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Sample Test
|
Chapter_03_Intercultural_Communication
True / False
|
|
1. Learning more about the
powerful effect that culture has on behavior will help you reduce friction
and misunderstanding in your dealings with people from other cultures.
|
|
2. The North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) promotes open trade globally.
|
|
3. New amazing forms of
transportation are among the important factors increasing globalization.
|
|
4. The number of foreign-born
persons in the United States is decreasing.
|
|
5. The term “global village” most
closely refers to small communities in underdeveloped countries.
|
|
6. The rules, values, and
attitudes of culture are inherent; that is, we are born with them.
|
|
7. Jennifer’s family always
celebrates Christmas with decorated tree and stockings hung on the fireplace.
These holiday decorations are visible symbols of Jennifer’s cultural background.
|
|
8. Business communicators in
low-context cultures, such as the United States and Germany, assume that
messages must be explicit; communicators rely exclusively on the written
or spoken word.
|
|
9. Members of high-context
cultures are more likely to be logical, analytical, and action oriented.
|
|
10. Time is a dimension that is
perceived the same across cultures.
|
|
11. Yung is a high-context
communicator. He is likely to use spiral logic when thinking and making
decisions.
|
|
12. Brooke, who works for a U.S. company,
has just been assigned to manage the company’s division in Vietnam. She
should emphasize team-based projects and group decision making with her new
employees.
|
|
13. In low-power-distance countries,
subordinates expect formal hierarchies and embrace relatively authoritarian,
paternalistic power relationships.
|
|
14. Ethnocentrism, which involves
the belief that one’s own race is superior to others, is a natural attitude
inherent in all cultures.
|
|
15. A stereotype, which is
an oversimplified behavioral pattern applied uncritically to groups, is
always false.
|
|
16. When discussing cultures, we
should avoid making any generalizations.
|
|
17. Saving face is the primary
motivational factor in low-context cultures.
|
|
18. Nonverbal behavior, such as
using the “thumbs up” hand gesture, is universal, conveying the same meaning
in all cultures.
|
|
19. One of your colleagues admires
silence and considers it a key to success. Your colleague is most likely
American.
|
|
20. Social media are not effective
intercultural communication tools because they only reinforce cultural
differences.
|
|
21. Most Facebook users live in
the United States and Canada.
|
|
22. Adjusting your writing style
and tone for intercultural written communication does not apply to numbers, which
are cited the same throughout the world.
|
|
23. Chip was hired as a sales rep
for a multinational company and will be selling computer products around the
world. He should learn and use the metric system.
|
|
24. Globally, ethical codes of
conduct are becoming more sophisticated and accessible.
|
|
25. When Americans conduct
business abroad, they should always adopt the ethical standards of the
foreign country as a sign of respect.
|
|
26. Diversity positively impacts
work teams, but consumers are not impacted by an organization’s diversity.
|
|
27. One benefit of workplace
diversity is less government regulatory action.
|
|
28. Ildiko is a low-context
communicator. She is likely to value membership in organizations, groups, and
teams.
|
|
29. Intercultural communication,
team building, and conflict resolution are skills that can be learned in
diversity training programs.
|
|
30. Closely studying your own
culture is one way to better understand and accept the values and behaviors
of other cultures.
|
|
31. Learning more about the
powerful effect that culture has on behavior will ________.
|
|
a.
|
be possible only if you travel outside of your own
country.
|
|
|
b.
|
help you reduce friction and misunderstanding in your
dealings with people from other cultures.
|
|
|
c.
|
help you become a better writer.
|
|
|
d.
|
allow you to put an International Experience section on
your resume.
|
|
|
32. Which of the following is
the most accurate
statement about the globalization of markets?
|
|
a.
|
Although market borders are blurring, it is still easy
to determine the nationality of companies.
|
|
|
b.
|
Many U.S. companies with famous brands are now
controlled by global enterprises.
|
|
|
c.
|
Doing business beyond borders is common only for U.S.
companies.
|
|
|
d.
|
Because many companies are multinational, cultural differences
are not as important.
|
|
|
33. U.S. businesses and those of
other countries are seeking to expand around the world for many reasons,
including the passage of favorable trade agreements, growing numbers of
middle-class consumers in emerging nations, and ________.
|
|
a.
|
increasing sales growth in their home countries
|
|
|
b.
|
advances in transportation
|
|
|
c.
|
limited communication technologies
|
|
|
d.
|
growing domestic markets
|
|
|
34. Which of the following trade
agreements expands free trade among Canada, the United States, and Mexico?
|
|
a.
