Canadian Organizational Behaviour 10Th Canadian Edition By Steven McShane

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Sample Test

Chapter 03

Perceiving Ourselves and Others in Organizations

True / False Questions

1. Self-concept refers to an individual’s self-beliefs and self-evaluations.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-01 Self-Concept: How We Perceive Ourselves

2. Our self-concept is defined at three levels: independent, isolated, and mutual.
FALSE

3. Mature adults tend to have a lower complexity that remains relatively stable.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-02 Self-Concept Complexity, Consistency, and Clarity

4. The three structural dimensions of self-concept are: complexity, consistency, and clarity.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-02 Self-Concept Complexity, Consistency, and Clarity

5. Clarity of self-concept refers to the degree or realism one attaches to his or her self-image.
FALSE

6. The self-concept clarity increases with age.
TRUE

7. Self-concept clarity becomes more confused as we get older.
FALSE

8. Self-concept complexity protects our self-esteem when some roles are threatened or damaged.
TRUE

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-02 Self-Concept Complexity, Consistency, and Clarity

9. Self-enhancement can result in bad decisions.
TRUE

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-03 Self-Enhancement

10. Self-enhancement causes managers to overestimate the probability of success in investment decisions.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-03 Self-Enhancement

11. Self-verification stabilizes our self-concept.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-04 Self-Verification

12. Self-evaluation is mostly defined in terms of the following three concepts: self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

13. Self-esteem is the extent to which people like, respect, and are satisfied with others.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

14. People with higher self-esteem than others believe they are superior.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

15. People with high self-esteem are less influenced by others.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

16. Self-efficacy is an individual’s perception regarding the MARS model in a specific situation.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

17. People perform better in most employment situations when they have a strong external locus of control.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

18. People with an internal locus of control have a more positive self-evaluation.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

19. Individuals with higher internal locus of control tend to evaluate others less favourably.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

20. People with higher internal locus of control are more successful in their careers, and earn more money.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

21. An internal locus of control characterizes people who think only of themselves rather than people around them.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

22. Self-efficacy is similar to self-effacing behaviour.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

23. There is a positive relationship between self-efficacy and self-evaluation.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

24. Self-efficacy is a perception and a general trait related to self-concept.
TRUE

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

25. Social identity theory explains self-concept only in terms of personal identity.
FALSE

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-06 The Social Self

26. Self-concept consists of two distinct categories: personal identity and social identity.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-06 The Social Self

27. Social identity is also called external self-concept.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-06 The Social Self

28. Social identity is easily defined using demographic characteristics.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-06 The Social Self

29. Social identity theory partially explains why people in low-status jobs tend to define themselves in terms of non-job groups.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-06 The Social Self

30. People whose self-concepts are heavily defined by social rather than personal identities are more easily influenced by peer pressure.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-06 The Social Self

31. The perceptual process begins by attributing behaviour to internal or external causes.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-02 Outline the perceptual process and discuss the effects of categorical thinking and mental models in that process.
Topic: 03-08 Perceiving the World Around Us

32. Selective attention occurs after incoming information is organized and interpreted.
FALSE

33. We are more likely to notice objects with features that are repetitive, intense, and in motion.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-02 Outline the perceptual process and discuss the effects of categorical thinking and mental models in that process.
Topic: 03-08 Perceiving the World Around Us

34. Our emotions influence what we recognize or screen out.
TRUE

35. Confirmation bias causes us to screen out information that is contrary to our values and assumptions.
TRUE

36. People have a tendency to screen out information that is contrary to their assumptions.
TRUE

37. A person’s expectations make them more sensitive to incoming information, but also less sensitive to unexpected information.
TRUE

38. Grouping people and objects into recognizable patterns is part of the selective attention process.
FALSE

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 03-02 Outline the perceptual process and discuss the effects of categorical thinking and mental models in that process.
Topic: 03-09 Perceptual Organization and Interpretation

39. Categorical thinking is mostly a conscious process of deciding what information in the environment to notice.
FALSE

40. Seeing a trend in a sequence of sales figures involves the process of categorical thinking.
TRUE

41. Mental models play an important role in sense-making, but they also make it difficult to see the world in different ways.
TRUE

42. Employees can break out of their existing mental models by working with colleagues from diverse backgrounds that bring different mental models to the workplace.
TRUE

43. Stereotyping is an extension of the social identity process.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-03 Discuss how stereotyping, attribution, self-fulfilling prophecy, halo, false-consensus, primacy, and recency influence the perceptual process.
Topic: 03-11 Stereotyping in Organizations

