Business Ethics Decision Making for Personal Integrity and Social Responsibility Laura Hartman 4th Edition – Test Bank
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Sample Test
Chapter 03 Philosophical Ethics and Business
True / False Questions
1. Ethics
attempts to answer the question of how we should live, but it does not give
reasons to support its answers.
True False
2. Ethics
offers prescriptions for what a person should do while not seeking to provide justifications
for such recommendations.
True False
3. Principle-based
ethics direct us to consider the moral character of individuals and how various
character traits can contribute to, or obstruct, a happy and meaningful human
life.
True False
4. Utilitarianism
has been called a virtue-based approach to ethics and social policy.
True False
5. Utilitarianism
is a social philosophy that promotes the welfare of well-informed political
minorities.
True False
6. The “administrative”
version of utilitarianism considers competitive markets to be the most
efficient means of maximizing happiness.
True False
7. The
“market” version of utilitarianism argues that questions of safety and risk
should be determined by experts who establish standards that the business is
required to meet.
True False
8. Utilitarians
would object to child labor as a matter of principle.
True False
9. A
principle-based framework defines a set of rules that enforces us to act or decide
in certain ways.
True False
10.
According to a principle-based ethical framework, social
contract functions to organize and ease relations between individuals.
True False
11.
The concept of a human or moral right is central to the
utilitarian ethical tradition.
True False
12.
The rights of employees to minimum wage, equal opportunity, and
to bargain collectively as part of a union are examples of their rights
grounded in moral entitlements.
True False
13.
One of the major challenges to an ethics based on rights points
to practical problems in applying a theory of rights to real-life situations.
True False
14.
An ethics of virtue focuses on the actions of a person rather
than the person’s characteristics.
True False
15.
Virtue ethics directs us to act on the basis of moral principles
such as respecting human rights.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions
16.
The three major categories of an ethical framework are:
1. utility,
virtue, and values.
2. universal
rights, values, and moral principles.
3. universal
rights, cultural norms, and morals.
4. consequences,
principles, and personal character.
17.
_____ directs us to decide based on overall consequences of our
acts.
1. Deontology
2. Role
ethics
3. Utilitarianism
4. Virtue
ethics
18.
_____ typically assert that individual rights and duties are
fundamental and thus can also be referred to as a rights-based, or duty-based
approach to ethics.
1. Principle-based
ethics
2. Role
ethics
3. Virtue-based
ethics
4. Pragmatic
ethics
19.
The study of various character traits that can contribute to, or
obstruct, a happy and meaningful human life is part of _____.
1. Kantian
tradition
2. virtue
ethics
3. principle-based
ethics
4. utilitarianism
20.
Utilitarianism’s fundamental insight is that we should decide what
to do by:
1. considering
the moral character of individuals.
2. following
the rules, regardless of consequences.
3. acting
only out of a self-interest.
4. considering
the consequences of our actions.
21.
Utilitarianism has been called a(n):
1. commonsensical
approach to ethics.
2. behavioral
approach to ethics.
3. consequentialist
approach to ethics.
4. intuitive
approach to ethics.
22.
What is the difference between a principle-based framework of
ethics and utilitarianism?
1. Ethics
of principles is based on self-interest, whereas utilitarianism is based on
human rights.
2. Ethics
of principles is based on human rights, whereas utilitarianism is based on
self-interest.
3. Ethics
of principles is based on rules, whereas utilitarianism is based on
consequences.
4. Ethics
of principles is based on consequences, whereas utilitarianism is based on
rules.
23.
_____ is commonly identified with the policy of “maximizing the
overall good.”
1. Stoicism
2. Deontology
3. Pragmatism
4. Utilitarianism
24.
Which of the following principles does utilitarianism emphasize?
1. Producing
the greatest good for the greatest number
2. Acting
only out of self-interest
3. Ensuring
that a fair decision is an impartial decision
4. Obeying
the law and keeping promises
25.
Amanda and Jeremy argue about the employment of children in
tobacco farms in a certain part of the world. Jeremy is of the view that this
practice is ethical. He supports this view by stating facts about how the
economic and social gains from employing children in these farms outweigh the
long-term economic losses due to the health problems and lack of education
suffered by these children. Jeremy is most likely an adherent of _____.
1. virtue
ethics
2. deontological
ethics
3. utilitarianism
4. classicism
26.
