Basics of Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology 3rd International Edition by Michael G. Maxfield – Test Bank
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CHAPTER 3 TEST BANK
General Issues in Research Design
TRUE/FALSE
1. Social
science involves three fundamental aspects: theory, data collection, and data
analysis.
ANS:
T
REF: 47
2. In
grounded theory, observations may not contribute to theory development.
ANS: F
REF: 47
3. Research
projects known as longitudinal studies are designed to permit observations over
a short period of time.
ANS:
F
REF: 67
4. Explanatory
scientific research centers on the notion of cause and effect.
ANS:
T
REF: 71
5. Most
explanatory social research uses a probabilistic model of causation.
ANS:
T
REF: 71
6. Individuals
may be units of analysis in criminal justice research.
ANS: T
REF: 62
7. When
scientists consider whether causal statements are true or false, they are
concerned with the validity of causal inference.
ANS:
T
REF: 58
8. Ecological
fallacy refers to the dangers of making assertions about large groups as the
units of analysis based upon examination of individuals.
ANS:
F
REF: 64
9. Cross-sectional
studies are those based on observations made at one time.
ANS:
T
REF: 66
10.
A scientific realist approach to examining mechanisms in context
bridges idiographic and nomothetic approaches to causation.
ANS:
T
REF: 55
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. With
respect to causation, _____.
|
a. |
it is the focus of media |
|
b. |
it suggests a cause and effect
relationship |
|
c. |
cause in social science is
pre-determined |
|
d. |
research explains most aspects of life |
ANS:
D
REF: 47
2. Which
of the following represent criteria for causality?
|
a. |
there is a correlation between the
cause and the effect |
|
b. |
the effect precedes the cause in time |
|
c. |
the change in the effect is caused by
some third variable |
|
d. |
cause in social science is not
probabilistic |
ANS:
A
REF: 58
3. Validity
is “the approximate truth of an inference”. Here the emphasis is on:
|
a. |
truth |
|
b. |
approximate |
|
c. |
inference |
|
d. |
validity |
ANS:
B
REF: 58
4. When
we say something is valid, we make a judgment about the extent to which relevant
evidence supports that inference as being _____.
|
a. |
reliable |
|
b. |
probable |
|
c. |
true or correct |
|
d. |
untrue |
ANS:
C
REF: 58-59
5. A
scientific realist approach to examining mechanisms in context bridges
|
a. |
Dependent and independent approaches |
|
b. |
idiographic and nomothetic approaches
to causation |
|
c. |
truth and reality |
|
d. |
sample and population differences |
ANS:
B
REF: 60
6. Traditional
approaches to finding cause and effect usually try to isolate causal mechanisms
from other possible influences while the scientific realist approach _____.
|
a. |
views these other possible influences
as deviations |
|
b. |
views these other possible influences
as causal mechanisms |
|
c. |
views these other possible influences
as contexts in which causal mechanisms operate |
|
d. |
views these other possible influences
as true causes |
ANS:
C
REF: 60
7. Which
of the following would not be a unit of analysis?
|
a. |
individuals |
|
b. |
groups |
|
c. |
organizations |
|
d. |
variables |
ANS:
D
REF: 62
8. Which
of the following would not be an example of organizations as units of analysis?
|
a. |
police departments |
|
b. |
federal courthouses |
|
c. |
drug treatment facilities |
|
d. |
measurement levels |
ANS:
D
REF: 62
9. Which
of the following would be an example of social artifacts as units of analysis?
|
a. |
newspaper editorials |
|
b. |
probation officers |
|
c. |
students |
|
d. |
professors |
ANS: A
REF: 62
10.
Which of the following would serve as an example of a cross
sectional study?
|
a. |
Uniform Crime Reports |
|
b. |
the 2000 U.S. census |
|
c. |
a single wave of the National Crime
Victimization Survey |
|
d. |
both Uniform Crime Reports and the 2000
U.S. census |
ANS:
D
REF: 66
11.
A major midwestern university does annual surveys of its alumni.
