the user goes to the source material without the intervention of an exchange
mechanism
28. e)
none of the above
24. The
idea that the quality of materials tends to decline as the distance from the
source of those materials increases is the basic tenant behind
25. a)
The Wheeler box grid
26. b)
thin-section analysis
27. c) emissary
trading
28. d)
geomorphology
29. e)
fall-off analysis
25. _____________
were a significant development in pyrotechnology during the Neolithic in the
Near East around 8000 bc
26. a)
Furnaces for iron smelting
27. b)
Furnaces for bronze smelting
28. c)
Ovens for bread baking
29. d)
Ovens for making faience
30. e)
none of the above
26. The
introduction of pottery generally seems to coincide with the adoption of a more
sedentary way of life. Paleolithic people may not have created pottery because
27. a)
they were not really very smart
28. b)
mobile hunter-gatherers would not want to carry heavy fired clay containers
around
29. c)
clay sources were difficult to find during the Paleolithic because they were
often buried under glaciers and ice
30. d)
mobile hunter-gatherers were generally too busy hunting to make pottery
31. e)
none of the above
27. All
of the following are examples of unaltered materials except
28. a)
stone
29. b)
wood
30. c)
antler
31. d)
copper
32. e)
plant and animal fibers
28. Non-ferrous
metal is metal that does not contain
29. a)
iron
30. b)
gold
31. c)
lead
32. d)
copper
33. e)
zinc
29. The
materials that most cultures consider to be valuable
30. a)
are made out of gold
31. b)
meet a basic human need like food or shelter
32. c)
often have no use at all beyond display
33. d)
are the ones that are most abundant in their territory
34. e)
none of the above
30. A
distribution map
31. a) is
the most natural and obvious way to plot distribution
32. b)
can be used to find important centers of consumption
33. c)
may not always be the best way to study distribution in a given situation
34. d)
all of the above
35. e)
none of the above
True
or False Questions
1. Archaeologists
know for sure that stone was the most important material to people of the
Paleolithic; they never made wood or bone implements.
2. The
manufacture of stone heads at Easter Island is less mysterious than most people
think: several statues there have even been found unfinished and in quarries.
3. Although
quite advanced, the Andean cultures of South America were particularly poor at
textile manufacture and never developed any advanced forms of weaving.
4. The
one thing that all synthetic materials have in common is that they have never
been exposed to heat.
5. The
introduction of pottery in an area tends to correspond with the adoption of a
sedentary way of life.
6. Because
pottery is still widely made around the world, it is a particularly good focus
area for ethnoarchaeological research.
7. Iron
was not used in the New World before European contact.
8. It is
impossible to study any form of trade or exchange in non-literate societies.
9. It is
not easy to identify the intentions of the people in the past that left behind
hoards, which are usually characterized by a substantial assemblage of goods
found in an archaeological deposit.
10. While
interaction, in the archaeological sense, does involve the exchange of goods,
it does not involve the exchange of information.
Essay
Questions
1. Discuss
the evolution of stone tool manufacture. What were the earliest stone
tools? What were the major changes in the manufacture of the subsequent
tool forms? Include in your answer the specific names of the techniques,
the characteristics of each, and significance of each.
2. Most
cultures have materials of prestige value but not all cultures value the same
materials. Discuss why this might be the case. Be sure to include examples.
3. A
major interaction sphere between societies of equal status is competition.
Discuss some of the ways that different societies interact through competition.
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