Biopsychology 10th Edition by John P. J. Pinel – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions

 

Chapter 4

Neural Conduction and Synaptic Transmission:

How Neurons Send and Receive Signals

 

Multiple Choice Questions

 

1.   “Reptilian stare” is sometimes used to describe the widely opened, unblinking eyes and motionless face of

 

1.   Parkinson’s disease.

2.   multiple sclerosis.

3.   old age.

4.   infancy.

5.   Alzheimer’s disease.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 78

Topic: Chapter 4 Introduction

Type: Applied

 

2.   Dopamine is not an effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease because

 

1.   dopaminergic neurons are restricted to the PNS.

2.   Parkinson’s disease is a cholinergic dysfunction.

3.   Parkinson’s disease is a noradrenergic dysfunction.

4.   d’Orta is the treatment of choice.

5.   dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier.

 

Answer: E

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 79

Topic: Chapter 4 Introduction

Type: Applied

 

 

 

3.   Parkinson’s disease is treated with

 

1.   dopamine.

2.   serotonin.

3.   acetylcholine.

4.   norepinephrine.

5.   L-dopa.

 

Answer: E

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 79

Topic: Chapter 4 Introduction

Type: Applied

 

4.   A membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between

 

1.   neuron membranes.

2.   synapses and cell bodies.

3.   the inside and outside of a cell.

4.   nuclei and tracts.

5.   ganglia and nerves.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 79

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

5.   The tips of intracellular recording electrodes are

 

1.   about the size of a neuron.

2.   too small to be seen with the naked eye.

3.   less than one thousandth of a millimeter in diameter.

4.   both B and C

5.   none of the above

 

Answer: D

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 79

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

 

 

6.   At rest,

 

1.   a neuron has a membrane potential of about –70 mV.

2.   the electrical charge outside the neuron is 70 mV less than inside the neuron.

3.   a neuron is polarized.

4.   all of the above

5.   both A and C

 

Answer: E

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 79

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

7.   In its resting state, a neuron is said to be

 

1.   polarized.

2.   depolarized.

3.   hypopolarized.

4.   hyperpolarized.

5.   firing.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 79

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

8.   Salts in solution separate into positively and negatively charged

 

1.   membrane potentials.

2.   EPSPs.

3.   IPSPs.

4.   ions.

5.   crystals.

 

Answer: D

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 79

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

 

 

9.   Outside the membranes of resting neurons, there are many more

 

1.   inhibitory neurotransmitters.

2.   neurotransmitters.

3.   Na⁺ ions.

4.   K⁺ ions.

5.   nuclei.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 79

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

10.                Na⁺ ions are encouraged to move into neurons by

 

1.   nonrandom assignment.

2.   electrostatic pressure.

3.   the sodium-potassium pump.

4.   selective ion channels.

5.   nonrandom movement.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 79

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

Rationale: Remember that sodium-potassium pumps move Na⁺ ions out of resting neurons.

 

11.                Which of the following is a passive force that acts to encourage Na⁺ ions to enter resting neurons?

 

1.   random motion, which tends to move ions down their concentration gradients

2.   electrostatic pressure, which forces ions down their electrostatic gradients

3.   sodium-potassium pumps, which distribute Na⁺ and K⁺ ions equally

4.   both A and B

5.   both A and C

 

Answer: D

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 79

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

Rationale: Remember that sodium-potassium pumps transport sodium ions out of resting neurons.

 

12.                Ions pass through the neural membrane via specialized pores called

 

1.   gap junctions.

2.   PSPs.

3.   ion channels.

4.   vesicles.

5.   connexons.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 79

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

13.                Na⁺ ions are continuously forced into neurons by

 

1.   their high internal concentration.

2.   their high external concentration.

3.   the negative resting potential.

4.   both B and C

5.   none of the above

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 80

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

14.                Sodium-potassium pumps maintain the resting membrane potential by transporting

 

1.   Na⁺ ions into neurons.

2.   K⁺ ions into neurons.

3.   Na⁺ ions out of neurons.

4.   both A and B

5.   both B and C

 

Answer: E

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 80

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

 

 

15.                According to the theory of Hodgkin and Huxley,

 

1.   Na⁺ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron.

2.   Na⁺ ions are continuously pumped into a resting neuron.

3.   K⁺ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron.

4.   K⁺ ions are continuously pumped out of a resting neuron.

5.   both A and B

 

Answer: C

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 80

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

16.                Contributing to the unequal distribution of ions on either side of a resting neural membrane

 

1.   is random ion movement.