44. Social identity is a comparative process, and the comparison begins by comparing people from distinct groups to oneself.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-03 Discuss how stereotyping, attribution, self-fulfilling prophecy, halo, false-consensus, primacy, and recency influence the perceptual process.
Topic: 03-11 Stereotyping in Organizations

45. Some stereotypes can contain kernels of truth.
TRUE

46. Stereotyping is a natural process that helps us to economize mental effort.
FALSE

47. A person’s social identity is a complex combination of his or her memberships in many groups.
TRUE

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 03-03 Discuss how stereotyping, attribution, self-fulfilling prophecy, halo, false-consensus, primacy, and recency influence the perceptual process.
Topic: 03-11 Stereotyping in Organizations

48. One reason we stereotype is to enhance out self-concept.
FALSE

49. Homogenization and differentiation are two activities in the process of social identity and self-enhancement.
TRUE

50. The combination of social identity and self-enhancement occurs through categorization and attribution activities.
FALSE

51. Stereotyping is partly responsible for prejudice and discrimination.
TRUE

52. One problem with stereotyping is that few traits assigned to a particular social category accurately describe every person identified with that group.
TRUE

53. The easiest way to minimize stereotyping is by preventing the activation of stereotypes in our heads.
FALSE

54. For the most part the stereotyping process is hardwired in our brain cells.
TRUE

55. A stereotype threat refers to a phenomenon whereby members of a stereotyped group are concerned that they might exhibit a negative feature of the stereotype.
TRUE

56. Systemic discrimination is often unintentional.
TRUE

57. We can eliminate the activation of stereotyping by choosing to ignore stereotypic information.
FALSE

58. Systemic discrimination is implicit, automatic, and unintentional, whereas intentional discrimination deliberately puts the target person at an unfair disadvantage.
TRUE

59. Attribution theory mainly explains the selective attention process.
FALSE

60. People who believe that their successful completion of a project is due to their skill and hard work are making an internal attribution.
TRUE

61. People tend to make an internal attribution about someone’s behaviour if that person has rarely acted like this either in the past or in other situations.
FALSE

62. You are more likely to make an internal attribution about someone’s poor performance if you have also observed the person performing that task poorly in the past and have observed other employees performing the task well.
TRUE

63. When making an internal or external attribution about a person’s behaviour, we tend to look at whether the person has acted this way in the past and other situations, and whether other people act similarly in this situation.
TRUE

64. Fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to attribute the behaviour of other people to internal factors more than external factors.
TRUE

65. Fundamental attribution error would cause a supervisor to believe that an employee’s lateness is due to factors beyond the employee’s control rather than to a lack of motivation to attend work.
FALSE

66. Self-serving bias is the tendency to take credit for our successes and blame others or the situation for our mistakes.
TRUE

67. Self-fulfilling prophecy occurs whenever supervisors accurately predict the future performance of recently hired employees.
FALSE

68. Self-fulfilling prophecy may result in either better or worse performance than if the employee is not exposed to the self-fulfilling prophecy effect.
TRUE

69. The first step in a self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when the observer acts differently towards people with whom he or she has high expectations than towards those with whom he or she has low expectations.
FALSE

70. Self-fulfilling prophecy tends to have a stronger effect on employees who are new to the job than on employees who have worked in that job for a few years.
TRUE

71. One of the most effective ways to minimize negative self-fulfilling prophecy is to make managers aware of the power of positive expectations.
FALSE

72. The halo effect occurs when one characteristic of a person shapes our general impression of that person which, in turn, biases our perceptions about the other characteristics of that person.
TRUE

73. According to the halo effect, a supervisor’s initial expectations of you influence your behaviour so that you are more likely to act consistently with those expectations.
FALSE

74. The primacy effect occurs because we have a strong need to quickly make sense of other people.
TRUE

75. Primacy and recency effects are two attribution errors.
FALSE

76. The primacy effect causes interviewers to ignore information presented at the beginning of the interview and to pay more attention to information presented later in the interview.
FALSE

77. The recency effect occurs when a person’s annual performance evaluation is heavily influenced by performance results over the last month.
TRUE

78. Diversity awareness programs mainly educate employees about the value of diversity and the problems with stereotyping.
TRUE

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-16 Awareness of Perceptual Biases

79. Diversity awareness programs are designed specifically to correct deep-rooted prejudice and intolerance in the workplace.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-16 Awareness of Perceptual Biases

80. The Johari Window is a training program that teaches employees how to change their personality.
FALSE

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-17 Improving Self-Awareness

81. The main objective of the Johari Window process is to maintain the same amount of information about yourself in each of the four quadrants.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-17 Improving Self-Awareness

82. The four areas of the Johari Window are open, closed, internal, and external.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-17 Improving Self-Awareness