|
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
|
|
|
b.
|
World Trade Organization (WTO)
|
|
|
c.
|
European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
|
|
|
d.
|
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
|
|
|
35. Which of the following
statements about the middle class in emerging economies is accurate?
|
|
a.
|
By 2030, two-thirds of the world’s middle class will
reside in the United States.
|
|
|
b.
|
Estimates suggest that 20 percent of world growth over
the next few years will come from emerging markets.
|
|
|
c.
|
Many countries such as China and India have become more
suspicious of foreign investment and free trade.
|
|
|
d.
|
Once known only for cheap labor, many countries with
emerging economies are now seen as promising markets.
|
|
|
36. Persons from many cultures are
moving to countries promising to fulfill their dreams. For generations the
two most popular destinations have been
|
|
a.
|
the United States and Japan.
|
|
|
b.
|
the United States and Canada.
|
|
|
c.
|
France and Great Britain.
|
|
|
d.
|
Italy and France.
|
|
|
37. Select the most accurate
statement about culture.
|
|
a.
|
Culture is a subject that is usually taught in high school.
|
|
|
b.
|
Cultural attitudes are not learned until adulthood.
|
|
|
c.
|
Culture is not something we can be taught; it’s
something we possess at birth.
|
|
|
d.
|
Cultural rules of behavior learned from your family and
society are conditioned from early childhood.
|
|
|
38. Select the least accurate
statement about culture.
|
|
a.
|
Culture is the basis for how we tell the world who we
are and what we believe.
|
|
|
b.
|
Culture can be both visible and invisible.
|
|
|
c.
|
The rules in any culture are inherently logical.
|
|
|
d.
|
Because cultural norms are so deep-seated, they almost
never change.
|
|
|
39. Which of the following is an
invisible sign of culture?
|
|
a.
|
An attorney wears a conservative suit to court.
|
|
|
b.
|
Christopher believes that adults need to be responsible
for their actions.
|
|
|
c.
|
On their anniversary Matthew takes his wife to dinner.
|
|
|
d.
|
At every department meeting, the manager sits at the
head of the conference table.
|
|
|
40. Communicators in high-context
cultures
|
|
a.
|
are more likely to be intuitive and contemplative.
|
|
|
b.
|
assume that listeners know very little and must be told
practically everything.
|
|
|
c.
|
tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented.
|
|
|
d.
|
pay attention to only the spoken or written words.
|
|
|
41. Communicators in low-context
cultures
|
|
a.
|
often imply conclusions rather than directly stating
them.
|
|
|
b.
|
tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented.
|
|
|
c.
|
tend to be intuitive and contemplative.
|
|
|
d.
|
emphasize interpersonal relationships, nonverbal
expression, physical setting, and social setting.
|
|
|
42. Jing-Ying places great value
on the posture, voice inflection, gestures, and facial expressions of
employees within the workplace. She is most likely part of a(n) ____ culture.
|
|
a.
|
low-context
|
|
|
b.
|
linear logic
|
|
|
c.
|
high-context
|
|
|
d.
|
analytical
|
|
|
43. Steven is an analytical,
action-oriented person and places great value on business messages that are
objective, professional, and efficient. He is most likely part of a(n) ____
culture.
|
|
a.
|
low-context
|
|
|
b.
|
spiral logic
|
|
|
c.
|
high-context
|
|
|
d.
|
intuitive
|
|
|
44. An example of a country with a
high-context culture is
|
|
a.
|
Germany.
|
|
|
b.
|
Japan.
|
|
|
c.
|
Scandinavia.
|
|
|
d.
|
U.S.
|
|
|
45. An example of a country that
has a low-context culture is
|
|
a.
|
the United States.
|
|
|
b.
|
Saudi Arabia.
|
|
|
c.
|
China.
|
|
|
d.
|
Japan.
|
|
|
46. By tradition, Asian
businesspeople typically place a high value on
|
|
a.
|
group decision making.
|
|
|
b.
|
individual achievements.
|
|
|
c.
|
direct verbal interaction.
|
|
|
d.
|
initiative and self-assertion.
|
|
|
47. By tradition, businesspeople
in the United States typically place a high value on
|
|
a.
|
group membership.
|
|
|
b.
|
individual action and personal responsibility.
|
|
|
c.
|
being able to avoid saying “no.”
|
|
|
d.
|
relying on context and feelings when making decisions.
|
|
|
48. Which of the following
statements about time orientation across cultures is most accurate?
|
|
a.
|
North Americans generally correlate time with
productivity, efficiency, and money.