2.   are electrostatic gradients.

3.   are sodium-potassium pumps.

4.   both A and B

5.   both B and C

 

Answer: C

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 80

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

17.                Sodium-potassium pumps are

 

1.   integrators.

2.   refractory.

3.   transporters.

4.   excitatory.

5.   inhibitory.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 80

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

 

 

18.                EPSPs are

 

1.   graded responses.

2.   postsynaptic responses.

3.   transmitted decrementally.

4.   depolarizations.

5.   all of the above

 

Answer: E

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 80

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

 

19.                A change in the resting potential of a postsynaptic dendrite from –70 mV to –72 mV is called

 

1.   an IPSP.

2.   an EPSP.

3.   a depolarization.

4.   both A and C

5.   both B and C

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 80

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

 

20.                Hyperpolarization is to depolarization as

 

1.   inhibitory is to excitatory.

2.   IPSPs are to EPSPs.

3.   APs are to IPSPs.

4.   APs are to EPSPs.

5.   many APs are to few APs.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 80

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

 

 

 

21.                IPSP is to EPSP as

 

1.   graded is to nongraded.

2.   excitatory is to inhibitory.

3.   cable properties are to noncable properties.

4.   presynaptic is to postsynaptic.

5.   hyperpolarization is to depolarization.

 

Answer: E

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 80

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

 

22.                The transmission of postsynaptic potentials is

 

1.   active.

2.   decremental.

3.   extremely rapid.

4.   all of the above

5.   both B and C

 

Answer: E

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 81

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

 

23.                How far do most postsynaptic potentials travel before they die out?

 

1.   to the axon hillock

2.   to the terminal buttons

3.   no more than a couple of millimeters

4.   about 50 millimeters

5.   both B and D

 

Answer: C

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 81

Topic: Neuron’s Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

 

 

24.                Which of the following are membrane potentials?

 

1.   EPSPs

2.   IPSPs

3.   APs

4.   all of the above

5.   both A and B

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 81

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

 

25.                Action potentials originate at the

 

1.   terminal buttons.

2.   synapses.

3.   axon initial segment, adjacent to the axon hillock.

4.   nodes of Ranvier.

5.   nucleus.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 81

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

 

26.                A neuron normally fires when

 

1.   its sodium-potassium pumps are stimulated.

2.   there is an EPSP.

3.   there is an IPSP.

4.   the degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation.

5.   its buttons are stimulated.

 

Answer: D

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 81

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

 

 

 

27.                APs are said to be all-or-none: This means that all APs

 

1.   are the same.

2.   in a particular neuron are the same.

3.   quickly or not at all.

4.   all of the above

5.   both A and C

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 81

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

 

28.                Another word for “integration” is

 

1.   “firing.”

2.   “all-or-none.”

3.   “summation.”

4.   “release.”

5.   “activation.”

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 81

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

 

29.                There are three kinds of spatial summation and

 

1.   one kind of temporal summation.

2.   two kinds of temporal summation.

3.   three kinds of temporal summation.

4.   four kinds of temporal summation.

5.   no such thing as temporal summation.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 81–82

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

Rationale: This is not explicitly stated in the text; students must deduce the correct answer.

 

 

 

30.                Action potentials are produced by the

 

1.   opening of voltage-activated sodium channels.

2.   closing of ligand-activated chloride channels.

3.   closing of ligand-activated potassium channels.

4.   opening of ligand-activated potassium channels.

5.   closing of voltage-activated calcium channels.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 84

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

31.                During an action potential, the change in membrane potential associated with the influx of sodium ions triggers the

 

1.   opening of sodium channels.

2.   closing of chloride channels.

3.   opening of chloride channels.

4.   closing of potassium channels.

5.   opening of potassium channels.

 

Answer: E

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 84

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

32.                The end of the rising phase of an action potential occurs when the

 

1.   sodium channels close.

2.   sodium channels open.

3.   potassium channels open.

4.   potassium channels close.