The utilitarian tradition relies on _____ for deciding on the
ethical legitimacy of alternative decisions.
1. intuition
2. experience
3. variable
analysis
4. social
sciences
27.
Free market economics is grounded in the _____.
1. rights-based
framework of ethics
2. principle-based
framework of ethics
3. utilitarian
framework of ethics
4. legal
framework of ethics
28.
Which of the following is true of a market version of
utilitarianism?
1. Questions
of safety and risk are determined by experts.
2. Social
science determines policies to maximize the overall good.
3. Individuals
calculate for themselves what risks they wish to take.
4. A
government regulator determines the safety standards in the marketplace.
29.
Which of the following would be advocated by the
“administrative” version of utilitarianism?
1. Deregulation
of advertising standards
2. Reliance
on free and competitive markets
3. Risk-taking
by consumers
4. Government
regulation of business
30.
Identify the statement that most accurately describes the
difference between the market and the administrative versions of
utilitarianism.
1. The
administrative version of utilitarianism promotes policies that protect
property rights and encourage competition.
2. The
administrative version of utilitarianism uses social sciences to predict
consequences.
3. The
administrative version of utilitarianism turns to policy experts for the design
and implementation of policies.
4. The
administrative version produces those goods that the consumers want.
31.
Utilitarianism determines ethical and unethical acts by their
_____.
1. legality
2. consequences
3. fairness
4. nuances
32.
One of the problems of the utilitarian tradition of ethics is:
1. its
need to count, measure, compare, and quantify consequences.
2. its
lack of focus on the possible results of actions.
3. its
tendency to excessively focus on individual welfare.
4. its
reliance on unmeasurable and abstract actions.
33.
The _____ goes against the ethical principle of obeying certain
duties or responsibilities, no matter the end result.
1. rights-based
framework of ethics
2. duty-based
framework of ethics
3. deontological
framework of ethics
4. utilitarian
framework of ethics
34.
_____ are ethical rules that put values into action.
1. Morals
2. Attitudes
3. Virtues
4. Principles
35.
Which of the following statements reflects the approach of a
principle-based ethical tradition?
1. Obey
the law
2. Ends
justify the means
3. Maximize
the overall good
4. Survival
of the fittest
36.
Which of the following approaches emphasizes the need to follow
legal rules regardless of unfavorable consequences?
1. Virtue
ethics
2. Utilitarianism
3. Principle-based
ethics
4. Egoism
37.
“We ought to stop at a red light, even if no cars are coming and
I could get to my destination that much sooner.” Identify the ethical approach
that follows this line of thought.
1. Virtue
ethics
2. Utilitarianism
3. Role
ethics
4. Ethics
of principles
38.
_____ ensure the integrity and proper functioning of the
economic, legal, or financial systems.
1. Social
functions
2. Administrative
functions
3. Marketing
functions
4. Gatekeeper
functions
39.
No group could function if members were free at all times to
decide for themselves what to do and how to act. Which of the following
functions to organize and ease relations between individuals?
1. Autocracy
2. Self-rule
3. Social
contract
4. Personal
norms
40.
Which of the following is a fundamental moral duty according to
Immanuel Kant?
1. To
place principles over morals
2. To
ponder over the nuances of ethics
3. To
treat each person as an end in themselves
4. To
continuously set moral examples for everyone to follow
41.
Which of the following is a reason why a rights-based framework
of ethics would object to child labor?
1. Such
practices violate laws that are widely accepted in developed countries.
2. Such
practices are not economically feasible in the modern era.
3. Such
practices violate our duty to treat children with respect.
4. Such
practices do not produce beneficial consequences to children.
42.
The concept of human rights is central to which of the following
ethical traditions?
1. Virtue-based
ethical tradition
2. Consequence-based
ethical tradition
3. Role-based
ethical tradition
4. Principle-based
ethical tradition
43.
The _____ tradition claims that our fundamental human rights,
and the duties that follow from them, are derived from our nature as free and
rational beings.
1. utilitarian
2. virtue-based
3. role-based
4. Kantian
44.
The Kantian tradition claims that humans do not act only out of
instinct and conditioning; they make free choices about how they live their
lives, about their own ends. In this sense, humans are said to have a fundamental
human right of:
1. dignity.
2. rationality.
3. autonomy.
4. dependency.
45.
_____ understandings of social justice argue that freedom from
coercion by others is the most central element of social justice.