|
|
|
b.
|
South Americans generally see keeping people waiting as
rude and unprofessional.
|
|
|
c.
|
Asians generally are punctual and rush decisions to be
more productive.
|
|
|
d.
|
Most cultures generally perceive time as limited in the
workplace and therefore are punctual.
|
|
|
49. Which of the following
statements about power distance is most accurate?
|
|
a.
|
The Power Distance Index measures how people in
different societies relate to more powerful individuals.
|
|
|
b.
|
In Asian cultures people are more relaxed about social
status and the appearance of power.
|
|
|
c.
|
Perceptions of power are individual and generally not
culture driven.
|
|
|
d.
|
In high-power-distance cultures, subordinates see
themselves as equal to their supervisors.
|
|
|
50. A businessperson from the
United States was introduced to the president of a company in another
country, and the businessperson immediately began treating the president as
his equal. The president might be particularly offended if he is from which
country?
|
|
a.
|
Japan
|
|
|
b.
|
United States
|
|
|
c.
|
Canada
|
|
|
d.
|
All of these choices
|
|
|
51. During business negotiations,
which group of individuals is most likely
to place more emphasis on the surrounding context than on the actual words?
|
|
a.
|
Germans
|
|
|
b.
|
Americans
|
|
|
c.
|
Canadians
|
|
|
d.
|
Japanese
|
|
|
52. Businesspeople from which
country are most likely
to be uncomfortable with silence and impatient with delays?
|
|
a.
|
Mexico
|
|
|
b.
|
United States
|
|
|
c.
|
Saudi Arabia
|
|
|
d.
|
Japan
|
|
|
53. Businesspeople from which
country are most likely
to speak using extravagant or poetic figures of speech?
|
|
a.
|
Canada
|
|
|
b.
|
United States
|
|
|
c.
|
Brazil
|
|
|
d.
|
Germany
|
|
|
54. Brianna would like to become
more culturally competent. What should she do?
|
|
a.
|
Begin to think of herself as a product of her culture.
|
|
|
b.
|
Understand that her culture is just one among many.
|
|
|
c.
|
Be ready to adapt as her environment changes.
|
|
|
d.
|
Brianna should do all of these.
|
|
|
55. The belief that one’s own race
is superior is known as ________.
|
|
a.
|
prototyping
|
|
|
b.
|
stereotyping
|
|
|
c.
|
ethnocentrism
|
|
|
d.
|
prejudice
|
|
|
56. Emile was born in Paris and
has lived his entire life in France. He is proud of his country and believes
that the French are superior to all other cultures. Emile is displaying
|
|
a.
|
discrimination.
|
|
|
b.
|
ethnocentrism.
|
|
|
c.
|
prejudice.
|
|
|
d.
|
illegal behavior.
|
|
|
57. Mental representations based
on general characteristics and open to new definitions when describing
cultures are called ________.
|
|
a.
|
stereotypes
|
|
|
b.
|
prejudices
|
|
|
c.
|
prototypes
|
|
|
d.
|
ethnocentrism
|
|
|
58. An oversimplified behavioral
pattern applied uncritically to groups of people is called a(n)
|
|
a.
|
stereotype.
|
|
|
b.
|
prejudice.
|
|
|
c.
|
prototype.
|
|
|
d.
|
ethnocentrism.
|
|
|
59. Dale recently completed
diversity training. Which of the following was he most likely
taught during the training?
|
|
a.
|
If you work hard enough at it, you can talk about
cultures without using mental categories, representations, and
generalizations to describe groups.
|
|
|
b.
|
Unfounded generalizations about people and cultures can
lead to bias and prejudice.
|
|
|
c.
|
Today the word stereotype has
a positive meaning.
|
|
|
d.
|
Because they are fixed and rigid, stereotypes are always
entirely false.
|
|
|
60. Julia was born and raised in
the United States. Because she has been taught that it is best to be direct
when speaking in the workplace, Julia expects her Vietnamese coworkers to
share her belief. Julia’s misconception is the result of ________.
|
|
a.
|
tolerance
|
|
|
b.
|
stereotyping
|
|
|
c.
|
ethnocentrism
|
|
|
d.
|
prototyping
|
|
|
61. Zachary works with employees
from a variety of cultural backgrounds and wants to be tolerant of their
beliefs. Zachary should practice ________.
|
|
a.
|
prototyping
|
|
|
b.
|
sympathy
|
|
|
c.
|
empathy
|
|
|
d.
|
ethnocentrism
|
|
|
62. Which of the following
statements about tolerance is most accurate?