These surveys are designed to gauge the attitudes that alumni hold about the
university, its academic programs, and the major team sports. These surveys
have been an annual event for the last two decades and represent which type of
study?
|
a. |
cohort study |
|
b. |
panel study |
|
c. |
trend study |
|
d. |
cross-sectional study |
ANS: C
REF: 67
12.
Marvin Wolfgang’s study of males born in Philadelphia in 1945
was an attempt to measure delinquency by following those males from their 10th birthday
until they were 18. This is an example of what type of study?
|
a. |
cohort study |
|
b. |
panel study |
|
c. |
trend study |
|
d. |
cross-sectional study |
ANS:
A
REF: 67
13.
What type of study attempts to account for errors in drawing a
sample by measuring the same people on two or more occasions?
|
a. |
cohort study |
|
b. |
panel study |
|
c. |
trend study |
|
d. |
cross-sectional study |
ANS:
B
REF: 67
14.
Which of the following would serve as a “snapshot” of a
phenomenon at one point in time?
|
a. |
panel study |
|
b. |
cross-sectional study |
|
c. |
cohort study |
|
d. |
trend study |
ANS:
B
REF: 69
15.
Three broad distinctions underlie many of the variations of
scientific research. Which is of the following is one not of these
distinctions?
|
a. |
idiographic and nomothetic explanations |
|
b. |
inductive and deductive reasoning |
|
c. |
quantitative and qualitative data |
|
d. |
social and cultural artifacts |
ANS:
D
REF: 54-55
16.
Violence in children’s programming is a major research endeavor
that requires counting the number of violent acts in Saturday morning cartoons
for an entire year. The units of analysis being used for this project are
_____.
|
a. |
social artifacts |
|
b. |
individuals |
|
c. |
groups |
|
d. |
organizations |
ANS:
A
REF: 63
17.
Units of analysis are typically also the units of __________.
|
a. |
observation |
|
b. |
crime |
|
c. |
interaction |
|
d. |
fallacy |
ANS:
A
REF: 62
18.
After careful study of the relationship between the economy and
arson, the conclusion was drawn that when the economy is poor and unemployment
is high, the arson rates go up. The researcher concluded that unemployed people
are more likely to commit arson than are those who are employed. What error was
just committed?
|
a. |
the ecological fallacy |
|
b. |
reductionism |
|
c. |
using the wrong time dimension |
|
d. |
an internal validity threat |
ANS:
A
REF: 64
19.
Which of the following are social artifacts?
|
a. |
citizen attitudes about the death
penalty |
|
b. |
editorials in the New York Times |
|
c. |
cities with over 250,000 inhabitants |
|
d. |
months of the year |
ANS:
B
REF: 63
20.
A survey distributed on a college campus discovered that males
support the death penalty in greater numbers than do females. The units of analysis
in this case would be _____.
|
a. |
social artifacts |
|
b. |
groups |
|
c. |
organizations |
|
d. |
individuals |
ANS:
D
REF: 62
21.
Which of the following is an example of a panel study?
|
a. |
National Incident-based Reporting
System |
|
b. |
U.S. Census |
|
c. |
National Crime Victimization Survey |
|
d. |
Uniform Crime Reports |
ANS:
C
REF: 67
22.
Scientific theory deals with
|
a. |
the logical aspect of science |
|
b. |
the observational aspect |
|
c. |
operationalization |
|
d. |
data analysis |
ANS:
A
REF: 47
23.
Which of the following would allow a researcher to measure
change in a general population over time?
|
a. |
trend study |
|
b. |
cohort study |
|
c. |
panel study |
|
d. |
cross-sectional study |
ANS: A
REF: 67
24.
Data analysis looks for patterns in what is ____________.
|
a. |
proved |
|
b. |
observed |
|
c. |
hypothesized |
|
d. |
assumed |
ANS:
B
REF: 47
25.
Having trouble reconciling general patterns of attitudes and actions
with individual exceptions the research personally knows of is termed the
__________?
|
a. |
individualistic fallacy |
|
b. |
ecological fallacy |
|
c. |
observational fallacy |
|
d. |
personal fallacy |
ANS:
A
REF: 64
26.