1. Anarchist
2. Egalitarian
3. Libertarian
4. Conservative
46.
_____ are fundamental to theories of social justice upon which
capitalist economies have been built.
1. Liberty
and equality
2. Fraternity
and autocracy
3. Kinship
and cooperation
4. Consideration
and kindness
47.
Which of the following is a right granted to an employee on the
basis of legislation or judicial rulings?
1. The
right to a specific health care package
2. The
right to bargain as part of a union
3. The
right to pension funds
4. The
right to a bonus
48.
Identify the true statement about ethics based on rights.
1. Rights
and duties can be easily defined.
2. There
is no agreement on the scope and range of rights.
3. Application
of theory to real-life situations is easy.
4. There
exists a well-defined line between rights and desires.
49.
What is the difference between virtue ethics and principle-based
ethics?
1. Virtue
ethics is based on character traits, whereas principle-based ethics is based on
a set of rules.
2. Virtue
ethics is based on the consequences of actions, whereas principle-based ethics
is based on character traits.
3. Virtue
ethics is based on set of rules, whereas principle-based ethics is based on
consequences of actions.
4. Virtue
ethics is based on producing the greater good, whereas principle-based ethics
is based on self-interest.
50.
_____ recognizes that our motivations are not the sorts of
things that each of us chooses anew each morning.
1. Principle-based
ethics
2. Pragmatic
ethics
3. Role-based
ethics
4. Virtue
ethics
51.
_____ is a tradition within philosophical ethics that seeks a
full and detailed description of those character traits that would constitute a
good and full human life.
1. Kantian
ethics
2. Deontological
ethics
3. Role
ethics
4. Virtue
ethics
52.
Identify the view which holds that people act only out of a
self-interest.
1. Altruism
2. Egoism
3. Utilitarianism
4. Libertarianism
53.
Which of the following approaches shifts the focus from
questions about what a person should do, to a focus on who that person is?
1. Altruism
2. Principle-based
ethics
3. Utilitarianism
4. Virtue
ethics
54.
An ethics of _____ shifts the focus from questions about what a
person should do, to a focus on who that person is.
1. virtue
2. principle
3. stoicism
4. intuition
55.
Which of the following focuses on the concept of business
practices and what type of people these practices are creating?
1. Virtue
ethics
2. Kantian
ethics
3. Utilitarian
ethics
4. Principle-based
ethics
Fill in the Blank Questions
56.
Virtue ethics directs us to consider the _____ of individuals
and how various character traits can contribute to, or obstruct a happy, meaningful
life.
57.
_____ is commonly identified with the principle of “maximize the
overall good” or, in a slightly different version, of producing “the greatest
good for the greatest number.”
58.
The emphasis on producing the greatest good for the greatest number
makes utilitarianism a _____.
59.
People endorsing child labor by justifying that it brings in
foreign investment within poor countries are _____.
60.
The _____ version of utilitarianism would be sympathetic with
government regulation of business on the grounds that such regulation will
ensure that business activities do contribute to the overall good.
61.
Legal rules, organizational rules, role-based rules, and
professional rules form a part of a _____, which functions to organize and ease
relations between individuals.
62.
In the language of many philosophers, ethical duties should be
_____ rather than hypothetical.
63.
_____ rights protect individuals from being treated in ways that
would violate their dignity and that would treat them as mere objects or means.
64.
Right to a minimum wage, equal opportunity, to bargain
collectively as part of a union, and to be free from sexual harassment are
examples of _____ rights.
65.
_____ is a view that holds that people act only out of self-interest.
Essay Questions
66.
What is an ethical framework? What does it address?
67.
Explain how child labor may be justified in the eyes of a
utilitarian.
68.
How does utilitarianism have a strong impact on business and
business ethics?
69.
How does a free and competitive market help in attaining
utilitarian goals?
70.
How does utilitarianism contradict the fundamental ethical
principle: the end does not justify the means?
71.
Briefly highlight the challenges associated with utilitarian
thinking.
72.
What do principle-based, ethical frameworks address?
73.
How do legal rules and principles bind us to act and take
decisions in certain ways?
74.
What is a social contract?
75.
What is a moral right?
76.
Explain Immanuel Kant’s view on the ethical principles of human
rights.
77.
How is the concept of moral right central to the principle-based
ethical tradition?
78.
Distinguish between legal and employee rights.
79.