|
|
a.
|
To improve tolerance, one must practice empathy.
|
|
|
b.
|
If a nonnative speaker is struggling to express an idea
in English, Americans should help by finishing the sentence for the
speaker.
|
|
|
c.
|
In Asian cultures, people deliberately avoid silence
because it can show disrespect.
|
|
|
d.
|
To show empathy, one must work to become fluent in other
languages.
|
|
|
63. Which of the following
statements about saving face is most accurate?
|
|
a.
|
Members of low-context cultures are indirect and go to
great lengths to avoid giving offense by saying no.
|
|
|
b.
|
People in low-context cultures are extremely concerned
with saving face.
|
|
|
c.
|
Face refers
to the image a person holds in his or her social network.
|
|
|
d.
|
In business transactions around the world, economic
factors are the primary motivators of people.
|
|
|
64. Examples of intercultural
competence include using objective terms to describe cultural attire,
following their lead when interacting with businesspeople in other cultures,
and ________.
|
|
a.
|
frequently telling coworkers from other cultures that
you are working hard to understand them
|
|
|
b.
|
minimizing face-to-face conversations with people from
other cultures to avoid saying the wrong thing
|
|
|
c.
|
using head nods, eye contact, facial expressions, and
physical proximity supportively
|
|
|
d.
|
informing people when you do and do not approve of their
customs
|
|
|
65. According to some
intercultural experts, the most important attitude in achieving intercultural
competence is ________.
|
|
a.
|
descriptiveness
|
|
|
b.
|
supportiveness
|
|
|
c.
|
nonjudgmentalism
|
|
|
d.
|
ethnocentrism
|
|
|
66. Gayle will be traveling to
Thailand on business and wants to demonstrate intercultural competence while
there. What is the best advice
you can give her?
|
|
a.
|
Provide judgmental feedback rather than descriptive
feedback.
|
|
|
b.
|
Take the lead when interacting with businesspeople from
other cultures.
|
|
|
c.
|
Show supportiveness with head nods, eye contact, facial
expressions, and physical proximity.
|
|
|
d.
|
Use gestures often and freely to attempt to communicate
nonverbally.
|
|
|
67. Which of the following is
the most accurate
statement about social networking among cultures?
|
|
a.
|
Social networking tends to make introverts more
extroverted.
|
|
|
b.
|
In real life and online, we instinctively tend to
gravitate toward people who seem similar to us.
|
|
|
c.
|
The majority of networking experts agree that social
media offer limited intercultural engagement.
|
|
|
d.
|
Online environments make social presence and
interpersonal contact easier for all people.
|
|
|
68. Jackson will be attending a
professional conference in Vietnam. What should he do to try to enhance oral
communication with his colleagues?
|
|
a.
|
Assume that his colleagues will speak English well
because it is so widely used around the world.
|
|
|
b.
|
Learn how to speak Vietnamese fluently.
|
|
|
c.
|
Assume that a yes,
a nod, or a smile indicates comprehension.
|
|
|
d.
|
Listen without interrupting.
|
|
|
69. In conversation with a Korean
businessperson who speaks English fairly well, Meaghan discovers that much of
what she has just said was not understood by the Korean. In continuing the
conversation, Meaghan should
|
|
a.
|
speak more slowly and loudly.
|
|
|
b.
|
discontinue the conversation until an interpreter can be
found.
|
|
|
c.
|
keep a stern, unsmiling face to show she’s serious about
the conversation.
|
|
|
d.
|
accept blame for the misunderstanding and use simpler
language.
|
|
|
70. What is the best advice for
an American businessperson who is traveling to Sweden on business?
|
|
a.
|
Wait until you finish a complete explanation, no matter
how long it is, before requesting feedback.
|
|
|
b.
|
Be wary of smiling because it can be misinterpreted in
some cultures.
|
|
|
c.
|
Follow up oral negotiations and agreements in writing.
|
|
|
d.
|
If your Swedish colleague is having trouble finishing a
sentence, show consideration by finishing it for him or her.
|
|
|
71. Caroline is writing a business
letter to a German client. What should she do as she prepares the letter?
|
|
a.
|
Use jargon to introduce the client to U.S. culture.
|
|
|
b.
|
Use longer sentences and paragraphs to make her letter
look more formal.
|
|
|
c.
|
Use words that have several meanings.
|
|
|
d.
|
Observe the receiver’s title and rank.
|
|
|
72. Which of the following is
advised for citing numbers when writing to businesspeople in other
cultures?
|
|
a.
|
Write all numbers in word form.
|
|
|
b.