5.   both A and D

 

Answer: A

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 84

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

 

 

33.                After a neuron fires, the resting potential is re-established by the

 

1.   sodium-potassium pump.

2.   random movement of ions.

3.   refractory period.

4.   electrostatic gradient.

5.   EPSPs.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 85

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

Rationale: The text emphasizes that A is not the correct answer.

 

34.                The brief period of time immediately after the initiation of an action potential, when it is absolutely impossible to initiate another one in the same neuron, is called the

 

1.   threshold of excitation.

2.   threshold of inhibition.

3.   absolute refractory period.

4.   IPSP.

5.   relative refractory period.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 85

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

35.                The wave of absolute refractoriness that follows an action potential

 

1.   keeps the action potential from spreading actively back along an axon towards the cell body.

2.   increases the firing rate.

3.   increases the speed of axonal transmission.

4.   produces a second, negative action potential.

5.   produces saltatory conduction.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 85

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

 

 

36.                Neurons do not normally fire more than 1,000 times per second because

 

1.   the absolute refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond.

2.   the relative refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond.

3.   the total refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond.

4.   the sodium-potassium pump cannot repolarize the cell in less than 1 millisecond.

5.   higher rates over excite the neuron.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 85

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

37.                The fact that the intensity of stimulation is related to the rate of neural firing is attributable to the

 

1.   absolute refractory period.

2.   relative refractory period.

3.   voltage gating in the buttons of the neuron.

4.   sodium-potassium pump.

5.   ligand gating in the buttons of the neuron.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 85

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

38.                Conduction of action potentials along an axon is

 

1.   instantaneous.

2.   decremental.

3.   nondecremental.

4.   entirely passive.

5.   always saltatory.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 85

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

 

 

39.                Active conduction is to passive conduction as

 

1.   IPSPs are to APs.

2.   EPSPs are to IPSPs.

3.   APs are to EPSPs.

4.   EPSPs are to APs.

5.   excitation is to inhibition.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 85

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

40.                The conduction of an action potential along any axon is mediated by the action of

 

1.   nodes of Ranvier.

2.   voltage-activated ion channels.

3.   ligand-activated ion channels.

4.   myelin.

5.   EPSPs.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 85

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

41.                Conduction of APs from the axon into the cell body and dendrites of a multipolar neuron is

 

1.   extremely rare.

2.   antidromic.

3.   orthodromic.

4.   both A and B

5.   both A and C

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 86

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

 

 

42.                Action potentials can be conducted

 

1.   actively.

2.   passively.

3.   orthodromically.

4.   antidromically.

5.   all of the above

 

Answer: E

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 86

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

43.                Conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons

 

1.   is faster than in unmyelinated axons.

2.   is slower than in unmyelinated axons.

3.   is possible in only an antidromic direction.

4.   requires more energy than in unmyelinated axons.

5.   is always inhibitory.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 86

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

44.                In large myelinated human motor neurons, impulses travel at about

 

1.   the speed of light.

2.   186,000 miles per second.

3.   1 meter per second.

4.   60 meters per second.

5.   100 meters per second.

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 87

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

 

 

45.                With respect to the maximum speed of axonal conduction in motor neurons, cats are to humans as

 

1.   50 is to 100 meters per second.

2.   80 is to 100 meters per second.

3.   25 is to 100 meters per second.

4.   82 is to 100 meters per second.

5.   100 is to 60 meters per second.

 

Answer: E

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 87

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

46.                Neurons without axons do not

 

1.   generate action potentials.

2.   exist.

3.   exist in mammals.

4.   exist in humans.

5.   produce inhibition.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 87

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

47.                In neurons without axons, conduction occurs entirely in the form of

 

1.   passive, decrementally conducted potentials.

2.   action potentials.

3.   all-or-none potentials.

4.   saltatory conduction.

5.   excitation.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 87

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

 

 

48.                Axodendritic synapses

 

1.   are rare.

2.   often terminate on the axon hillock.

3.   always terminate on dendrites.

4.   sometimes terminate on cell bodies.

5.   A and C

 

Answer: C

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 88

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

Rationale: By definition, C is correct.

 

49.                Prevalent in the cytoplasm of most terminal buttons are

 

1.   nuclei.

2.   mitochondria.

3.   synaptic vesicles.

