Biological Psychology 11th International Edition – Test Bank
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Sample Test
Chapter 3: Communication at Synapses
TRUE/FALSE
1. Transmission
of information between neurons occurs in the same way as transmission along the
axon.
ANS: F
PTS:
1
DIF: conceptual REF: The
Properties of Synapses OBJ:
1
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
MSC: www
2. A
reflex arc consists only of sensory neurons.
ANS: F
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1 TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
MSC: www
3. Only
sensory neurons are found in a reflex arc.
ANS: F
PTS:
1
DIF: factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
4. Reflexive
flexion and extension of a dog’s legs can still occur when the spinal cord is
disconnected from the brain.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP: 3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
5. At
synapses, the cell that receives the message is called the presynaptic neuron.
ANS:
F
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP: 3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
MSC: www
6. At
synapses, the cell that delivers the message is called the presynaptic neuron.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP: 3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
7. Electrical
communication between neurons is faster than chemical communication within
neurons.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP: 3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
8. Chemical
communication between neurons is faster than electrical communication within
neurons.
ANS:
F
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP: 3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
9. The
amount of temporal summation depends on the rate of stimulation.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP: 3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
MSC: www
10.
Most excitatory post-synaptic potentials result in an action
potential.
ANS:
F
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
2
TOP: 3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
11.
Graded potentials can be depolarizations or hyperpolarizations.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
2
TOP: 3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
MSC: www
12.
Spatial summation is the result of synaptic inputs from
different locations arriving at the same time.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
2
TOP: 3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
13.
Inhibitory synapses actively suppress excitatory responses.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
2
TOP: 3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
MSC: www
14.
Most neurons have a spontaneous firing rate, a periodic
production of action potentials even without synaptic input.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: Relationship Among EPSP, IPSP, and Action Potentials
OBJ:
3
TOP: 3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
15.
Some neurotransmitters are monoamines.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse
OBJ:
2
TOP: 3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
16.
Gases can be used as neurotransmitters.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse
OBJ:
2
TOP: 3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
MSC: www
17.
Neurotransmitter levels in the brain can be affected by changes
in diet.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse
OBJ:
3
TOP: 3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
18.
Most of the known neurotransmitters are synthesized from amino
acids.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse
OBJ:
3
TOP: 3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
19.
Most neurons release more than one kind of neurotransmitter.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4 TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
20.
Generally speaking, a neuron will release a greater number of
neurotransmitters than what it will respond to with its own receptors.
ANS:
F
PTS: 1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
21.
Whether or not a neurotransmitter is excitatory depends on the
response of the postsynaptic receptor.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
22.
Rapid changes in heart rate are probably due to the activity of
ionotropic receptors.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF: conceptual REF: The
Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse OBJ:
5
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
23.
Most of the brain’s excitatory ionotropic synapses use the
neurotransmitter glutamate.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF: factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
5
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
KEY: NEW
24.
Metabotropic synapses use a large variety of transmitters.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
8
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
25.
A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is an
antagonist.
ANS:
T
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: Drug Mechanisms
OBJ:
2
TOP: 3.1 Synapses, Drugs, and Addictions
MSC: www
26.
A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter is an
agonist.
ANS:
F
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: Drug Mechanisms
OBJ:
2
TOP: 3.1 Synapses, Drugs, and Addictions
MSC: www
27.
Unlike studies with animals, MDMA in humans is harmless to
serotonin neurons.
ANS:
F
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: A Survey of Abused
Drugs
OBJ:
3
TOP:
3.1 Synapses, Drugs, and Addictions
28.
Opiates work at the pain receptors in the skin.
ANS:
F
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: A Survey of Abused
Drugs
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.1 Synapses, Drugs, and Addictions
29.
Marijuana is used medically to enhance memory.
ANS:
F
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: A Survey of Abused Drugs
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.1 Synapses, Drugs, and Addictions
MSC: www
30.
Marijuana withdrawal is more intense than opiate withdrawal.