|
Use figures to express the month of the year.
|
|
|
c.
|
Convert dollar figures into local currency.
|
|
|
d.
|
Minimize references to numbers to avoid confusion.
|
|
|
73. Jake is working for a global
consulting firm and will be writing letters to intercultural audiences around
the world. What is the best advice
you can give him?
|
|
a.
|
Always use a direct approach to make your letters as
clear as possible.
|
|
|
b.
|
Use your own format and style so that all your letters
are consistent.
|
|
|
c.
|
Send letters to lower-ranking employees to avoid
offending higher-ranking employees.
|
|
|
d.
|
Replace two-word verbs such as put off with clear single words such as delay.
|
|
|
74. Which of the following would
be the best sentence
to include in an e-mail message going to someone from another culture?
|
|
a.
|
Are you
available for a videoconference on 3/5?
|
|
|
b.
|
Please get back
to me ASAP to set up our meeting.
|
|
|
c.
|
This agreement
between our two companies should be a slam dunk.
|
|
|
d.
|
We look forward
to meeting with you next month.
|
|
|
75. Which of the following
statements about intercultural ethics is most accurate?
|
|
a.
|
Very few companies that are active in global markets
have codes of ethics.
|
|
|
b.
|
The United States is the least corruptible country
worldwide.
|
|
|
c.
|
Many companies require their employees to take ethics
training programs.
|
|
|
d.
|
Because we now live in a global economy, ethics is not
an issue when doing business globally.
|
|
|
76. Which of the following U.S.
laws prohibits payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or
retaining business?
|
|
a.
|
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
|
|
|
b.
|
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977
|
|
|
c.
|
USA Patriot Act of 2001
|
|
|
d.
|
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996
|
|
|
77. Which of the following U.S.
laws is a tool in the domestic anticorruption battle, forbidding off-the-book
bribes?
|
|
a.
|
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
|
|
|
b.
|
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977
|
|
|
c.
|
USA Patriot Act of 2001
|
|
|
d.
|
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996
|
|
|
78. Many of the world’s
industrialized countries have formally agreed to a new global treaty that
bans the practice of bribery of foreign government officials. What
organization promoted this treaty?
|
|
a.
|
Central Intelligence Agency
|
|
|
b.
|
World Trade Organization
|
|
|
c.
|
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
|
|
|
d.
|
Ministry of Industry and Trade
|
|
|
79. The term “highly clean” to
describe a country refers to
|
|
a.
|
its pollution standard index
|
|
|
b.
|
perceptions of corruption as seen by businesspeople,
risk analysts, and the general public
|
|
|
c.
|
its aesthetic ranking in terms of beauty
|
|
|
d.
|
its law enforcement policies
|
|
|
80. Leonard will be traveling on
business to a country where he knows bribes are a normal part of business.
Which of the following is the best advice
for Leonard?
|
|
a.
|
Because the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977
applies only to U.S. companies, Leonard can legally pay bribes to
international companies to obtain business.
|
|
|
b.
|
Leonard should offer nonmonetary benefits, such as
additional customer service, in lieu of paying bribes.
|
|
|
c.
|
Paying bribes is just a normal cost of doing business,
and Leonard will be able to include the bribes he pays on his expense
report.
|
|
|
d.
|
So that Leonard’s company can remain competitive
globally, Leonard should pay any bribe requested.
|
|
|
81. Which of the following
statements most accurately
describes diversity in the workplace?
|
|
a.
|
A diverse staff tends to have difficulties reading
trends and responding to customers in local and world markets.
|
|
|
b.
|
Teams made up of diverse members are better equipped
than homogeneous teams to create products that diverse consumers want.
|
|
|
c.
|
Diversity in the workplace often leads to lower
productivity and worse employee morale.
|
|
|
d.
|
Teams with diverse members often find it more difficult
than homogeneous teams to solve problems.
|
|
|
82. Which of the following
statements about gender differences in communication is accurate?
|
|
a.
|
Women tend to have more attentive eye contact than men.
|
|
|
b.
|
Women tend to make more expansive gestures than men.
|
|
|
c.
|
Women tend to focus more on the big picture rather than
details.
|
|
|
d.
|
Women tend to make more “I” statements, whereas men make
more “we” statements.
|
|
|
83. Emma runs a small business and
wants to improve communication among her increasingly diverse staff. Which of
the following should she do?
|
|
a.
|
Consider having employees take part in diversity
awareness training.
|
|
|
b.
|
Encourage employees to think alike so that conflicts can
be avoided.
|
|
|
c.