4.   all of the above

5.   both B and C

 

Answer: E

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 88

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

50.                Nondirected synapses

 

1.   involve the release of neurotransmitter molecules diffusely into the extracellular fluid.

2.   include string-of-beads synapses.

3.   involve the movement of neurotransmitter molecules across gap junctions.

4.   both A and B

5.   both B and C

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 88

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

 

 

51.                Both presynaptic facilitation and inhibition are mediated by

 

1.   axoaxonic synapses.

2.   axodendritic synapses.

3.   dendrodendritic synapses.

4.   axosomatic synapses.

5.   both A and D

 

Answer: A

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 88

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

52.                Neurotransmitters are often stored in

 

1.   aluminum foil.

2.   ribosomes.

3.   synaptic vesicles.

4.   nodes of Ranvier.

5.   the synaptic cleft.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 89

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

53.                Neurotransmitter molecules are often packaged in vesicles by

 

1.   Golgi complexes.

2.   ribosomes.

3.   buttons.

4.   peptides.

5.   microtubules.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 89

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

 

 

54.                Neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body on

 

1.   ribosomes.

2.   the Golgi complex.

3.   vesicles.

4.   mitochondria.

5.   microtubules.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 89

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

55.                Peptide neurotransmitters (i.e., neuropeptides) are synthesized in the cell body and

 

1.   stored in the Golgi complex until they are broken down.

2.   released by the Golgi complex into the synapse.

3.   transported in vesicles along microtubules to the buttons.

4.   stored in ribosomes with small-molecule neurotransmitters.

5.   transported along the axons to the nodes of Ranvier.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 89

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

56.                Vesicles travel from the cell body to the buttons

 

1.   on action potentials.

2.   along microtubules.

3.   at a rate of about 40 centimeters per second.

4.   at a rate of about 40 centimeters per day.

5.   both B and D

 

Answer: E

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 89

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

 

 

57.                Neuropeptides are transported in vesicles from the cell body to the buttons at a speed of about

 

1.   100 meters per minute.

2.   40 centimeters per day.

3.   60 meters per second.

4.   40 meters per minute.

5.   20 meters per second.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 89

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

Rationale: To answer this question correctly, students require only a general idea of the speed because all the incorrect options are grossly incorrect.

 

58.                Many buttons contain two sizes of vesicles; the larger ones typically contain

 

1.   small-molecule neurotransmitters.

2.   neuropeptides.

3.   acetylcholine.

4.   dopamine.

5.   glutamate.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 89

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

59.                Many neurons contain and release two neurotransmitters. This situation is called

 

1.   covalence.

2.   ionotropism.

3.   cohabitation.

4.   metabotropism.

5.   coexistence.

 

Answer: E

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 89

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

 

 

60.                The process of neurotransmitter release is referred to as

 

1.   excitation.

2.   exocytosis.

3.   synthesis.

4.   metabolism.

5.   expulsion.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 90

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

61.                The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by

 

1.   an efflux of sodium ions.

2.   an influx of calcium ions.

3.   the sodium-potassium pump.

4.   the arrival of an AP at the axon hillock.

5.   the release of calcium ions from the buttons.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 90

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

62.                Once released, neurotransmitter molecules typically produce signals in postsynaptic neurons by

 

1.   binding to presynaptic receptors.

2.   binding to postsynaptic receptors.

3.   entering postsynaptic neurons.

4.   binding directly to calcium ions.

5.   attaching to vesicles.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 90

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

 

 

63.                A ligand of acetylcholine is a substance that

 

1.   binds to acetylcholine.

2.   stimulates acetylcholine’s synthesis.

3.   facilitates acetylcholine’s release.

4.   degrades acetylcholine.

5.   inhibits acetylcholine.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 91

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

64.                Ionotropic receptors are linked to

 

1.   ribosomes.

2.   neurotransmitters.

3.   ligand-activated ion channels.

4.   vesicles.

5.   G proteins.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 91

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

65.                Metabotropic receptors are linked to

 

1.   ligand-activated ion channels.

2.   signal proteins and G proteins.

3.   ionotropic receptors.

4.   vesicles.

5.   receptor subtypes.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 91

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

 

 

66.                When a small-molecule neurotransmitter molecule binds to an ionotropic receptor, the

 

1.   cell fires.