ANS:
F
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: A Survey of Abused
Drugs
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.1 Synapses, Drugs, and Addictions
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Charles
S. Sherrington was the first to infer the properties of which of the following?
|
a. |
synapses |
|
b. |
the refractory period |
|
c. |
the sodium-potassium pump |
|
d. |
dendrites and axons |
ANS: A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1 TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
2. ____
are specialized junctions between neurons.
|
a. |
Nodes of Ranvier |
|
b. |
Synapses |
|
c. |
Dendrites |
|
d. |
Spines |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 1
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
3. Specialized
junctions between neurons are called:
|
a. |
nodes of Ranvier. |
|
b. |
spines. |
|
c. |
dendrites. |
|
d. |
synapses. |
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 1
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
MSC: www
4. On
the basis of what evidence were the properties of synapses first inferred?
|
a. |
the electron microscope |
|
b. |
single-neuron recordings |
|
c. |
behavioral observations |
|
d. |
PET scans |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 1
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
5. The
circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response is called:
|
a. |
a reflex arc. |
|
b. |
a synapse. |
|
c. |
flexion. |
|
d. |
extension. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 1
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
6. The
proper order of a reflex arc is:
|
a. |
motor neuron, sensory neuron,
interneuron. |
|
b. |
sensory neuron, motor neuron,
interneuron. |
|
c. |
motor neuron, interneuron, sensory
neuron. |
|
d. |
sensory neuron, interneuron, motor
neuron. |
ANS: D
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1 TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
7. Why
is the speed of conduction through a reflex arc slower than the speed of
conduction of an action potential along an axon?
|
a. |
Transmission between neurons at
synapses is slower than along axons. |
|
b. |
The longer an axon, the slower its
velocity. |
|
c. |
Interneurons have thicker axons than
other neurons. |
|
d. |
There are greater amounts of myelin
involved in the reflex arc. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 1
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
8. Sherrington
deduced that transmission at a synapse must be slower than conduction along an
axon. This was based on what kind of evidence?
|
a. |
temporal summation |
|
b. |
drugs that increase or inhibit activity
at synapses |
|
c. |
the speed of reflexive responses |
|
d. |
differences in diameter between axons
and dendrites |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 1
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
9. A
certain weak stimulus produces no reflexive response, but a rapid repetition of
that stimulus may produce such a response. What is this phenomenon called?
|
a. |
spatial summation |
|
b. |
temporal summation |
|
c. |
saltatory conduction |
|
d. |
synaptic combination |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 1
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
10.
Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time have
a cumulative effect. He referred to this phenomenon as:
|
a. |
temporal summation |
|
b. |
spatial summation |
|
c. |
synaptic summation |
|
d. |
saltatory summation |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF: factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
MSC: www
11.
Temporal summation most likely occurs with:
|
a. |
infrequent, subthreshold excitation. |
|
b. |
rapid succession of stimuli that each
exceed threshold. |
|
c. |
infrequent, inhibitory stimuli. |
|
d. |
rapid succession of subthreshold
excitation. |
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
12.
Which of the following statements regarding reflexes would
Charles Sherrington most likely agree with?
|
a. |
The overall speed of conduction through
a reflex arc is faster than conduction along an axon. |
|
b. |
Repeated stimuli occurring within a
brief time can have a cumulative effect. |
|
c. |
Each neuron physically merges with the
next one. |
|
d. |
Excitatory synapses are more important
than inhibitory synapses. |
ANS: B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1 TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
13.
To measure temporal summation in single cells, researchers:
|
a. |
attach electrodes to the scalp. |
|
b. |
insert an microelectrode into the
scalp. |
|
c. |
collect sodium and potassium ions from
nearby glial cells. |
|
d. |
record depolarizations of the
postsynaptic neuron. |
ANS:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
14.
A graded depolarization is known as an:
|
a. |
EPIP |
|
b. |
IPSP |
|
c. |
ESPN |
|
d. |
EPSP |
ANS: D
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
1 TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
KEY: NEW
15.
Which of the following is TRUE about EPSPs?
|
a. |
It takes two to produce an action
potential. |
|
b. |
They decay over time and space. |
|
c. |
They can be either excitatory or
inhibitory. |
|
d. |
They occur because potassium gates
open. |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF: 51
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
MSC: www
16.
An EPSP is a(n):
|
a. |
graded depolarization. |
|
b. |
depolarization with a rebounding hyperpolarization. |
|
c. |
graded hyperpolarization. |
|
d. |
action potential in a reflex arc. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
17.
Which of the following is NOT true about EPSPs?
|
a. |
They decay over time. |
|
b. |
Their strength decreases with distance. |
|
c. |
They operate on an all-or-none
principle. |
|
d. |
They are depolarizations. |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
18.