83. According to the Johari Window, the hidden area is reduced through disclosure.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-17 Improving Self-Awareness

84. The more we interact with someone, the more we rely on stereotypes to understand that individual.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-18 Meaningful Interaction

85. The contact hypothesis states that the more individuals interact with one another, the less they rely on stereotypes to perceive each other.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-18 Meaningful Interaction

86. Interacting with people from other backgrounds is more likely to minimize perceptual biases when these people have equal status with you throughout the interaction.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-18 Meaningful Interaction

87. Empathizing reduces attribution errors by improving our sensitivity to the external causes of another person’s performance and behaviour.
TRUE

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-18 Meaningful Interaction

88. Empathy refers to understanding one’s own feelings, thoughts, and emotions.
FALSE

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-18 Meaningful Interaction

89. Global mindset refers to an individual’s ability to perceive, know about, and process information across cultures.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-05 Outline the main features of a global mindset and justify its usefulness to employees and organizations.
Topic: 03-19 Global Mindset: Developing Perceptions Across Borders

90. Global mindset occurs as people develop more of a local than global frame of reference about their business and its environment within the context of internationalism.
FALSE

91. Adopting a global mindset can be a detriment for companies wishing to forge better relationships at the local level.
FALSE

92. The capacity to empathize with other cultures is an important characteristic of global mindset.
TRUE

93. Developing a global mindset begins with self-awareness.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-05 Outline the main features of a global mindset and justify its usefulness to employees and organizations.
Topic: 03-20 Developing A Global Mindset

94. One way companies can develop a global mindset is by allowing employees to compare their mental models with coworkers from other regions of the world.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-05 Outline the main features of a global mindset and justify its usefulness to employees and organizations.
Topic: 03-20 Developing A Global Mindset

95. A global mindset includes having an awareness of, openness to, and respect for one’s views and practices throughout the world.
FALSE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-05 Outline the main features of a global mindset and justify its usefulness to employees and organizations.
Topic: 03-20 Developing A Global Mindset

96. Some of the knowledge required to develop a global mindset can be acquired through diversity training, instead of work experience.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-05 Outline the main features of a global mindset and justify its usefulness to employees and organizations.
Topic: 03-20 Developing A Global Mindset

97. Deep absorption of knowledge required to develop a global mindset results from immersion in the foreign cultures.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-05 Outline the main features of a global mindset and justify its usefulness to employees and organizations.
Topic: 03-20 Developing A Global Mindset

98. Sending teams of employees on social responsibility missions in developing countries is a way to accelerate global mindset development.
TRUE

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-05 Outline the main features of a global mindset and justify its usefulness to employees and organizations.
Topic: 03-20 Developing A Global Mindset

Multiple Choice Questions

99. Which of the following refers to an individual’s self-beliefs and self-evaluations?
A.Self-concept
B. Self-verification
C. Self-implication
D. Self-adulation
E. Self-efficacy

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-01 Self-Concept: How We Perceive Ourselves

100. People function better when their _______ has many elements that are compatible with each other and relatively clear.
A.self-concept
B. self-verification
C. self-implication
D. self-esteem
E. self-efficacy

101. _____ exists when the individual’s identities require similar personality traits, values, and other attributes
A.High consistency
B. Low consistency
C. High clarity
D. Low clarity
E. Self-efficacy

102. According to the authors, the motivation to promote and protect a self-view of being competent, attractive, lucky, ethical, valued, and so forth is called:
A.self-enhancement.
B. self-glorification.
C. narcissism.
D. self-esteem.
E. self-efficacy.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-03 Self-Enhancement

103. Which of the following is NOT one of the organizational behaviour implications of self-verification mentioned in your text?
A.Employees are more likely to remember information that is consistent with their self-concept.
B. Employees are motivated to interact with others who affirm their self-concept.
C. The more confident employees are in their self-concept, the less they will accept positive or negative feedback.
D. Supervisors should avoid giving feedback that is inconsistent with their employees’ self-concepts.
E. All the choices are correct.

Difficulty: Hard
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-04 Self-Verification

104. Which of these statements about self-enhancement is FALSE?
A.People tend to rate themselves above average.
B. People tend to recall positive feedback while forgetting negative feedback.
C. We tend to attribute our successes to personal motivation or ability.
D. We blame the situation for our mistakes.
E. We empathize with others when they experience failure.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-03 Self-Enhancement

105. In what way does self-verification differ from self-enhancement?
A.It differs because we prefer feedback that is consistent with our self-concept even when that feedback is unflattering.
B. Self-verification is used only to enhance our self-concept.
C. Self-verification is a process which suppresses counterproductive behaviour.
D. Self-verification helps us find ways to justify our actions.
E. It does not allow for self-improvement.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-03 Self-Enhancement