2.   cell stops firing.

3.   ligand is deactivated.

4.   associated ion channel opens or closes.

5.   EPSP gradually increases.

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 91

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

Rationale: Only D is always true.

 

67.                In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors

 

1.   are more prevalent.

2.   produce longer lasting effects.

3.   produce effects that are more diffuse.

4.   produce effects that take longer to develop.

5.   all of the above

 

Answer: E

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 91

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

68.                In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors generally produce

 

1.   their effects more rapidly.

2.   longer lasting effects.

3.   more localized effects.

4.   all of the above

5.   both A and C

 

Answer: B

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 91

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

 

 

69.                In comparison to metabotropic receptors, ionotropic receptors produce effects that

 

1.   are less diffuse.

2.   develop more rapidly.

3.   are more enduring.

4.   all of the above

5.   both A and B

 

Answer: E

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 91

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

70.                Second messengers can

 

1.   be synthesized in response to activation of metabotropic receptors.

2.   influence metabolic activities of the cell.

3.   induce IPSPs or EPSPs.

4.   bind to DNA to influence protein synthesis.

5.   all of the above

 

Answer: E

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 91

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

71.                Second messengers are formed in the

 

1.   presynaptic neuron.

2.   postsynaptic neuron.

3.   synaptic cleft.

4.   vesicles.

5.   mitochondria.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 91

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

 

 

72.                Autoreceptors are commonly found in

 

1.   somas.

2.   postsynaptic membranes.

3.   presynaptic membranes.

4.   synaptic vesicles.

5.   ribosomes.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 92

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

73.                Autoreceptors of a neuron are sensitive to the neuron’s own

 

1.   EPSPs.

2.   neurotransmitter.

3.   IPSPs.

4.   second messengers.

5.   APs.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 92

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

74.                Which of the following are thought to play a role in reducing excessive neurotransmitter release?

 

1.   dendritic receptors

2.   autoreceptors

3.   dendritic spines

4.   postsynaptic receptors

5.   somatic receptors

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 92

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

 

 

75.                Which of the following is currently thought to be a valid general principle of synaptic transmission?

 

1.   Each neuron releases only one neurotransmitter.

2.   Each neurotransmitter acts on only one receptor subtype.

3.   All receptors are in postsynaptic membranes.

4.   All neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft.

5.   none of the above

 

Answer: E

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 90–92

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Conceptual

Rationale: None of these principles, which were once widely believed, are consistent with the existing evidence. Students must identify two of them as wrong to deduce that E is the correct answer.

 

76.                After release, most neurotransmitters are deactivated by

 

1.   reuptake.

2.   synaptic enzymes.

3.   the postsynaptic receptors.

4.   deactivating enzymes.

5.   ribosomes.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 92

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

77.                After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by

 

1.   reuptake.

2.   enzymatic degradation.

3.   G proteins.

4.   all of the above

5.   both A or B

 

Answer: E

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 92

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

78.                There is only one neurotransmitter that is known to be deactivated in the synaptic cleft by enzymatic degradation; this neurotransmitter is

 

1.   dopamine.

2.   acetylcholine.

3.   acetylcholinesterase.

4.   norepinephrine.

5.   glutamate.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 92

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

79.                The one enzyme whose function is to deactivate a specific neurotransmitter once it has been released into the synapse is

 

1.   dopamine.

2.   L-dopa.

3.   acetylcholine.

4.   acetylcholinesterase.

5.   a G protein.

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 92

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

80.                Neurons recycle

 

1.   neurotransmitter molecules that have been drawn back into the terminal buttons after being released.

2.   the breakdown products of neurotransmitter molecules that have been degraded in the synapse by enzymes.

3.   vesicles that have been integrated into the button membrane during exocytosis.

4.   all of the above

5.   none of the above

 

Answer: D

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 92

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

81.                Glial cells have been shown to

 

1.   release chemical transmitters.

2.   contain receptors for neurotransmitters.

3.   conduct signals.

4.   influence synaptic transmission.

5.   all of the above

 

Answer: E

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 93

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

82.                Technological developments led to the discovery of __________ throughout the mammalian brain; they seem to link the activities of inhibitory interneurons of the same type.