The primary difference between an EPSP and an action potential
is that:
|
a. |
the magnitude of an action potential
decreases as it travels along the membrane. |
|
b. |
EPSPs occur without sodium ions
entering the cell. |
|
c. |
action potentials are always
hyperpolarizations. |
|
d. |
EPSPs are subthreshold events that
decay over time and space. |
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF: conceptual REF: The
Properties of Synapses OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
19.
Depolarization is to ____ as hyperpolarization is to ____.
|
a. |
excitation; inhibition |
|
b. |
inhibition; excitation |
|
c. |
increasing the threshold; decreasing
the threshold |
|
d. |
decreasing the threshold; increasing
the threshold |
ANS: A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
2 TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
MSC: www
20.
What causes an EPSP?
|
a. |
the deactivation of cytoplasmic enzymes |
|
b. |
the opening of sodium channels |
|
c. |
the opening of potassium channels |
|
d. |
inherited paranormal psychic abilities |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
21.
Like an action potential, an EPSP results from:
|
a. |
sodium ions entering the cell. |
|
b. |
potassium ions entering the cell. |
|
c. |
sodium ions exiting the cell. |
|
d. |
potassium ions exiting the cell. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
22.
Which of the following would produce spatial summation?
|
a. |
Present two or more weak stimuli at the
same time. |
|
b. |
Start action potentials at both ends of
one axon at the same time. |
|
c. |
Do not allow a flexor muscle to relax
before stimulating it again. |
|
d. |
Present a rapid sequence of weak
stimuli. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
MSC: www
23.
Spatial summation refers to:
|
a. |
multiple weak stimulations that occur
in rapid succession. |
|
b. |
a decrease in responsiveness after
repeated stimulation. |
|
c. |
multiple weak stimulations that occur
at the same time. |
|
d. |
an increase in the strength of action potentials
after repeated stimulation. |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
24.
What is the primary difference between temporal summation and
spatial summation?
|
a. |
Only spatial summation can produce an
action potential. |
|
b. |
Spatial summation depends on
contributions from more than one sensory neuron. |
|
c. |
Temporal summation produces a hyperpolarization
instead of a depolarization. |
|
d. |
Spatial summation alters the response
of more than one postsynaptic cell. |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF: conceptual REF: The
Properties of Synapses OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
25.
Simultaneous weak stimuli at different locations produce a
greater reflexive response than one of the stimuli by itself. What is this
phenomenon called?
|
a. |
Sherrington’s law |
|
b. |
temporal summation |
|
c. |
spatial summation |
|
d. |
the all-or-none law |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
26.
What do temporal summation and spatial summation have in common?
|
a. |
Both involve the activity of only two
neurons. |
|
b. |
Both require a response from the brain. |
|
c. |
Both depend on a combination of visual
and auditory stimuli. |
|
d. |
Both enable a reflex to occur in
response to weak stimuli. |
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF: conceptual REF: The
Properties of Synapses OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
27.
Temporal summation is to ____ as spatial summation is to ____.
|
a. |
time, location |
|
b. |
EPSP, IPSP |
|
c. |
location, time |
|
d. |
depolarization, hyperpolarization |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF: conceptual REF: The Properties
of Synapses OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
KEY: www
28.
Which of the following patterns of post-synaptic excitation will
most likely result in an action potential?
|
a. |
rapid sequence of EPSPs |
|
b. |
rapid sequence of IPSPs |
|
c. |
large number of simultaneous IPSPs |
|
d. |
large number of simultaneous IPSPs and
EPSPs |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF: conceptual REF: The
Properties of Synapses OBJ:
2 TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
29.
When a vertebrate animal contracts the flexor muscles of a leg,
it relaxes the extensor muscles of the same leg. Sherrington considered this
evidence for the existence of:
|
a. |
spatial summation. |
|
b. |
temporal summation. |
|
c. |
inhibitory messages. |
|
d. |
the delay in transmission at synapses. |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
30.
What ordinarily prevents extensor muscles from contracting at
the same time as flexor muscles?
|
a. |
the ligaments and tendons that bind
them together |
|
b. |
learned patterns of coordination in the
cerebral cortex |
|
c. |
inhibitory synapses in the spinal cord |
|
d. |
control of both muscles by different
branches of the same axon. |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
31.