106. Which of the following is a fundamental component of self-concept and represents a global self-evaluation?
A.Self-efficacy
B. Self-enhancement
C. Self-verification
D. Self-involvement
E. Self-esteem

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

107. Compared with those who have a low self-esteem, employees with a high self-esteem:
A.tend to be better conversationalists.
B. have difficulty controlling their temper.
C. have more of an external locus of control.
D. are less influenced by others.
E. tend to be better conversationalists and have more of an external locus of control.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

108. Employees who feel that they are in charge of their own destiny have:
A.a self-monitoring personality.
B. an agreeableness personality.
C. an internal locus of control personality.
D. an emotionally unstable personality.
E. an external locus of control personality.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

109. A person’s belief that he or she has the ability, motivation, correct role perceptions, and favourable situation to complete a task successfully is called:
A.self-control.
B. locus of control.
C. self-efficacy.
D. self-concept.
E. self-identity.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

110. In most work situations, employees perform better when they have:
A.a more internal locus of control
B. a strong external locus of control
C. no locus of control
D. a weak internal locus of control
E. a high level of introversion.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

111. A perception of one’s competence to perform across a variety of situations indicates:
A.an external locus of control.
B. a high level of introversion.
C. an advanced personality deficiency.
D. a high level of self-efficacy.
E. an internal locus of control.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-05 Self-Evaluation

112. According to social identity theory, people tend to:
A.perceive themselves as members of several groups.
B. perceive that their own actions are due to the situation, whereas the behaviours of other people are mainly due to their motivation and ability.
C. believe that people in their own groups share common traits and people in comparison groups share a different set of traits.
D. isolate themselves from others with similar personality characteristics.
E. perceive themselves as members of several groups and believe that people in their own groups share common traits and people in comparison groups share a different set of traits.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-06 The Social Self

113. Michael is a professor who is quick to mention this when he first meets other people. He also tends to perceive himself and other professors in a more favourable way than non-professorial staff. Which concept best explains Michael’s perceptual process?
A.Attribution theory
B. Social identity theory
C. Self-delusion
D. Self-promotion
E. Extroversion

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-06 The Social Self

114. The social identity theory attempts to explain:
A.how we compare ourselves with people who do not belong to our groups.
B. why we homogenize others by believing people within a group share common traits.
C. how we define ourselves in terms of the groups to which we can be identified.
D. how we compare ourselves with people who do not belong to our groups and defining ourselves in terms of the groups in which we can be identified.
E. All of the answers are correct.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-06 The Social Self

115. When Green Corp. recently acquired Orange Corp., employees in each company began to privately complain about the behaviour and performance of employees at the other organization. For example, Orange employees would claim that Green employees lacked customer service skills; whereas Green employees claimed that they were more responsive to customer needs. Employees would also label each other by their former colour (‘She’s a Greenie’). This incident mainly describes which of the following concepts?
A.Social identity theory
B. Self-enhancement
C. Corporate identification theory
D. Disagreeableness trait
E. Locus of control

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-06 The Social Self

116. Social identity theory indicates that:
A.we define ourselves in terms of our membership in certain groups and our differences with people who belong to other groups.
B. we tend to believe our own actions are caused by motivation or ability rather than the situation.
C. our expectations about another person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations.
D. we quickly form an opinion of people based on the first information we receive about them.
E. our emotions screen out large blocks of information that threaten our beliefs and values.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-01 Describe the elements of self-concept and explain how each affects an individual’s behaviour and well-being.
Topic: 03-06 The Social Self

117. According to the perceptual process model, what happens immediately after environmental stimuli are received by our senses?
A.We organize the information into categories.
B. We form an attitude towards the source of the information.
C. We engage in behaviours in response to the environmental stimuli.
D. We filter the information through the selective attention process.
E. We form attributions and other interpretations of the information.

118. Selective attention and environmental stimuli are two components of:
A.attribution theory.
B. the perceptual process.
C. the Johari Window.
D. the ‘Big Five’ personality dimensions.
E. the self-fulfilling prophecy model.

119. The process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us is called:
A.perception.
B. projection.
C. social learning.
D. social identity.
E. personal identity.

120. Which of the following refers to is the process of filtering information received by our senses?
A.Personal identity
B. Social learning
C. Projection
D. Stereotyping
E. Selective attention

121. Our likelihood of noticing a person or object depends on its:
A.novelty.
B. intensity.
C. motion.
D. size.
E. All of the answers are correct.

122. Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of the person or object that influences selective attention?
A.Intensity
B. Novelty
C. Motion
D. Size
E. Colour

123. Which of the following is an example of selective attention?
A.You notice that two employees are arguing in the company’s quiet library.
B. You conclude that the person near the cash register is a sales clerk.
C. You assume that an employee is lazy because she works in a department with lazy people.
D. You dislike the manager because they have authority.
E. You prefer autonomy in your work due to frequent disagreements with colleagues.

124. How do values and attitudes affect the selective attention process?
A.Values and attitudes don’t affect how people deal with information at all.
B. People tend to only absorb information that is unrelated to their values and attitudes.
C. People pay attention to information that is consistent with their values and attitudes.
D. People pay attention to information that conflicts with their values and attitudes.
E. People pay attention to information only when it describes things for which they have no values or attitudes.

125. Screening out information that is contrary to our values and assumptions is called:
A.confirmation bias
B. selective attention
C. screening bias
D. value-affirmation
E. locus of control

126. Which of the following refers to the mostly nonconscious process of organizing people and objects into preconceived groups stored in memory?
A.Selective attention
B. The halo effect
C. Attribution
D. Categorical thinking
E. Projection

127. All of the following are direct examples of categorical thinking, EXCEPT:
A.You see someone standing near a group of similar-looking people and assume that person is associated with the group.
B. You notice three weeks of weaker sales and conclude that sales will continue to weaken.
C. You pay more attention to the most recent information received.
D. You learn that another student in your project team comes from a country which is stereotypically viewed as hard-working, so you believe that this student is also hard-working.
E. A basketball player has scored more than usual over the past three games, so you conclude that the player is on a winning streak.

128. Categorical thinking and related perceptual organization activities:
A.occur very quickly and mostly unconsciously.
B. are usually avoidable when you are aware of them.
C. tend to occur after you have a moment to think carefully about the information received.
D. are mostly unconscious and occur slowly over several days.
E. do not occur in most people.

129. Mental models are __________ that guide perceptions and behaviour.
A.stereotypes
B. forms of punishment
C. self-fulfilling prophecies
D. internal representations of the external world
E. action learning practices

130. Mental models are mainly related to:
A.perceptual organization and interpretation.
B. learning orientation.
C. attribution.
D. self-fulfilling prophecy.
E. selective attention.

131. Mental models cause us to:
A.perceive events as though people are acting on a theatrical stage.
B. select and organize stimuli in ways that are consistent with our broad world views.
C. believe the behaviour of others is caused more by their ability or motivation than the situation.
D. perceive ourselves as members of several groups that are different from people in other groups.
E. change our personality whenever we develop new mental models.

132. Companies can try to break out of their existing mental models by:
A.promoting people within the organization.
B. giving every employee the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test.
C. engaging in external attribution.
D. engaging in selective attention.
E. hiring people with diverse backgrounds and from other industries.

133. One way employees can break out of their existing mental models is by:
A.changing jobs on a regular basis.
B. being mindful of their tendencies.
C. engaging in more sense making.
D. working with people from diverse backgrounds.
E. reduce categorical thinking.

134. The process of assigning traits to people based on their membership in a social category refers to:
A.recency effect.
B. halo effect.
C. projection bias.
D. empathy.
E. stereotyping.

135. Stereotyping is based on which of the following?
A.Social identity theory
B. Self-fulfilling prophecy
C. Selective attention
D. Attribution
E. Selection bias

136. Social identity theory helps us to explain:
A.the attribution process.
B. stereotyping.
C. recency effect.
D. the ‘Big Five’ personality dimensions.
E. locus of control.

137. George believes that women have difficulty coping with the stress of executive decisions. Sally is promoted into a senior management position, and George soon complains that Sally won’t be able to cope with this job. George is exhibiting which of the following perceptual errors?
A.Attribution error
B. Stereotyping
C. Projection bias
D. Halo effect
E. Recency effect

138. All of the following statements about stereotyping are accurate, EXCEPT:
A.People can improve the perceptual process by preventing the activation of stereotypes.
B. Stereotyping causes us to ignore or misinterpret behaviours that are inconsistent with the stereotype we assign to a person.
C. Stereotypes do not accurately describe everyone assigned to that stereotype.
D. Stereotypes generally have some inaccuracies.
E. Stereotyping can potentially become the foundation for prejudice.

139. The process of stereotyping includes:
A.identifying with people who belong to the groups that you don’t belong to.
B. believing that other people have the same beliefs and behaviours that you have.
C. determining whether a person’s behaviour is due either to his or her motivation or factors beyond his or her control.
D. assigning the cluster of traits from a social category to a person identified with that social category.
E. All of the answers are correct.

140. The concept of prejudice is most closely related to:
A.behaviour modification.
B. stereotyping.
C. Johari Window.
D. attribution process.
E. social learning theory.