 

1.   neuropeptides

2.   gap junctions

3.   multipolar neurons

4.   chemical synapses

5.   G-proteins

 

Answer: B

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 93

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

 

 

83.                Illustrated here is

 

 

1.   an axon hillock.

2.   a synapse.

3.   a gap junction.

4.   a dendritic spine.

5.   none of the above

 

Answer: C

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 93

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

84.                Which of the following are considered to be small-molecule neurotransmitters?

 

1.   neuropeptide transmitters

2.   monoamine neurotransmitters

3.   amino acid neurotransmitters

4.   both A and B

5.   both B and C

 

Answer: E

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

 

 

85.                Which is considered to be the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?

 

1.   glycine

2.   GABA

3.   glutamate

4.   serotonin

5.   dopamine

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

86.                Which is considered to be the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?

 

1.   GABA

2.   glutamate

3.   dopamine

4.   acetylcholine

5.   none of the above

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

87.                Which of the following is NOT an amino acid neurotransmitter?

 

1.   aspartate

2.   glutamate

3.   glycine

4.   indolamine

5.   GABA

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

 

 

88.                Glycine, aspartate, and glutamate are

 

1.   amino acid neurotransmitters.

2.   small-molecule neurotransmitters.

3.   transmitters at fast-acting, directed synapses.

4.   building blocks of proteins.

5.   all of the above

 

Answer: E

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

89.                Monoamines are divided into two groups:

 

1.   amino acids and peptides.

2.   peptides and proteins.

3.   catecholamines and indolamines.

4.   peptides and polypeptides.

5.   catecholamines and dopamine.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

90.                Which neurotransmitters are often released from string-of-beads axons?

 

1.   monoamines

2.   amino acids

3.   glutamate and GABA

4.   soluble gases

5.   peptides

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

 

 

91.                Which of the following is NOT a monoamine?

 

1.   acetylcholine

2.   dopamine

3.   epinephrine

4.   serotonin

5.   norepinephrine

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

92.                Which of the following are synthesized from tyrosine?

 

1.   monoamines

2.   indolamines

3.   catecholamines

4.   amino acids

5.   both A and B

 

Answer: C

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

93.                In the presence of the appropriate enzyme, dopamine is converted to

 

1.   L-dopa.

2.   tyrosine.

3.   norepinephrine.

4.   epinephrine.

5.   serotonin.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

 

 

94.                Which of the following is NOT found in neurons that release norepinephrine?

 

1.   dopamine

2.   L-dopa

3.   norepinephrine

4.   epinephrine

5.   tyrosine

 

Answer: D

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

Rationale: This answer is not explicitly stated in the text, the answer must be deduced from the information provided.

 

95.                Which of the following is synthesized directly from tyrosine?

 

1.   dopamine

2.   epinephrine

3.   L-dopa

4.   serotonin

5.   GABA

 

Answer: C

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

96.                The abbreviation 5-HT stands for

 

1.   serotonin.

2.   dopamine.

3.   acetylcholine.

4.   both A and B

5.   none of the above

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 96

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

 

 

97.                Serotonin is synthesized from

 

1.   tyrosine.

2.   L-dopa.

3.   tryptophan.

4.   norepinephrine.

5.   epinephrine.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 96

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

98.                Adrenergic neurons release

 

1.   serotonin.

2.   norepinephrine.

3.   dopamine.

4.   acetylcholine.

5.   epinephrine.

 

Answer: E

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 96

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

99.                Acetylcholine is created by the addition of an acetyl group to

 

1.   a monoamine.

2.   a soluble gas.

3.   tryptophan.

4.   an indolamine.

5.   a choline molecule.

 

Answer: E

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 96

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

 

 

100.             Acetylcholine is

 

1.   a large-molecule neurotransmitter.

2.   synthesized by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule.

3.   an indolamine.

4.   all of the above

5.   both B and C

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 96

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

101.             Nitric oxide

 

1.   is a soluble gas neurotransmitter.

2.   is considered to be an unconventional neurotransmitter.

3.   participates in retrograde synaptic transmission.

4.   all of the above

5.   both A and B

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 96

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

102.             Soluble-gas neurotransmitters

 

1.   are synthesized in the neural cytoplasm.

2.   once synthesized, immediately diffuse through the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid and into nearby cells.