In a reflex arc, the coordination between contraction of certain
muscles and relaxation of others is mediated by:
|
a. |
glial cells. |
|
b. |
motor neurons. |
|
c. |
sensory neurons. |
|
d. |
interneurons. |
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
32.
A normal, healthy animal never contracts the flexor muscles and
the extensor muscles of the same leg at the same time. Why not?
|
a. |
When the interneuron sends excitatory
messages to one, inhibitory messages go to the other. |
|
b. |
They are mechanically connected in a
way that makes it impossible for both to contract at the same time. |
|
c. |
Such coordination is learned through
prenatal movement. |
|
d. |
Both muscles are controlled by branches
of the same axon. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF: conceptual REF: The
Properties of Synapses OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
33.
Inhibitory synapses on a neuron:
|
a. |
hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell. |
|
b. |
weaken the cell’s polarization. |
|
c. |
increase the probability of an action
potential. |
|
d. |
move the potential closer to the cell’s
threshold. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
34.
A temporary hyperpolarization is known as an:
|
a. |
EPSP. |
|
b. |
IPSP. |
|
c. |
ISPS. |
|
d. |
EPIP. |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual R
REF: The Properties
of Synapses OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
KEY: NEW
35.
Which of the following would most likely result in an IPSP?
|
a. |
potassium ions entering the cell |
|
b. |
sodium ions entering the cell |
|
c. |
chloride ions entering the cell |
|
d. |
chloride ions leaving the cell |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF: conceptual REF: The
Properties of Synapses OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
36.
Increased permeability to which of the following ions would most
likely result in an IPSP?
|
a. |
sodium |
|
b. |
potassium |
|
c. |
calcium |
|
d. |
bicarbonate |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
37.
An IPSP represents:
|
a. |
the location where a dendrite branches. |
|
b. |
a gap in a myelin sheath. |
|
c. |
a subthreshold depolarization. |
|
d. |
a temporary hyperpolarization. |
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
38.
Increased permeability to ____ would most likely result in an
IPSP.
|
a. |
sodium |
|
b. |
potassium |
|
c. |
calcium |
|
d. |
bicarbonate |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
39.
An EPSP is to ____ as an IPSP is to ____.
|
a. |
hyperpolarization; depolarization |
|
b. |
depolarization; hyperpolarization |
|
c. |
spatial summation; temporal summation |
|
d. |
temporal summation; spatial summation |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
40.
Which of the following is NOT a factor in determining whether or
not two EPSPs combine to reach threshold?
|
a. |
size of the EPSPs |
|
b. |
timing between them |
|
c. |
threshold of the postsynaptic cell |
|
d. |
threshold of the presynaptic cell |
ANS:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
41.
Even at rest, most neurons have periodic production of action
potentials, known as the:
|
a. |
spontaneous firing rate. |
|
b. |
excitatory firing rate. |
|
c. |
all-or-none law. |
|
d. |
Dale’s principle. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
42.
The “decision” for a neuron to fire is determined by the:
|
a. |
number of EPSPs only. |
|
b. |
spontaneous firing rate. |
|
c. |
number of IPSPs only. |
|
d. |
ratio of EPSPs to IPSPs. |
ANS: D
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
2 TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
43.
The “spontaneous firing rate” of a neuron refers to:
|
a. |
its resting potential. |
|
b. |
its rate of energy consumption. |
|
c. |
its rate of producing action potentials
even when it is not stimulated. |
|
d. |
the velocity of its action potentials
under normal conditions. |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 2
TOP:
3.1 The Concept of the Synapse
44.
Which of the following is TRUE about the spontaneous firing
rates of neurons?
|
a. |
EPSPs increase the frequency. |
|
b. |
EPSPs decrease the frequency. |
|
c. |
IPSPs increase the frequency. |
|
d. |
One EPSP equals the effect of two
IPSPs. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ:
3
TOP:
3.1 Synapses
45.
What determines whether a neuron has an action potential?
|
a. |
only the number of EPSPs impinging on
an axon |
|
b. |
only the number of IPSPs impinging on
the dendrites |
|
c. |
the combined effects of EPSPs and IPSPs |
|
d. |
summation effects of IPSPs |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Properties of Synapses
OBJ: 3
TOP:
3.1 Synapses
46.