|
Expect conformity from her employees.
|
|
|
d.
|
Assume that her employees will adapt to her primary
culture.
|
|
|
84. Social media are amplifiers,
which means that they tend to ________.
|
|
a.
|
make extroverts more introverted
|
|
|
b.
|
make introverts more extroverted
|
|
|
c.
|
make extroverts more extroverted and introverts more
introverted
|
|
|
d.
|
allow people to feel more socially accepted
|
|
|
85. The invisible barrier of
attitudes and prejudices perceived to block women from reaching important
corporate positions has been called the ________.
|
|
a.
|
gender gap
|
|
|
b.
|
glass ceiling
|
|
|
c.
|
diversity challenge
|
|
|
d.
|
power struggle
|
|
|
86. When faced with an
intercultural ethical dilemma, you should ask yourself if the action is
legal, if you can rule out a better alternative, if a trusted advisor would
agree, and ________.
|
|
a.
|
if there is money to be made
|
|
|
b.
|
how your decision will benefit your company
|
|
|
c.
|
if you would do it if you were on the opposite side
|
|
|
d.
|
if religious beliefs are involved
|
|
|
87. Ethnocentrism ________.
|
|
a.
|
is a natural attitude inherent in all cultures
|
|
|
b.
|
causes us to judge others by our own values
|
|
|
c.
|
can be fueled by political conflict
|
|
|
d.
|
is all of the above
|
|
|
88. Favorable trade agreements
________.
|
|
a.
|
are causing markets to shrink
|
|
|
b.
|
do not apply to third-world countries
|
|
|
c.
|
are a passing trend
|
|
|
d.
|
significantly open global markets to imports and
exports
|
|
|
89. The expression “cultures are
inherently logical” most closely means that ________.
|
|
a.
|
knowing one’s own cultural norms is all each person is
responsible for
|
|
|
b.
|
nearly all serious rules and values originate in
deep-seated beliefs
|
|
|
c.
|
physical appearances, such as clothing and hair, are
not influenced by cultural norms
|
|
|
d.
|
it is illogical to think that you would have
similarities to someone from a different culture
|
|
|
90. Workplace diversity benefits
________.
|
|
a.
|
consumers
|
|
|
b.
|
work teams
|
|
|
c.
|
business organizations
|
|
|
d.
|
all of the above
|
|
|
91. The North American Free
________ Agreement has expanded trade among Canada, the United States, and
Mexico.
|
|
92. ________ may be defined as the
complex system of values, traits, morals, and customs shared by a society.
|
|
93. ________ refers to the
stimuli, environment, or ambiance surrounding an event. It is probably the
most important cultural dimension and is also the most difficult to define.
|
|
94. Communicators in ________
-context cultures, such as those in North America, Scandinavia, and Germany,
tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented. They stress clearly
articulated messages that they consider to be objective, professional, and
efficient.
|
|
95. Communicators in ________
-context cultures, such as those in Japan, China, and Middle Eastern
countries, pay attention to more than the words spoken. They emphasize
interpersonal relationships, nonverbal expression, physical setting, and
social setting.
|
|
96. Low-context communicators tend
to use ________ logic to reach conclusions. That is, they proceed from Point
A to Point B to Point C and finally arrive at a conclusion.
|
|
97. High-context communicators
tend to use ________ logic to reach conclusions. That is, they circle around
a topic indirectly and look at it from many tangential or divergent
viewpoints.
|
|
98. Once known only for ________
labor, many countries with emerging economies are now seen as promising
markets.
|
|
99. The belief in the superiority
of one’s own race is known as ________.
|
|
100. A(n) ________ is an
oversimplified behavioral pattern applied uncritically to groups.
|
|
101. A(n) ________ is a stereotype
that has developed into a rigid attitude and that is based on erroneous
beliefs or preconceptions.
|
|
102. The term ________ is used to describe
mental representations based on general characteristics that are not fixed
and rigid, but rather are open to new definitions.
|
|
103. Today, most companies that
are active in global markets have ________ codes of conduct.
|
|
104. Saving ________ is a primary
motivator in business dealings in high-context cultures and involves
preserving social harmony.
|
|
105. Nonverbal behavior in other
cultures is ________ (easier
or harder?) to learn than the verbal skills necessary to
communicate in that culture.
|
|
106. One process for achieving
intercultural competence is ________ , which refers to the use of concrete
and specific feedback.
|
|
107. Most important in achieving
effective communication is ______________. This
attitude requires us to engage positively with head nods, eye contact, facial
expressions, and physical proximity.
|
|
108. The Foreign Corrupt Practices
Act of 1977 prohibits payments to foreign officials for the purpose of
obtaining or retaining ________.
|
|
109. ________ in the workplace has
many dimensions, including race, ethnicity, age, religion, gender, national
origin, physical ability, and sexual orientation.
|
|
110. Diversity makes an
organization innovative and creative. Conversely, sameness fosters an absence
of critical thinking, which is called ____________.
|
|
111. List and describe three
factors that have led to increased globalization.
|
ANSWER:
|
Student answers will vary but should include three of
the following factors:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mature local markets: Many companies are increasingly
looking overseas as domestic markets mature. They can no longer expect
increased sales growth at home.