Briefly explain the concept of virtue ethics.
80.
What is the biggest challenge posed by “egoism”?
Chapter 03 Philosophical Ethics and Business Key
True / False Questions
1. Ethics
attempts to answer the question of how we should live, but it does not give
reasons to support its answers.
FALSE
Ethics attempts to answer the question of how we should live,
but it also gives reasons to support its answers.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Introduction: Ethical Frameworks: Consequences,
Principles, Character
2. Ethics
offers prescriptions for what a person should do while not seeking to provide
justifications for such recommendations.
FALSE
Ethics seeks to provide a rational justification for why we
should act and decide in a particular prescribed way. Anyone can offer
prescriptions for what you should do and how you should act, but a
philosophical and reasoned ethics must answer the “why?” question as well.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Introduction: Ethical Frameworks: Consequences,
Principles, Character
3. Principle-based
ethics direct us to consider the moral character of individuals and how various
character traits can contribute to, or obstruct, a happy and meaningful human
life.
FALSE
Virtue ethics directs us to consider the moral character of
individuals and how various character traits can contribute to, or obstruct, a
happy and meaningful human life.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
4. Utilitarianism
has been called a virtue-based approach to ethics and social policy.
FALSE
Utilitarianism has been called a consequentialist approach to
ethics and social policy. It would consider a decision that promotes the greatest
amount of these values for the greatest number of people as the most reasonable
decision.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
5. Utilitarianism
is a social philosophy that promotes the welfare of well-informed political
minorities.
TRUE
The emphasis on producing the greatest good for the greatest
number makes utilitarianism a social philosophy that opposes policies that aim
to benefit only a small social, economic, or political minority. Historically,
utilitarianism has provided strong support for democratic institutions and
policies.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
6. The
“administrative” version of utilitarianism considers competitive markets to be
the most efficient means of maximizing happiness.
FALSE
The “market” version of utilitarianism considers competitive
markets to be the most efficient means of maximizing happiness.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-03 Explain how the free market is thought
to serve the utilitarian goal of maximizing the overall good.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical Consequences
7. The
“market” version of utilitarianism argues that questions of safety and risk
should be determined by experts who establish standards that the business is
required to meet.
FALSE
The “administrative” version of utilitarianism argues that
questions of safety and risk should be determined by experts who then establish
standards that the business is required to meet.
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-03 Explain how the free market is thought
to serve the utilitarian goal of maximizing the overall good.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
8. Utilitarians
would object to child labor as a matter of principle.
FALSE
Utilitarians would object to child labor, not as a matter of
principle, but only if and to the degree that it detracts from the overall
good.
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain some challenges to utilitarian
decision making.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
9. A
principle-based framework defines a set of rules that enforces us to act or decide
in certain ways.
TRUE
Rules or principles create ethical duties that bind us to act or
decide in certain ways.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-05 Explain the principle-based, or
rights-based, framework of ethics.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
10.
According to a principle-based ethical framework, social
contract functions to organize and ease relations between individuals.
TRUE
Rules can be thought of as part of a social agreement, or social
contract, which functions to organize and ease relations between individuals.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-05 Explain the principle-based, or
rights-based, framework of ethics.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
11.
The concept of a human or moral right is central to the
utilitarian ethical tradition.
FALSE
The concept of a human or moral right is central to the
principle-based ethical tradition.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-06 Explain the concept of human rights
and how they are relevant to business.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
12.
The rights of employees to minimum wage, equal opportunity, and
to bargain collectively as part of a union are examples of their rights
grounded in moral entitlements.
FALSE
Employees’ rights to a minimum wage, equal opportunity, or to
bargain collectively as part of a union are examples of the rights granted to
them on the basis of legislation and judicial rulings. The other two kinds of
employee rights common in business are their rights to those goods that they
are entitled to on the basis of contractual agreements with employers and their
rights grounded in moral entitlements.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-07 Distinguish moral rights from legal
rights.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
13.
One of the major challenges to an ethics based on rights points
to practical problems in applying a theory of rights to real-life situations.
TRUE
One of the major challenges to an ethics based on rights points
to practical problems in applying a theory of rights to real-life situations.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-08 Explain several challenges to
principle-based ethics.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
14.
An ethics of virtue focuses on the actions of a person rather
than the person’s characteristics.