3.   diffuse into target cells through their cell membranes.

4.   once in other cells, stimulate the synthesis of a second messenger and are immediately broken down.

5.   all of the above

 

Answer: E

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 96

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

 

 

103.             Which of the following is an endocannabinoid neurotransmitter?

 

1.   nitric oxide

2.   aspartate

3.   anandamide

4.   THC

5.   indolamine

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 96

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

104.             About how many neuropeptides are currently classified by most experts as neurotransmitters?

 

1.   2

2.   4

3.   9

4.   just over 100

5.   almost 3,000

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 96

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

105.             Peptide neurotransmitters are

 

1.   synthesized in the cell body.

2.   amino acid chains.

3.   large-molecule neurotransmitters.

4.   all of the above

5.   both B and C

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 94

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

 

 

106.             Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be __________ of that neurotransmitter.

 

1.   facilitators

2.   agonists

3.   antagonists

4.   autoreceptors

5.   endorphins

 

Answer: B

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 97

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

107.             With respect to neurotransmitters, which of the following is a correct sequence?

 

1.   synthesis, storage, exocytosis, reuptake

2.   reuptake, synthesis, deactivation, exocytosis

3.   deactivation, postsynaptic binding, synthesis, storage

4.   storage, deactivation, synthesis, exocytosis

5.   exocytosis, postsynaptic binding, synthesis, reuptake

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 97

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

108.             This drug is a muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist; it is an extract of the belladonna plant; and it has pupil-dilating effects:

 

1.   atropine.

2.   curare.

3.   morphine.

4.   opium.

5.   librium.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 98

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

 

 

109.             Drugs that block the reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse are usually

 

1.   agonists of that neurotransmitter.

2.   antagonists of that neurotransmitter.

3.   enzymes of that neurotransmitter.

4.   receptor blockers.

5.   ligands of that neurotransmitter.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 97

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

Rationale: The answer is in Figure 4.18.

 

110.             Which drug was extracted from the belladonna plant and used by the ancient Greeks for cosmetic purposes?

 

1.   opium

2.   diazepam

3.   d-tubocurare

4.   atropine

5.   endorphin

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 98

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Applied

 

111.             Atropine is

 

1.   an extract of opium.

2.   a cholinergic agonist.

3.   a muscarinic antagonist.

4.   a pupil constrictor.

5.   a catecholamine.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 98

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

 

 

112.             Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter’s autoreceptors without activating them are usually

 

1.   agonists.

2.   antagonists.

3.   enzymes.

4.   endorphins.

5.   amino acids.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 99

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

Rationale: The answer is in Figure 4.18.

 

113.             Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter’s receptors on the postsynaptic membrane without activating them are

 

1.   receptor blockers.

2.   agonists of the neurotransmitter.

3.   antagonists of the neurotransmitter.

4.   both A and B

5.   both A and C

 

Answer: E

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 99

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

114.             Drugs that degrade vesicles and cause the neurotransmitter molecules to leak into the cytoplasm, where they are destroyed by enzymes, are

 

1.   receptor blockers.

2.   agonists of the neurotransmitter.

3.   antagonists of the neurotransmitter.

4.   autoreceptor blockers.

5.   amino acids.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 99

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

Rationale: The answer is in Figure 4.18.

 

115.             The receptors of the neuromuscular junction are

 

1.   cholinergic.

2.   nicotinic.

3.   muscarinic.

4.   both A and B

5.   both A and C

 

Answer: D

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 99

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

116.             Which of the following is a cholinergic antagonist?

 

1.   curare

2.   Valium

3.   THC

4.   all of the above

5.   both B and C

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 99

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

117.             By binding to nicotinic cholinergic receptors, this drug produces paralysis and death:

 

1.   atropine.

2.   chlordiazepoxide.

3.   curare.

4.   morphine.

5.   belladonna.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 99

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

 

 

118.             Which of the following is a nicotinic antagonist?

 

1.   Botox

2.   curare

3.   atropine

4.   all of the above

5.   both A and B

 

Answer: E

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 99

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

119.             Botox is

 

1.   a deadly poison.

2.   used to reduce tremors.

3.   a nicotinic antagonist.

4.   all of the above

5.   none of the above

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 99

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

122.             Opioids play a role in

 

1.   analgesia.