Which one of Sherrington’s inferences about the synapse was
WRONG?
|
a. |
Transmission at a synapse is slower
than transmission of impulses along an axon. |
|
b. |
Transmission at the synapse is
primarily an electrical process. |
|
c. |
Synapses can be either excitatory or inhibitory. |
|
d. |
Synapses make spatial summation and
temporal summation possible. |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Discovery of Chemical Transmission at
Synapses
OBJ: 1
TOP: 3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
47.
What was the first evidence reported by T. R. Elliott suggesting
that synapses operate chemically?
|
a. |
Adrenaline mimics the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system. |
|
b. |
Adrenaline decreases heart rate. |
|
c. |
Adrenaline produces a hormone which
decreases heart rate. |
|
d. |
Adrenaline mimics the effects of the
sympathetic nervous system. |
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF: factual
REF: The Discovery of Chemical Transmission at
Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP: 3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
48.
Loewi demonstrated that synapses operate by the release of
chemicals. He did this by:
|
a. |
applying adrenaline directly to the
heart muscle. |
|
b. |
collecting fluid from a stimulated
frog’s heart, transferring it to another frog’s heart, and measuring that
heart rate. |
|
c. |
measuring the speed of a dog’s reflexes
while the dog was under the influence of various drugs. |
|
d. |
applying an extract of marijuana in eye
drops and discovering that it dilated the pupils. |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Discovery of Chemical Transmission at
Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP: 3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
49.
The research that firmly established synaptic communication as
chemical was:
|
a. |
Elliot’s adrenaline mimicking
sympathetic activation. |
|
b. |
Loewi’s transfer of fluid from
stimulated frog hearts. |
|
c. |
Sherrington’s study of reflexes. |
|
d. |
Eccles’s measurement of IPSPs. |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Discovery of Chemical Transmission at Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP: 3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
50.
After one frog’s heart has been stimulated, an extract of fluid
from that heart can make a second frog’s heart beat faster. What conclusion did
Otto Loewi draw from these results?
|
a. |
Transmission at synapses is a chemical
event. |
|
b. |
The sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems are antagonistic. |
|
c. |
Transmission at heart muscle synapses
is electrical. |
|
d. |
Hormones facilitate the actions of the nervous
system. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Discovery of Chemical Transmission at
Synapses
OBJ:
1
TOP: 3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
51.
The correct sequence of chemical events at a synapse is:
|
a. |
reuptake, release, transport, synthesis |
|
b. |
synthesis, transport, release, reuptake |
|
c. |
transport, release, reuptake, synthesis |
|
d. |
recycle, reuse, release, return |
ANS: B
PTS:
1
DIF: conceptual REF: The
Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
53.
____ are a category of chemicals including adenosine and several
of its derivatives.
|
a. |
Neuropeptides |
|
b. |
Acetylcholine |
|
c. |
Monoamines |
|
d. |
Purines |
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse
OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
54.
What is the most unusual thing about the neurotransmitter nitric
oxide (NO)?
|
a. |
It is found only in sensory neurons. |
|
b. |
It is both excitatory and inhibitory. |
|
c. |
It is normally a poisonous gas. |
|
d. |
It is also known as “laughing gas.” |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
55.
Nitric oxide’s value is that it:
|
a. |
increases blood flow to certain areas
of the brain. |
|
b. |
restricts blood flow to certain areas
of the brain. |
|
c. |
increases growth of microglia. |
|
d. |
decreases growth of microglia. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
56.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is released by active
neurons to dilate the blood vessels and increase blood flow?
|
a. |
endorphins |
|
b. |
glycine |
|
c. |
nitric oxide |
|
d. |
acetylcholine |
ANS: C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
MSC: www
57.
In addition to influencing other neurons, ____ dilates the
nearby blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow to that area of the brain.
|
a. |
endorphins |
|
b. |
glycine |
|
c. |
nitric oxide |
|
d. |
acetylcholine |
ANS:
C
PTS: 1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
58.
What provides the building blocks for synthesizing all neurotransmitters?
|
a. |
substances found in the diet |
|
b. |
breakdown products of DNA |
|
c. |
breakdown products formed from other
transmitters |
|
d. |
methane and ethanol |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF: conceptual REF: Chemical
Events at the Synapse
OBJ:
3
TOP:
3.2 Synapses
59.
The basic building blocks for the majority of neurotransmitters
are:
|
a. |
amino acids. |
|
b. |
nitric oxide. |
|
c. |
sugars. |
|
d. |
carbohydrates. |
ANS: A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
60.