141. The greatest concern about stereotyping is that it can lead to:
A.prejudice.
B. unbiased opinions.
C. just behaviour.
D. limited mental modelling.
E. unbiased attitudes.

142. Which of the following statements about prejudice and discrimination is FALSE?
A.There are still examples of prejudice in Canadian organizations.
B. Prejudice may lead to employment discrimination.
C. Prejudice arises from deeply held stereotypes.
D. Prejudice refers to unfounded negative emotions that we hold towards people belonging to a particular group.
E. Removing prejudice has the effect of removing all discrimination in the workplace.

143. Prejudice and discrimination are most closely tied to which of these concepts?
A.Halo effect
B. Locus of control
C. Attribution theory
D. Self-fulfilling prophecy
E. Stereotyping

144. Which process involves deciding whether an observed behaviour or event is largely caused by internal or external factors?
A.Attribution
B. Social identity
C. Selective attention
D. Personality
E. Self-fulfilling prophecy

145. Studies have shown that stereotype threat is observed more often in which of the following?
A.Minority groups and senior citizens
B. Visible minorities and youth
C. Women and children
D. Middle aged males and senior females
E. Immigrants and Caucasian males

146. Which of the following perceptual activities involves making inferences about the causes of a person’s actions?
A.Attribution
B. Stereotyping
C. Projection
D. Selective attention
E. Self-fulfilling prophecy

147. Several errors were reported by customers who submitted their film for processing. Jasmine, who owns these stores, discovered that the errors seemed to occur when a particular new employee operated the film-processing machine. The new employee claimed that the machine wasn’t working properly, so Jasmine investigated further. She learned that these processing errors did not occur while other people operated the machine. Also, when the new employee worked one day at another store, the same film-processing errors occurred. What perception will Jasmine likely develop from this information?
A.Jasmine will likely make an internal attribution about the new employee’s performance.
B. Jasmine will likely make a self-fulfilling prophecy error.
C. Jasmine will likely engage in action learning.
D. Jasmine is less likely to engage in self-serving bias.
E. Jasmine will likely make an external attribution about the new employee’s performance.

148. Jim has just arrived late for work. This is the third time over the past five days that he has arrived more than 30 minutes late. However, you conclude that Jim’s lateness is due to factors beyond his control because most other employees who also take Jim’s route to work have also been late to work on these days. According to attribution theory, what attribution have you made of Jim’s lateness and based on what attribution rule?
A.Internal attribution due to high conscientiousness.
B. External attribution due to high consistency.
C. Internal attribution due to high distinctiveness.
D. External attribution due to high conscientiousness.
E. External attribution due to high consensus.

149. In attribution theory, the question “Does the person act this way in other settings?” relates directly to:
A.self-confidence.
B. distinctiveness.
C. consistency.
D. external attribution.
E. consensus.

150. Which of these questions is directly considered when making attributions?
A.Has the employee ever shown his or her true emotions in the workplace?
B. How often does the employee interact with people from different backgrounds?
C. How often did the employee act this way in the past?
D. All of the answers are correct.
E. None of the answers apply.

151. Consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness are:
A.three elements of behaviour modification.
B. three elements of the selective attention process.
C. the three rules determining whether to make an internal or external attribution.
D. three of the four quadrants in the Johari Window.
E. the main causes of self-fulfilling prophecy.

152. Which of the following is an element determining whether to make an internal or external attribution?
A.Similarity
B. Consensus
C. Conscientiousness
D. Consciousness
E. Continuity

153. Suppose that Jamie, your supervisor, makes a fundamental attribution error when evaluating your job performance. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
A.Jamie would tend to give you a lower appraisal rating because she thinks your good performance is due mainly to her effective leadership over you.
B. Jamie will tend to rate you high or low on all performance dimensions based mainly on her overall impression of you.
C. Jamie would tend to give you a higher appraisal rating because she thinks your performance is due to ability and motivation rather than external conditions (such as helpful colleagues).
D. Jamie will likely rate you based on her initial impression of your potential ability.
E. Performance evaluation decisions are unaffected by attribution errors.

154. According to the fundamental attribution error:
A.people seldom make attributions about their own behaviour.
B. the likelihood of making an error attributing the behaviour of another person increases with your familiarity of that other person.
C. we tend to believe that other people have the same beliefs and behaviours that we have.
D. we tend to believe the behaviour of other people is caused more by their motivation and ability than by factors beyond their control.
E. we tend to believe that colleagues perform their jobs better than we perform our job.