FALSE
An ethics of virtue shifts the focus from questions about what a
person should do, to a focus on who that person is.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-09 Describe and explain virtue-based
framework for thinking about ethical character.
Topic: Virtue Ethics: Making Decisions Based on Integrity and Character
15.
Virtue ethics directs us to act on the basis of moral principles
such as respecting human rights.
FALSE
Virtue ethics tells us to consider the moral character of
individuals and how various character traits can contribute to, or obstruct, a
happy and meaningful human life. Virtues provide answers to the basic ethical
question “What kind of person should I be?”
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-09 Describe and explain virtue-based
framework for thinking about ethical character.
Topic: Virtue Ethics: Making Decisions Based on Integrity and
Character
Multiple Choice Questions
16.
The three major categories of an ethical framework are:
1. utility,
virtue, and values.
2. universal
rights, values, and moral principles.
3. universal
rights, cultural norms, and morals.
4. consequences,
principles, and personal character.
The three major categories of an ethical framework are
consequences, principles, and personal character.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
17.
_____ directs us to decide based on overall consequences of our
acts.
1. Deontology
2. Role
ethics
3. Utilitarianism
4. Virtue
ethics
Utilitarianism is an ethical tradition that directs us to decide
based on overall consequences of our acts. Its fundamental insight is that
outcomes matter, and so we should decide what to do by considering the overall
consequences of our actions.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
18.
_____ typically assert that individual rights and duties are
fundamental and thus can also be referred to as a rights-based, or duty-based
approach to ethics.
1. Principle-based
ethics
2. Role
ethics
3. Virtue-based
ethics
4. Pragmatic
ethics
Principle-based ethics typically assert that individual rights
and duties are fundamental and thus can also be referred to as a rights-based,
or duty-based (deontological) approach to ethics. It is often distinguished
from consequentialist frameworks, which determine ethical decisions based on
the consequences of our acts.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
19.
The study of various character traits that can contribute to, or
obstruct, a happy and meaningful human life is part of _____.
1. Kantian
tradition
2. virtue
ethics
3. principle-based
ethics
4. utilitarianism
Virtue ethics directs us to consider the moral character of
individuals and how various character traits can contribute to, or obstruct, a
happy and meaningful human life.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
20.
Utilitarianism’s fundamental insight is that we should decide
what to do by:
1. considering
the moral character of individuals.
2. following
the rules, regardless of consequences.
3. acting
only out of a self-interest.
4. considering
the consequences of our actions.
Utilitarianism’s fundamental insight is that we should decide
what to do by considering the consequences of our actions.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
21.
Utilitarianism has been called a(n):
1. commonsensical
approach to ethics.
2. behavioral
approach to ethics.
3. consequentialist
approach to ethics.
4. intuitive
approach to ethics.
Utilitarianism has been called a consequentialist approach to
ethics and social policy.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
22.
What is the difference between a principle-based framework of
ethics and utilitarianism?
1. Ethics
of principles is based on self-interest, whereas utilitarianism is based on human
rights.
2. Ethics
of principles is based on human rights, whereas utilitarianism is based on
self-interest.
3. Ethics
of principles is based on rules, whereas utilitarianism is based on
consequences.
4. Ethics
of principles is based on consequences, whereas utilitarianism is based on
rules.
Ethics of principles is based on rules, whereas utilitarianism
is based on consequences.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
23.
_____ is commonly identified with the policy of “maximizing the
overall good.”
1. Stoicism
2. Deontology
3. Pragmatism
4. Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is commonly identified with the principle of
producing “the greatest good for the greatest number.” It states that people
should act in ways that produce better consequences than the alternatives they
have considered.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
24.
Which of the following principles does utilitarianism emphasize?
1. Producing
the greatest good for the greatest number
2. Acting
only out of self-interest
3. Ensuring
that a fair decision is an impartial decision
4. Obeying
the law and keeping promises
The emphasis on the overall good, and upon producing the
greatest good for the greatest number, makes utilitarianism a social philosophy
that opposes policies that aim to benefit only a small social, economic, or
political minority. In this way, utilitarianism provides strong support for
democratic institutions and policies.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
25.
Amanda and Jeremy argue about the employment of children in
tobacco farms in a certain part of the world. Jeremy is of the view that this
practice is ethical. He supports this view by stating facts about how the
economic and social gains from employing children in these farms outweigh the
long-term economic losses due to the health problems and lack of education
suffered by these children. Jeremy is most likely an adherent of _____.