All of the following are catecholamines EXCEPT:
|
a. |
dopamine. |
|
b. |
serotonin. |
|
c. |
norepinephrine. |
|
d. |
epinephrine. |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
61.
Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine?
|
a. |
Dopamine |
|
b. |
Epinephrine |
|
c. |
Norepinephrine |
|
d. |
Serotonin |
ANS:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
62.
The catecholamines include:
|
a. |
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine,
and serotonin. |
|
b. |
epinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. |
|
c. |
dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. |
|
d. |
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and
dopamine. |
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF: factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
2
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the
Synapse
MSC: www
63.
A new drug is discovered that affects the activity of enzymes.
Which of the following stages of synaptic transmission is most likely to be
affected?
|
a. |
Synthesis |
|
b. |
Diffusion |
|
c. |
action potential |
|
d. |
Release |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF: conceptual REF: The Sequence
of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
3 TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
64.
What makes nitric oxide unique among neurotransmitters?
|
a. |
It is released before the action
potential occurs. |
|
b. |
It is taken back up into the
presynaptic neuron. |
|
c. |
It is a gas. |
|
d. |
It is composed of amino acids. |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
3
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
MSC: www
65.
What do dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine share in
common?
|
a. |
They all affect the same receptors. |
|
b. |
They are all synthesized from the same amino
acids. |
|
c. |
They are all released by the same
neurons. |
|
d. |
They all are gases. |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
3
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
66.
Avoiding foods with lecithin, such as eggs and peanuts, would
affect which neurotransmitter level the most?
|
a. |
acetylcholine |
|
b. |
serotonin |
|
c. |
GABA |
|
d. |
endorphin |
ANS: A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
3
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
67.
The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor to which
neurotransmitter?
|
a. |
dopamine |
|
b. |
endorphin |
|
c. |
serotonin |
|
d. |
nitric oxide |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse
OBJ:
3
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the
Synapse
KEY: NEW
68.
After a meal that was rich in the amino acid tryptophan, which
neurotransmitter level would be increased the most?
|
a. |
dopamine |
|
b. |
endorphin |
|
c. |
serotonin |
|
d. |
nitric oxide |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
3 TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
69.
If you eat a food containing tryptophan, what can you consume
with it to increase its entry to the brain?
|
a. |
phenylalanine |
|
b. |
carbohydrates |
|
c. |
fats |
|
d. |
thiamine |
ANS: B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
3
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
MSC: www
70.
Dopamine and norepinephrine are classified as:
|
a. |
second messengers. |
|
b. |
purines. |
|
c. |
proteins. |
|
d. |
catecholamines. |
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse
OBJ:
3
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
71.
Insulin increases the entry of tryptophan into the brain by:
|
a. |
weakening the blood-brain barrier. |
|
b. |
converting tryptophan into a compound
that more easily enters the brain. |
|
c. |
increasing metabolic activity only in
those areas of the brain that use tryptophan. |
|
d. |
causing certain competing amino acids
to enter other cells, outside the brain. |
ANS:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
3
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
72.
Acetylcholine is synthesized in the:
|
a. |
postsynaptic terminal. |
|
b. |
presynaptic terminal. |
|
c. |
cell body. |
|
d. |
dendrites. |
ANS:
B
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
3 TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
73.
The presynaptic terminal stores high concentrations of
neurotransmitter molecules in:
|
a. |
axons |
|
b. |
vesicles |
|
c. |
peptides |
|
d. |
dendrites |
ANS:
B
PTS: 1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
74.
Large neurotransmitters are synthesized in the:
|
a. |
postsynaptic terminal. |
|
b. |
presynaptic terminal. |
|
c. |
cell body. |
|
d. |
dendrites. |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
75.
Although slower than an action potential, synaptic transmission
is still relatively fast because:
|
a. |
the synaptic cleft is very narrow. |
|
b. |
sodium ions are transported quickly. |
|
c. |
neurotransmitters diffuse faster than
electricity. |
|
d. |
EPSPs travel faster than IPSPs. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
76.
Vesicles are located:
|
a. |
in postsynaptic terminals. |
|
b. |
in dendrites. |
|
c. |
in presynaptic terminals. |
|
d. |
outside of the neuron in the extracellular
fluid. |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
78.