155. How might a self-serving bias be observed in a corporate annual report?
A.The report would say more about the company’s problems and less about its successes.
B. The report would emphasize the role of competition, inflationary pressures, and other external causes of problems in the organization’s performance.
C. The report would exclude any bad news about the organization’s performance.
D. The report would acknowledge that competition, the economy and other external factors should be credited for some of the company’s recent success.
E. The report would acknowledge some of management’s mistakes, but suggest that management in other companies have been making the same mistakes.

156. Which of the following refers to the tendency to attribute favourable outcomes to internal factors and failures to external factors?
A.Fundamental attribution error
B. Halo effect
C. Self-serving bias
D. Stereotyping
E. Self-fulfilling prophecy

157. Self-serving bias is associated with which perceptual process?
A.Attribution theory
B. Halo effect
C. Social identity theory
D. Stereotyping
E. Self-fulfilling prophecy

158. The tendency to attribute the behaviour of other people to internal factors rather than external factors refers to:
A.recency bias.
B. projection bias.
C. fundamental attribution error.
D. primacy effect.
E. self-serving bias.

159. If John takes credit for work that he completes on time, but blames his coworkers for his delays, he is exhibiting:
A.fundamental attribution error.
B. primacy effect.
C. self-fulfilling prophecy.
D. self-serving bias.
E. projection bias.

160. All of the following are steps in the self-fulfilling prophecy process, EXCEPT:
A.Supervisor forms expectations about employee.
B. Supervisor forms an impression based on the most recent information about the employee.
C. Expectations affect supervisor’s behaviour toward employee.
D. Supervisor’s behaviour affects employee’s abilities and self-confidence.
E. Employee’s behaviour becomes consistent with supervisor’s expectations.

161. Which of the following is the first step in self-fulfilling prophecy?
A.Employee behaves in a way consistent with the supervisor’s expectations.
B. Supervisor treats the employee in a manner consistent with the supervisor’s expectations.
C. Supervisor forms an incorrect impression of the employee.
D. Supervisor attributes employee’s good performance to external causes.
E. Employee demonstrates his or her true abilities to the supervisor.

162. Which of the following explains what happens when supervisors develop a high-expectancy self-fulfilling prophecy of a new employee’s job performance?
A.They don’t act any differently than supervisors with low expectancies.
B. They make it more difficult for the high-expectancy employee to perform well.
C. They let the high-expectancy employee achieve a natural performance level without interference.
D. They are more likely to engage in primacy and recency effect biases.
E. None of the answers apply.

163. When supervisors create a positive self-fulfilling prophecy, they tend to change employee behaviour by:
A.showing more emotional support to the employee through non-verbal cues.
B. providing more frequent and valuable feedback and reinforcement.
C. assigning more challenging goals to the employee.
D. All of the answers are correct.
E. providing more frequent and valuable feedback and reinforcement and assigning more challenging goals to the employee.

164. Which of the following is the final step in the self-fulfilling prophecy cycle?
A.The employee’s behaviour becomes a source of disappointment for the supervisor.
B. The employee’s behaviour becomes inconsistent with the supervisor’s expectations.
C. The supervisor’s unrealistic expectations cannot be achieved by the employee.
D. The employee’s behaviour becomes consistent with the supervisor’s expectations.
E. The supervisor’s unrealistic expectations results in performance failure by the employee.

165. All of the following are perceptual errors in organizational settings EXCEPT:
A.primacy.
B. recency.
C. halo.
D. false-consensus effect.
E. self-delusion.

166. A supervisor’s negative self-fulfilling prophecy of an employee is more likely to influence that employee’s behaviour and performance when:
A.the employee has a history of low achievement.
B. the employee has been working in that job for at least one year.
C. the employee’s coworkers have confidence in the employee’s potential.
D. the employee has a history of high productivity.
E. the employee has a history of low achievement and the employee has been working in that job for at least one year.

167. Someone who is new to the job and has a low sense of achievement is:
A.less likely to engage in stereotyping.
B. more likely to engage in fundamental attribution error.
C. more likely to have a strong learning orientation.
D. more vulnerable to the supervisor’s self-fulfilling prophecies of that employee.
E. more likely to engage in behaviour modification.

168. Engaging in self-fulfilling prophecy can improve organizational effectiveness:
A.Self-fulfilling prophecy is a perceptual bias that always makes organizations less effective.
B. whenever and wherever it exists in organizational settings.
C. when supervisors demonstrate their hope and optimism in each employee’s potential.
D. when supervisors also use stereotyping to determine the employee’s potential performance.
E. only when supervisors have a self-serving bias.

169. The philosophy of positive organizational behaviour states that:
A.employees are more effective when they experience extinction more than other contingencies of reinforcement.
B. employees are, by nature, good rather than bad in terms of their ethics and care for others in the world.
C. focusing on the positive rather than negative aspects of life will improve organizational success and individual well-being.
D. organizational behaviour knowledge offers more positive than negative information about how to survive in organizations.
E. employees process more quickly positive rather than negative information.