Favorable trade agreements: A significant factor in the expansion of
global markets is the passage of favorable trade agreements. The General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) promotes open trade globally, and
the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expands free trade among
Canada, the United States, and Mexico. NAFTA has created one of the
largest and richest free-trade regions on earth. Additional trade
agreements are causing markets to expand.
|
|
|
Robust middle classes in emerging economies: Parts of
the world formerly considered developing now boast robust middle classes.
Once known only for cheap labor, many countries with emerging economies
are now seen as promising markets. Estimates suggest that 70 percent of
world growth over the next few years will come from emerging markets.
|
|
|
Advancements in transportation and logistics: Of
paramount importance in explaining the explosive growth of global markets
are amazing advancements in transportation and logistics technology,
including supersonic planes that can carry goods and passengers to other
continents overnight. Breakthroughs in transportation technology, such as
digital wireless sensor telemetry, also push the drive toward
globalization.
|
|
|
Growing reach of information and communication
technologies: Probably the most significant factor fueling globalization
is the development of information and communication technologies (ICT),
which have changed the way we live and do business. ICT includes the
Internet, wireless networks, smartphones, mobile electronic devices, and
other communication media. High-speed, high-capacity, and relatively
low-cost communications have opened new global opportunities that make
geographic location virtually irrelevant for many activities and
services. Workers have access to company records, software programs, and
colleagues whether they’re working at home, in the office, or at the
beach. The world’s new economic landscape enables companies to conduct
business anytime, anywhere, and with any customer.
|
|
|
|
112. Culture is a powerful operating
force that conditions the way we think and behave. To be successful in the global
economy, it’s important to understand the basic characteristics of culture so
that we can make adjustments and adopt new attitudes. List and describe three
basic characteristics of culture.
|
ANSWER:
|
Student answers will vary but should include three of
the following characteristics:
|
|
Culture is learned: Rules, values, and attitudes of
culture are not inherent. They are learned and passed down from
generation to generation.
|
|
|
Cultures are inherently logical: The rules in any
culture originated to reinforce that culture’s values and beliefs. They
act as normative forces. Although some cultural behavior may sometimes
seem silly and illogical, nearly all serious rules and values originate
in deep-seated beliefs.
|
|
|
Culture is the basis of self-identity and community:
Culture is the basis for how we tell the world who we are and what we
believe. People build their identities through cultural overlays to their
primary culture.
|
|
|
Culture combines the visible and the invisible: To
outsiders, the way we act⎯those things that we do in
daily life and work⎯are the most visible parts
of our culture. These practices are often outward symbols of deeper
values that are invisible but that pervade everything we think and do.
|
|
|
Culture is dynamic: Over time, cultures will change.
Changes are caused by advancements in technology and communication and by
events such as migration, national disasters, and war. Attitudes,
behaviors, and beliefs change in open societies more quickly than in
closed societies.
|
|
|
|
113. Compare and contrast
low-context and high-context cultures in three of the following areas:
individualism and collectivism, time orientation, power distance, and communication
style.
|
ANSWER:
|
Student answers will vary but should include three of
the following areas:
|
|
Individualism and collectivism: Members of low-context
cultures tend to value individualism. They believe that initiative and
self-assertion result in personal achievement. They believe in individual
action and personal responsibility, and they desire a large degree of
freedom in their personal lives. Members of high-context cultures are
more collectivist. They emphasize membership in organizations, groups,
and teams; they encourage acceptance of group values, duties, and
decisions. They typically resist independence because it fosters
competition and confrontation instead of consensus. In group-oriented
cultures, self-assertion and individual decision making are discouraged.
Business decisions are often made by all who have competence in the
matter under discussion.
|
|
|
Time orientation: Members of low-context cultures
consider time a precious commodity to be conserved. They correlate time
with productivity, efficiency, and money. Keeping people waiting for
business appointments is considered a waste of time and also rude.