The tiny packets that contain neurotransmitters in the
presynaptic neuron are called:
|
a. |
vesicles. |
|
b. |
bags. |
|
c. |
sacs. |
|
d. |
terminals. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4 TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
79.
High concentrations of all neurotransmitters, except for NO, are
stored in the:
|
a. |
presynaptic terminals. |
|
b. |
postsynaptic terminals. |
|
c. |
axon. |
|
d. |
cell body. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
80.
When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes
the release of neurotransmitters by opening ____ channels in the axon terminal.
|
a. |
chloride |
|
b. |
bicarbonate |
|
c. |
calcium |
|
d. |
oxygen |
ANS: C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
81.
When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, the
depolarization causes what ionic movement in the presynaptic cell?
|
a. |
sodium out of the cell |
|
b. |
lithium out of the cell |
|
c. |
iron into the cell |
|
d. |
calcium into the cell |
ANS:
D
PTS: 1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
82.
An action potential causes the release of neurotransmitters by:
|
a. |
blocking potassium pores in the
membrane. |
|
b. |
opening chloride pores in the membrane. |
|
c. |
blocking iron pores in the membrane. |
|
d. |
opening calcium pores in the membrane. |
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF: factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP: 3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
83.
The release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal is
most dependent on the influx of what ion?
|
a. |
sodium |
|
b. |
potassium |
|
c. |
chloride |
|
d. |
calcium |
ANS:
D
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the
Synapse
MSC: www
84.
The neuron excretes neurotransmitter through its membrane by a
process called:
|
a. |
Dale’s principle. |
|
b. |
exocytosis. |
|
c. |
endocytosis. |
|
d. |
voltage-dependent flow. |
ANS:
B
PTS: 1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
85.
Exocytosis is the process by which neurotransmitters are:
|
a. |
excreted into the synaptic cleft. |
|
b. |
synthesized. |
|
c. |
destroyed. |
|
d. |
secreted into synaptic vesicles. |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
86.
Given a repetitive series of action potentials in a given
neuron, we can expect that:
|
a. |
each action potential will release the
same amount of neurotransmitter. |
|
b. |
later action potentials in a series
will release more neurotransmitter than the first. |
|
c. |
many action potentials will fail to
release any neurotransmitters at all. |
|
d. |
some action potentials will release one
chemical as the neurotransmitter, and others will release other chemicals. |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
87.
What is the synaptic cleft?
|
a. |
the gap between the presynaptic neuron
and the postsynaptic neuron |
|
b. |
a packet that stores neurotransmitter
molecules |
|
c. |
a subthreshold depolarization |
|
d. |
the storage location for calcium ions |
ANS:
A
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
88.
What happens when a neurotransmitter is released by a
presynaptic cell?
|
a. |
It causes calcium to rush into the
presynaptic neuron. |
|
b. |
It causes calcium to rush into the
postsynaptic neuron. |
|
c. |
The neurotransmitter passively spreads
across the synaptic cleft. |
|
d. |
The neurotransmitter is actively
transported across the synaptic cleft. |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
89.
In general, a single neuron releases ____ neurotransmitter(s)
and can respond to ____ neurotransmitter(s).
|
a. |
one; many |
|
b. |
dozens of; only one |
|
c. |
several; only one |
|
d. |
several; many |
ANS: D
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
90.
In most cases, how many neurotransmitters can activate a
postsynaptic neuron?
|
a. |
only one neurotransmitter |
|
b. |
any neurotransmitter |
|
c. |
several transmitters, with different
synapses responding to different transmitters |
|
d. |
several transmitters, which must be
received simultaneously |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
91.
The main advantage of a neuron releasing more than one
neurotransmitter is that:
|
a. |
if it runs out of one, it has others. |
|
b. |
it can release different transmitters
on different occasions. |
|
c. |
it can send more complex messages. |
|
d. |
it can release one from the axon’s
terminal and one from another location along the axon. |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
92.
What determines the effect that a neurotransmitter has on the
postsynaptic neuron?
|
a. |
the speed the action potential traveled
down the axon |
|
b. |
the number of branches of the
presynaptic axon |
|
c. |
the receptors on the postsynaptic
membrane |
|
d. |
the distance between the synapse and
the cell body |
ANS:
C
PTS:
1
DIF:
factual
REF: The Sequence of Chemical Events at a
Synapse
OBJ:
4
TOP:
3.2 Chemical Events at the Synapse
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