170. Organizations can encourage positive self-fulfilling prophecy by:
A.training supervisors to ignore new employees who will clearly fail to perform the job well.
B. training supervisors and team leaders to increase employee self-confidence.
C. developing a culture of support and learning.
D. frequently criticizing employees’ effort and outcomes.
E. training supervisors and team leaders to increase employee self-confidence and developing a culture of support and learning.

171. The statement “first impressions are lasting impressions” describes which of the following concepts?
A.primacy effect.
B. self-fulfilling prophecy.
C. projection bias.
D. recency effect.
E. extroversion.

172. If you form a general negative impression of a person based on one prominent characteristic, and it distorts your perception of other characteristics of that person, it is called:
A.projection bias.
B. the halo effect.
C. selective attention.
D. self-serving bias.
E. stereotyping.

173. Which of these popular sayings best reflects the primacy effect?
A.Birds of a feather flock together.
B. First impressions are lasting impressions.
C. It takes one to know one.
D. If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.
E. You can’t tell a book by its cover.

174. Which of the following occurs when our general impression of a person, usually based on one prominent characteristic, distorts our perception of other characteristics of that person.
A.Projection bias
B. Halo effect
C. Selective attention
D. Self-serving bias
E. Stereotyping

175. What perceptual error occurs when a supervisor incorrectly rates an employee at a similar level across all performance dimensions based on an overall impression of that employee?
A.Attribution error
B. Stereotyping
C. Projection bias
D. Halo effect
E. Recency effect

176. The halo effect occurs when:
A.we give more emotional support through non-verbal cues to the target person.
B. we provide more frequent and valuable feedback to the target person.
C. we assign more challenging goals to the target person.
D. we evaluate specific features of the target person based on a general impression of that person.
E. we attribute the general characteristics of an entire group to every member of that group individually.

177. The halo effect is more likely to occur when:
A.we know the target person and have a good opportunity to measure his or her job performance.
B. we have low expectations of the target person.
C. we have a high level of learning orientation.
D. we are very good at delaying the formation of first impressions.
E. we lack concrete information about the target person and we are not motivated to search for it.

178. The recency effect is more common when:
A.making an evaluation involving complex information.
B. the decision maker has considerable experience in that situation.
C. the decision maker believes most employees are above average.
D. evaluating someone who is easily identified with a visible demographic group.
E. the decision maker has a strong learning orientation.

179. Sue habitually talks poorly about her supervisors. Whenever colleagues warn that she should refrain from expressing such negative opinions, Sue replies that, everyone believes the same thing about the supervisor. Which perceptual error does Sue seems to be experiencing?
A.Fundamental attribution error
B. False-consensus effect
C. Self-fulfilling prophecy
D. Halo effect
E. Primacy effect

180. A perceptual error in which we tend to believe that other people hold the same beliefs and attitudes that we do, refers to:
A.self-serving bias.
B. recency effect.
C. false-consensus effect.
D. self-fulfilling prophecy.
E. personal identity.

181. Diversity awareness training:
A.communicates the benefits of diversity in the workplace.
B. gives employees more accurate information about people from different backgrounds.
C. helps employees to become more aware of their stereotyping biases.
D. communicates the benefits of diversity in the workplace and gives employees more accurate information about people from different backgrounds.
E. All of the answers are correct.

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-16 Awareness of Perceptual Biases

182. Which of these statements about diversity awareness training is FALSE?
A.Diversity awareness training is mainly intended to correct deep-rooted prejudice or intolerance in the workplace.
B. Diversity awareness training helps employees to learn, and eventually overcome, the more subtle forms of bias that emerge from distorted stereotypes.
C. Diversity awareness training may include role-plays and exercises.
D. Diversity motivates people to block inaccurate perceptions arising from ingrained stereotypes.
E. Diversity awareness training is important as the workforce becomes more diverse.

Difficulty: Medium
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-16 Awareness of Perceptual Biases

183. In the Johari Window, the _______ area includes information about you that is known both to you and others.
A.mid-level
B. hidden
C. unknown
D. blind
E. open

Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 03-04 Discuss three ways to improve perceptions, with specific application to organizational situations.
Topic: 03-17 Improving Self-Awareness

184. In the Johari Window, the open area gets smaller when we:
A.provide disclosure.
B. receive feedback from others.
C. decrease the hidden area.
D. All of the answers are correct.
E. None of the answers apply.

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Canadian Organizational Behaviour 10Th Canadian Edition By Steven McShane – Test Bank

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