The relationship between attributes and variables lies at the
heart of
|
a. |
both science and fiction |
|
b. |
publishing your outcomes |
|
c. |
units of analysis |
|
d. |
both description and explanation in
science |
ANS:
D
REF: 51
27.
If a cross-sectional study can be likened to a “snapshot,” and a
trend study to a “slide show,” then which of the following is most like a
“motion picture?”
|
a. |
longitudinal study |
|
b. |
retrospective study |
|
c. |
prospective study |
|
d. |
panel study |
ANS: D
REF: 67
28.
In the following research conclusion, what units of analysis are
being used? “An enormous variation of deviant activities was represented in a
sample of 1,485 news items. We categorized these deviant activities into five
general types of analysis: violence, economic, political, ideological/cultural
and diversionary.”
|
a. |
individuals |
|
b. |
social artifacts |
|
c. |
organizations |
|
d. |
groups |
ANS:
B
REF: 63
29.
In an examination of violent crime among the most populous
nations in the world, the United States ranks very high along with England,
France, and Australia. The chance of being raped is higher in France than in
the United States. What units of analysis are being used?
|
a. |
individuals |
|
b. |
organizations |
|
c. |
social artifacts |
|
d. |
groups |
ANS:
D
REF: 62
30.
Which of the following is not one of the research methods
discussed in your text?
|
a. |
cross-sectional |
|
b. |
survey |
|
c. |
field |
|
d. |
evaluation |
ANS: A
REF: 66
COMPLETION
1. Causation,
units, and __________ are key elements in planning a research study.
ANS: time
REF: 47
2. Research
that asks people to recall their pasts is called _____________ research.
ANS:
retrospective
REF: 68
3. The
two pillars of science are logic and ______________.
ANS:
observation
REF: 47
4. Scientists
assess the truth of statements about cause by considering threats to
________________.
ANS:
validity
REF: 59
5. The
relationship between attributes and variables becomes more complicated as we
try to explain how _____________________________are related to each other.
ANS:
concepts
REF: 52
6. Theories
describe ________________________that might logically be expected among
variables.
ANS:
relationships
REF: 54
7. __________________________________________moves
from the specific to the general, from a set of particular observations to the
discovery of a pattern that represents some degree of order among the varied
events under examination.
ANS: Inductive
reasoning
REF: 56
8. When
a researcher reports findings from data gathered on groups to the individuals
within those groups, a(n) ________________________ has occurred.
ANS: ecological fallacy
REF: 64
9. Examples
of longitudinal studies include: Trend, Panel, and ________________.
ANS:
cohort
REF: 67
10.
Exploratory and descriptive studies frequently are
_______________________ in nature since they allow data to be gathered at one
point in time.
ANS:
cross-sectional
REF: 66
ESSAY
1. Define
cohort, panel and cross-sectional study. Give an example of each.
REF: 66-67
2. Explain
in detail using an example of the way in which the ecological fallacy is the
result of errors with units of analysis.
REF: 64
3. Give
a hypothetical situation that would lend itself to a cross-sectional study.
What would be the research purpose in your hypothetical? Why would your example
not lend itself to a longitudinal approach?
REF: 66
4. Explain
the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning. Give an example of
each from the criminal justice literature.
REF: Chapter 3
CHAPTER 5 TEST BANK
Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
TRUE/FALSE
1. Experimentation
is an approach to research best suited for exploration.
ANS:
F
REF: 105
2. The defining
feature of an experiment lies in the control of the independent variable by the
experimenter.
ANS:
T
REF: 105
3. The
independent variable in a classical experiment must be a ratio level variable.
ANS:
F
REF: 105-106
4. In
the classical experiment subjects are measured on the independent variable
before the experiment begins and again after the dependent variable has been
manipulated by the researcher.
ANS:
F
REF: 105-106
5. Construct
validity refers to generalizing from what we observe and measure to the
real-world things in which we are interested.