1. virtue
ethics
2. deontological
ethics
3. utilitarianism
4. classicism
Utilitarian thinking would advise us to consider all the likely
consequences of a practice of employing young children in factories. Thus, one
might argue on utilitarian grounds that child labor is ethically permissible
because it produces better overall consequences than the alternatives.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
26.
The utilitarian tradition relies on _____ for deciding on the
ethical legitimacy of alternative decisions.
1. intuition
2. experience
3. variable
analysis
4. social
sciences
Deciding on the ethical legitimacy of alternative decisions requires
that we make judgments about the likely consequences of our actions. Within the
utilitarian tradition, there is a strong inclination to turn to social science
for help in making such predictions.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Explain the ethical framework of
utilitarianism.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
27.
Free market economics is grounded in the _____.
1. rights-based
framework of ethics
2. principle-based
framework of ethics
3. utilitarian
framework of ethics
4. legal
framework of ethics
With roots in Adam Smith, the ethical view that underlies much
of 20th-century economics—essentially what we think of as the free
market—is decidedly utilitarian. In this way, utilitarianism continues to have
a very strong impact on business and business ethics.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-03 Explain how the free market is thought
to serve the utilitarian goal of maximizing the overall good.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
28.
Which of the following is true of a market version of
utilitarianism?
1. Questions
of safety and risk are determined by experts.
2. Social
science determines policies to maximize the overall good.
3. Individuals
calculate for themselves what risks they wish to take.
4. A
government regulator determines the safety standards in the marketplace.
A free and competitive consumer market will insure that people
will get the level of safety that they want. Individuals calculate for
themselves what risks they wish to take and what trade-offs they are willing to
make in order to attain safety.
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-03 Explain how the free market is thought
to serve the utilitarian goal of maximizing the overall good.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical Consequences
29.
Which of the following would be advocated by the
“administrative” version of utilitarianism?
1. Deregulation
of advertising standards
2. Reliance
on free and competitive markets
3. Risk-taking
by consumers
4. Government
regulation of business
The “administrative” approach to public policy underlies one
theory of the entire administrative and bureaucratic side of government and
organizations. This utilitarian approach would be sympathetic with government
regulation of business on the grounds that such regulation will insure that
business activities do contribute to the overall good.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-03 Explain how the free market is thought
to serve the utilitarian goal of maximizing the overall good.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
30.
Identify the statement that most accurately describes the
difference between the market and the administrative versions of
utilitarianism.
1. The
administrative version of utilitarianism promotes policies that protect
property rights and encourage competition.
2. The
administrative version of utilitarianism uses social sciences to predict
consequences.
3. The
administrative version of utilitarianism turns to policy experts for the design
and implementation of policies.
4. The
administrative version produces those goods that the consumers want.
The administrative version of utilitarianism turns to policy
experts who have insight into the outcome of various policies and design and
implement policies that will attain utilitarian ends. Experts in predicting the
consequences of human action, usually trained in the social sciences such as
economics, political science, and public policy, are familiar with the
specifics of how society works and they therefore are in a position to
determine which policy will maximize the overall good.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-03 Explain how the free market is thought
to serve the utilitarian goal of maximizing the overall good.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
31.
Utilitarianism determines ethical and unethical acts by their
_____.
1. legality
2. consequences
3. fairness
4. nuances
Utilitarianism determines ethical and unethical acts by their
consequences. Thus, the end justifies the means according to utilitarians.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain some challenges to utilitarian
decision making.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
32.
One of the problems of the utilitarian tradition of ethics is:
1. its
need to count, measure, compare, and quantify consequences.
2. its
lack of focus on the possible results of actions.
3. its
tendency to excessively focus on individual welfare.
4. its
reliance on unmeasurable and abstract actions.
A set of problems concerns the need for utilitarian reasoning to
count, measure, compare, and quantify consequences. If utilitarianism advises
that we make decisions by comparing the consequences of alternative actions,
then we must have a method for making such comparisons.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain some challenges to utilitarian
decision making.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
33.
The _____ goes against the ethical principle of obeying certain
duties or responsibilities, no matter the end result.
1. rights-based
framework of ethics
2. duty-based
framework of ethics
3. deontological
framework of ethics
4. utilitarian
framework of ethics
The utilitarian framework of ethics goes against the ethical
principle of obeying certain duties or responsibilities, no matter the end
result. The essence of utilitarianism is its reliance on consequences. Ethical
and unethical acts are determined by their consequences. In short, the end
justifies the means.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-04 Explain some challenges to utilitarian
decision making.