2.   pleasure.

3.   retrograde transport.

4.   both A and B

5.   both B and C

 

Answer: D

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 99

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Applied

 

 

 

120.             Some of the morphine-like substances that occur naturally in the brain are

 

1.   endorphins.

2.   autoreceptors.

3.   exogenous.

4.   benzodiazepines.

5.   false transmitters.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 100

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

121.             Endorphins are

 

1.   neuropeptides.

2.   monoamines.

3.   cholinergic.

4.   adrenergic.

5.   serotonergic.

 

Answer: A

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 100

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

123.             Cocaine and amphetamines are

 

1.   antischizophrenic drugs.

2.   used to treat Parkinson’s disease.

3.   dopamine agonists.

4.   serotonin antagonists.

5.   dopamine antagonists.

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 100

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

 

 

124.             Cocaine and amphetamines in high doses can produce a temporary disorder that is similar to

 

1.   epilepsy.

2.   schizophrenia.

3.   Parkinson’s disease.

4.   paralysis.

5.   Huntington’s disease.

 

Answer: B

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 100

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Applied

 

125.             Many effective antischizophrenic drugs

 

1.   also are effective against Parkinson’s disease.

2.   are D2 agonists.

3.   are D2 blockers.

4.   both A and B

5.   both A and C

 

Answer: C

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 100

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Applied

 

 

Fill-in-the-Blank Questions

 

1.   In order to record a membrane potential, the tip of a __________ must be inserted inside the cell.

 

Answer: microelectrode

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 79

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

 

 

2.   Pump mechanisms in the cell membrane of neurons pump __________ ions out of the neuron to maintain the membrane potential.

 

Answer: sodium (or Na⁺)

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 80

Topic: Resting Membrane Potential

Type: Factual

 

3.   There are two kinds postsynaptic potentials: EPSPs and __________.

 

Answer: IPSPs

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 81

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

 

4.   EPSPs are conducted passively, rapidly, and __________.

 

Answer: decrementally

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 81

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

 

5.   Actions potentials are generated on the axon initial segment adjacent to the __________.

 

Answer: axon hillock

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 81

Topic: Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials

Type: Factual

 

6.   The first event in the generation of an action potential is the opening of __________-activated sodium channels.

 

Answer: voltage

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 84

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

 

 

7.   Conduction in myelinated axons is referred to as __________ conduction.

 

Answer: saltatory

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 86

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

8.   The conventional account of neural activity presented in your textbook is based to a large degree on the __________ model.

 

Answer: Hodgkin-Huxley

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 87

Topic: Conduction of Action Potentials

Type: Factual

 

9.   The presence of two neurotransmitters in the same neuron is referred to as __________.

 

Answer: coexistence

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 89

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

10.                Metabotropic receptors are associated with signal proteins in the cell membrane of the postsynaptic neuron and with __________ that are attached to the signal protein inside the neuron.

 

Answer: G proteins

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 91

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

11.                The enzyme that deactivates acetylcholine after it has been released into the synapse is __________.

 

Answer: acetylcholinesterase

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 92

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

 

 

12.                __________ are sometimes called electrical synapses.

 

Answer: Gap junctions

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 93

Topic: Synaptic Transmission: Chemical Transmission of Signals among Neurons

Type: Factual

 

13.                With respect to size, neuropeptides are the __________ neurotransmitters.

 

Answer: largest

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

14.                The most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain is __________.

 

Answer: GABA

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

15.                All __________ neurotransmitters are synthesized from tyrosine.

 

Answer: catecholamine

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 95

Topic: Neurotransmitters

Type: Factual

 

16.                Drugs that increase the activity of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be __________ of that neurotransmitter.

 

Answer: agonists

Diff: 1 

Page Ref: 97

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

 

 

17.                The drug __________ is a muscarinic antagonist and pupil dilator.

 

Answer: atropine

Diff: 3 

Page Ref: 98

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

18.                By binding to nicotinic receptors, __________ produces paralysis and death, which is why it is used on poison darts.

 

Answer: curare

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 99

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual

 

19.                Endorphins and __________ are endogenous opioids.

 

Answer: enkephalins

Diff: 2 

Page Ref: 100

Topic: Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior

Type: Factual