ANS:
T
REF: 113
6. The
main reason that experiments in criminal justice are so easy to complete is
that the researcher need only secure one experimental and one control group for
any project.
ANS:
F
REF: 08
7. The
threat of statistical regression is a concern any time the researcher begins
with subjects who exhibit extreme values on the dependent variable.
ANS:
T
REF: 111
8. Construct
validity is concerned with the ability to generalize from the results of the
experimental group to the control group.
ANS:
F
REF: 113
9. There
may be legal reasons why randomization cannot be used in criminal justice
research to assign subjects to either a control group or an experimental group.
ANS:
T
REF: 116
10.
In case-oriented research, a great number of cases are examined
in order to understand a small number of variables.
ANS:
T
REF: 124
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which
of the following is most accurate?
|
a. |
Experiments can be used only in
scientific inquiry. |
|
b. |
Experiments involve only observing the consequences
. |
|
c. |
Experiments can be used in scientific
and nonscientific human inquiry. |
|
d. |
Experiments involve the researcher
taking action but they are unconcerned with the consequences of that action. |
ANS: C
REF: 105
2. Which
of the following is least accurate?
|
a. |
Experimentation is appropriate for
hypothesis testing. |
|
b. |
Experiments are well suited to research
involving well-defined concepts. |
|
c. |
Experiments cannot be used in the study
of criminal justice policy because they require a hypothesis to test. |
|
d. |
Experiments are appropriate for
evaluation research. |
ANS:
C
REF: 105
3. Which
of the following is not a central feature of the classical experiment?
|
a. |
variables |
|
b. |
time order |
|
c. |
concepts |
|
d. |
groups |
ANS:
C
REF: 105
4. Which
of the following is true concerning independent and dependent variables in
classical experiments?
|
a. |
A variable can be an independent in one
experiment and dependent in another. |
|
b. |
Once a variable is designated as an
independent variable in one experiment, it can never be used as a dependent
variable in another. |
|
c. |
A classical experiment examines the
effect of a dependent variable on an independent variable. |
|
d. |
An independent variable in a classical
experiment is viewed as the effect because it is dependent upon another
variable. |
ANS:
A
REF: 106
5. Which
of the following is an inaccurate statement?
|
a. |
The independent and dependent variables
must be operationally defined for the purposes of experimentation. |
|
b. |
The independent and dependent variables
are most often operationally defined before the experiment begins. |
|
c. |
It is possible for the independent and
dependent variables to be operationally defined after a wide variety of
observations are made. |
|
d. |
The independent and dependent variables
can never be operationally defined after a wide variety of observations
occur. |
ANS:
D
REF: 106
6. Which
of the following is a concern when selecting subjects for an experiment?
|
a. |
the manner in which subjects will be
selected |
|
b. |
what variables will be selected |
|
c. |
the sample to which the results will
apply |
|
d. |
level of measurement |
ANS:
A
REF: 108
7. Which
example below is not a random assignment to experimental groups?
|
a. |
Assigning numbers to subjects, put
corresponding numbers in a hat and pull out numbers placing the first subject
in the experimental group and the second subject in the control group and
continue until all numbers are used. |
|
b. |
Ask subjects whether they prefer to be
in the experimental group or the control group, then assign subjects based on
their preference. |
|
c. |
Flip a coin assigning subjects to the
control group and to the experimental group. |
|
d. |
Use a random number generator after
assigning numbers to your subjects. |
ANS:
B
REF: 109
8. Which
of the following is true regarding random assignment to groups?
|
a. |
“all other things being equal” |
|
b. |
“use your best guess” |
|
c. |
“it is close enough for government
work” |
|
d. |
“you are never 100% sure, so don’t
worry about it” |
ANS:
A
REF: 109
9. Which
of the following is not considered a threat to internal validity in an
experimental design?
|
a. |
maturation |
|
b. |
instrumentation |
|
c. |
randomization |
|
d. |
statistical regression |
ANS:
C
REF: 110
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