Topic: Utilitarianism: Making Decisions Based on Ethical
Consequences
34.
_____ are ethical rules that put values into action.
1. Morals
2. Attitudes
3. Virtues
4. Principles
Principles are ethical rules that put values into action. We may
value honesty, but disagree as to how to put that into action. It is only once
we have stated a principle—”never lie,” or “never lie except to prevent great
harm,” for example—that we know what valuing honesty means in practical terms.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-05 Explain the principle-based, or
rights-based, framework of ethics.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
35.
Which of the following statements reflects the approach of a
principle-based ethical tradition?
1. Obey
the law
2. Ends
justify the means
3. Maximize
the overall good
4. Survival
of the fittest
Ethical principles can simply be thought of as a type of rule,
and the principle-based approach to ethics tells us that there are some rules
that we ought to follow even if doing so prevents good consequences from
happening or even if it results in some bad consequences.
AACSB: Ethics
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-05 Explain the principle-based, or
rights-based, framework of ethics.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
36.
Which of the following approaches emphasizes the need to follow
legal rules regardless of unfavorable consequences?
1. Virtue
ethics
2. Utilitarianism
3. Principle-based
ethics
4. Egoism
Ethical principles can simply be thought of as a type of rule,
and this approach to ethics that tells us that there are some rules that we
ought to follow even if doing so prevents good consequences from happening or
even if it results in some bad consequences. Rules or principles (e.g., “obey
the law,” “keep your promises,” “uphold your contracts”) create duties that
bind us to act or decide in certain ways.
AACSB: Ethics
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-05 Explain the principle-based, or
rights-based, framework of ethics.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
37.
“We ought to stop at a red light, even if no cars are coming and
I could get to my destination that much sooner.” Identify the ethical approach
that follows this line of thought.
1. Virtue
ethics
2. Utilitarianism
3. Role
ethics
4. Ethics
of principles
The ethical principles approach to ethics tells us that there
are some rules that we ought to follow even if doing so prevents good
consequences from happening or even if it results in some bad consequences.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-05 Explain the principle-based, or
rights-based, framework of ethics.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
38.
_____ ensure the integrity and proper functioning of the
economic, legal, or financial systems.
1. Social
functions
2. Administrative
functions
3. Marketing
functions
4. Gatekeeper
functions
Professionals within business have important roles to play
within political and economic institutions. Many of these roles, often
described as “gatekeeper functions,” insure the integrity and proper
functioning of the economic, legal, or financial system.
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-05 Explain the principle-based, or
rights-based, framework of ethics.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
39.
No group could function if members were free at all times to
decide for themselves what to do and how to act. Which of the following
functions to organize and ease relations between individuals?
1. Autocracy
2. Self-rule
3. Social
contract
4. Personal
norms
Legal rules, organizational rules, role-based rules, and
professional rules can be thought of being a part of a social agreement, or
social contract, which functions to organize and ease relations between
individuals. No group could function if members were free at all times to
decide for themselves what to do and how to act.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-05 Explain the principle-based, or
rights-based, framework of ethics.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
40.
Which of the following is a fundamental moral duty according to
Immanuel Kant?
1. To
place principles over morals
2. To
ponder over the nuances of ethics
3. To
treat each person as an end in themselves
4. To
continuously set moral examples for everyone to follow
According to Immanuel Kant, the fundamental duty of a human
being is to treat each person as an end in themselves and never only as means
to our own ends. In other words, our fundamental duty is to treat people as
subjects capable of living their own lives and not as mere objects that exist
for our purposes.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-06 Explain the concept of human rights
and how they are relevant to business.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
41.
Which of the following is a reason why a rights-based framework
of ethics would object to child labor?
1. Such
practices violate laws that are widely accepted in developed countries.
2. Such
practices are not economically feasible in the modern era.
3. Such
practices violate our duty to treat children with respect.
4. Such
practices do not produce beneficial consequences to children.
A rights-based framework of ethics would object to child labor
because such practices violate our duty to treat children with respect. The
rights of children are violated when they are treated as mere means to the ends
of production and economic growth.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-06 Explain the concept of human rights
and how they are relevant to business.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
42.