Members of high-context cultures may perceive time as an unlimited and
never-ending resource to be enjoyed. They often need time for
deliberation and contemplation, which can clash with a low-context
communicator’s desire for speedy decisions.
|
|
|
Power Distance: In low power distance cultures
(low-context cultures), subordinates consider themselves as equals of
their supervisors. They confidently voice opinions and participate in
decision making. Relationships between high-powered individuals and
people with little power tend to be more democratic, egalitarian, and
informal. In high power distance countries (high-context cultures),
subordinates expect formal hierarchies and embrace relatively
authoritarian, paternalistic power relationships.
|
|
|
Communication style: People in low-context cultures
believe that words are very important, especially in contracts and
negotiations. They tend to take words literally. They also value
straightforwardness, are suspicious of evasiveness, and distrust people
who might have a “hidden agenda” or who “play their cards too close to
the chest.” They also tend to be uncomfortable with silence and impatient
with delays. People in high-context cultures place more emphasis on the
surrounding context than on the words describing a negotiation. They tend
to play on words and may speak with extravagant or poetic figures of
speech that may be misinterpreted if taken literally.
|
|
|
|
114. Explain the advantages and
challenges of workplace diversity, including the specific ways that
consumers, work teams, and business organizations benefit from more diverse
workplaces.
|
ANSWER:
|
Student answers will vary but should address the
following.
Diversity can be a positive force within organizations, but it can
also cause divisiveness, discontent, and clashes. Many identity groups,
such as women and older workers, have legitimate gripes. However, the
following identify groups benefit significantly from diversity in the
following ways.
Consumers: A diverse staff is better able to read trends and
respond to the increasingly diverse customer base in local and world
markets. Diverse consumers now want goods and services tailored to their
needs. Teams made up of people with different experiences are better
equipped to create products that these markets require. Consumers also want
to deal with companies that respect their values and reflect themselves.
Work Teams: Team members with different backgrounds may come up
with more innovative and effective solutions than homogeneous teams.
Business Organizations: Companies that set aside time and
resources to cultivate and capitalize on diversity suffer fewer
discrimination lawsuits, fewer union clashes, and less government
regulatory action. Most important, though, is the growing realization among
organizations that diversity is a critical bottom-line business strategy to
improve employee relationships and increase productivity.
|
|
|
115. List and describe five
techniques for improving written communication to intercultural audiences.
|
ANSWER:
|
Student answers will vary but should include five of the
following:
|
|
Adjust writing style and tone: Learn how documents are
formatted and addressed in the intended reader’s country. Decide whether
to use your organization’s preferred format or adjust to local styles.
|
|
|
Use short sentences and short paragraphs: Sentences
with fewer than 20 words and paragraphs with fewer than eight lines are
most readable.
|
|
|
Observe titles and rank: Use last names, titles, and
other signals of rank and status. Send messages to higher-status people
and avoid sending copies to lower-ranking people.
|
|
|
Avoid ambiguous expressions: Include relative pronouns
for clarity in introducing clauses. Stay away from contractions. Avoid
idioms, figurative clichés, slang, acronyms, abbreviations, jargon, and
sports references. Use action-specific verbs.
|
|
|
Strive for clarity: Avoid words that have many
meanings. If necessary, clarify words that may be confusing. Replace
two-word verbs with clear single words.
|
|
|
Use correct grammar: Be careful with misplaced
modifiers, dangling participles, and sentence fragments. Use conventional
punctuation.
|
|
|
Cite numbers carefully: For international trade it is
a good idea to learn and use the metric system. In citing numbers use
figures rather than words. Always convert dollar figures into local
currency. Avoid using figures to express the month of a year.
|
|
|
|
Chapter_04_Planning_Business_Messages
True / False
|
|
1. Even with communication tools
such as e-mail, instant messaging, texting, Twitter, and other interactive
media, the nature of communication remains unchanged.
|
|
2. As long as a message is
transmitted from the sender to the receiver, successful communication has
taken place.
|
|
3. Encoding is the process of
translating a message from its symbol form into meaning.
|
|
4. The process of communication
begins when the sender has an idea.
|
|
5. The best feedback to a message
is descriptive rather than evaluative.
|
|
6. You and your boss come from
very different educational and professional backgrounds. You are most likely
to experience communication barriers due to differing frames of reference.
|
|
7. The 3-x-3 writing process does
not apply to presentations since they are delivered verbally.
|
|
8. Cassandra is trying to decide
whether to call her boss or to send an e-mail message. Cassandra is in the
first phase of the writing process.
|
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