The concept of human rights is central to which of the following
ethical traditions?
1. Virtue-based
ethical tradition
2. Consequence-based
ethical tradition
3. Role-based
ethical tradition
4. Principle-based
ethical tradition
The concept of a human or moral right is central to the
principle-based ethical tradition. Unlike utilitarianism, this framework of
ethics would object to child labor because such practices violate our duty to
treat children with respect.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-06 Explain the concept of human rights
and how they are relevant to business.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
43.
The _____ tradition claims that our fundamental human rights,
and the duties that follow from them, are derived from our nature as free and
rational beings.
1. utilitarian
2. virtue-based
3. role-based
4. Kantian
The Kantian tradition claims that our fundamental human rights,
and the duties that follow from them, are derived from our nature as free and
rational beings.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-06 Explain the concept of human rights
and how they are relevant to business.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
44.
The Kantian tradition claims that humans do not act only out of
instinct and conditioning; they make free choices about how they live their
lives, about their own ends. In this sense, humans are said to have a
fundamental human right of:
1. dignity.
2. rationality.
3. autonomy.
4. dependency.
The Kantian tradition claims that our fundamental human rights,
and the duties that follow from them, are derived from our nature as free and
rational beings. Humans do not act only out of instinct and conditioning; they
make free choices about how they live their lives, about their own ends. In
this sense, humans are said to have a fundamental human right of autonomy, or
“self-rule.”
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-06 Explain the concept of human rights
and how they are relevant to business.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
45.
_____ understandings of social justice argue that freedom from
coercion by others is the most central element of social justice.
1. Anarchist
2. Egalitarian
3. Libertarian
4. Conservative
Libertarian understandings of social justice argue that
individual liberty—freedom from coercion by others—is the most central element
of social justice. This means that a just society is one in which individuals
are free from governmental intrusion as long as they are not harming others.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-06 Explain the concept of human rights
and how they are relevant to business.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
46.
_____ are fundamental to theories of social justice upon which
capitalist economies have been built.
1. Liberty
and equality
2. Fraternity
and autocracy
3. Kinship
and cooperation
4. Consideration
and kindness
Liberty and equality are fundamental to theories of social
justice upon which democratic societies and capitalist economies have been
built and, thus, are crucial to an understanding of business ethics. They are
also the core elements of most modern conceptions of social justice.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-07 Distinguish moral rights from legal
rights.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
47.
Which of the following is a right granted to an employee on the
basis of legislation or judicial rulings?
1. The
right to a specific health care package
2. The
right to bargain as part of a union
3. The
right to pension funds
4. The
right to a bonus
Legal rights granted to employees on the basis of legislation or
judicial rulings are a right to a minimum wage, equal opportunity, to bargain
collectively as part of a union, to be free from sexual harassment, and so
forth. The other two categories of employee rights common in business are
entitlements on the basis of contractual agreements and rights grounded in
moral entitlements.
AACSB: Analytical Thinking
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 03-07 Distinguish moral rights from legal
rights.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
48.
Identify the true statement about ethics based on rights.
1. Rights
and duties can be easily defined.
2. There
is no agreement on the scope and range of rights.
3. Application
of theory to real-life situations is easy.
4. There
exists a well-defined line between rights and desires.
The first major challenge to an ethics based on rights is that
there is no agreement about the scope and range of such rights. Which good
things qualify as rights, and which are merely things that people want? Critics
charge that there is no way to answer this.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-08 Explain several challenges to
principle-based ethics.
Topic: An Ethics of Principles and Rights
49.
What is the difference between virtue ethics and principle-based
ethics?
1. Virtue
ethics is based on character traits, whereas principle-based ethics is based on
a set of rules.
2. Virtue
ethics is based on the consequences of actions, whereas principle-based ethics
is based on character traits.
3. Virtue
ethics is based on set of rules, whereas principle-based ethics is based on
consequences of actions.
4. Virtue
ethics is based on producing the greater good, whereas principle-based ethics
is based on self-interest.
Virtue ethics is a tradition within philosophical ethics that
seeks a full and detailed description of those character traits, or virtues,
that would constitute a good and full human life. Principle-based ethics direct
us to act on the basis of set moral rules or principles.
AACSB: Ethics
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 03-09 Describe and explain virtue-based
framework for thinking about ethical character.
Topic: Virtue Ethics: Making Decisions Based on Integrity and
Character
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