Cities And Urban Life 6th Edition by John J. Macionis – Test Bank

 

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Sample Questions

 

 

Examination Questions:

 

Multiple Choice

 

1.   What term is used to describe spread-out or low-density development beyond the edge of services and employment?

2.   edge cities

* b. sprawl

1.   common-interest developments

2.   gated communities

 

Page 87

 

2.   Sprawl is most obvious and grows most spectacularly in the rapid growth areas of the

3.   North and South.

4.   East and West.

* c. South and West.

1.   North and East.

 

Page 87

 

3.   Those seeking to curb sprawl base their concerns around four strategies. Which of the

following is NOT one of these strategies?

* a. suburban relocation

1.   environmental damage

2.   financial costs

3.   transportation issues

 

Page 91

 

4.   Which of the following is NOT one of the most time-squandered cities because of traffic

congestion?

1.   Atlanta, GA

* b. Columbus, OH

1.   Los Angeles, CA

2.   Dallas, TX

 

Page 92

 

5.   How does sprawl hurt cities?

6.   It erodes the city’s tax base.

7.   It destroys downtown commerce.

8.   It increases unemployment and concentrates poverty in urban centers.

* d. All of the above

 

 

Page 93

 

6.   Oregon and Washington require all communities to make official designations in order to separate urban areas from the surrounding greenbelt of open lands, including farms, watersheds, and parks. These designations are called

*  a. urban growth boundaries.

1.   revitalized zones.

2.   transit-oriented zones.

3.   edge cities.

 

Page 96

 

7.   Some transit-oriented approaches for relieving traffic congestion focus on building more highway lanes using

8.   land purchases.

*  b. “smart corridors.”

1.   growth boundaries.

2.   revitalization.

 

Page 97

 

8.   Which of the following is NOT one of the proposed solutions to urban sprawl, as discussed in the text?

9.   land purchases

10.                revitalization

*  c. gentrification

1.   growth boundaries

 

Page 99

 

9.   A.C. Spectorsky was the first to use the term __________ in describing the appearance of new residential areas developing on the metropolitan fringe.

*  a. exurb

1.   suburb

2.   “the burbs”

3.   small towns

 

Page 99

 

10.                __________ are new, sprawling, middle-class, automobile-dependent centers typically located at the fringe of older urban areas, at the intersections of major highways, where little except villages or farmland existed three decades earlier.

*  a. Edge cities

1.   Growth boundaries

2.   Gated communities

3.   Common-interest developments

 

Page 100

 

11.                The text points out that edge cities fall into one of three major categories. Which of the

following is NOT one of these?

1.   uptowns

* b. exurbs

1.   boomers

2.   greenfields

 

 

Page 103

 

12.                The text discusses three new city variations. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

13.                new city as motivator

14.                new city as a solution to problems

15.                new city as the problem

* d. new city as mediator

 

Page 106

 

13.                In the United States, __________ can be traced to the late 1800s, when upper-income gated developments in New York’s Tuxedo Park and private streets in St. Louis sprang up, as wealthy citizens sought to “insulate themselves from the troublesome aspects of rapidly industrializing cities.”

14.                common-interest developments

*  b. gated communities

1.   edge cities

2.   urban growth boundaries

 

Page 108

 

14.                About __________ million American households live in developments that are surrounded by fences or walls.

15.                6

*  b. 10

1.   16

2.   20

 

Page 109

 

15.                The text points out that gated communities fall into one of three categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

16.                lifestyle

17.                prestige

* c. urban growth

1.   security-zone

 

Pages 109

 

16.                Gated communities are often called

17.                exurbs.

* b. common-interest developments.

1.   privatopias.

2.   small towns.

 

Page 111

 

 

True-False

 

17.                Sprawl identifies the cumulative effects of development that is automobile-dependent, inefficient, and wasteful of natural resources. (T)

 

Page 87

 

18.                A house in the suburbs has become, for many, the personification of the ideal lifestyle. (T)

 

Page 90

 

19.                Urban sprawl occurs only because of population growth. (F)

 

Page 90

 

20.                In most American cities, everyone can get around by car. (F)

 

Page 91

 

21.                In North America, urban sprawl threatens only the farmland in the Midwest. (F)

 

Pages 87 – 90

 

22.                Today, four to five times more land is used per person compared to 40 years ago. (T)

 

Page 91

 

 

23.                Of all the areas in the United States, traffic congestion is most acute in New York City. (F)

 

Page 92

 

24.                Sprawl is a suburban phenomenon and has no urban counterpart. (F)

 

Page 93

 

25.                The term exurb is inconsistent with the phenomenon of urban sprawl. (F)

 

Page 99

 

26.                Edge cities are appearing in Canada as well as in the United States, but for different reasons. (T)

 

Page 102

 

27.                The majority of metropolitan North Americans now work, shop, and live in and around the

200-plus “new hearths of our civilization.” (T)

 

Page 106

 

28.                The rise of new cities is essentially a function of race, not social class. (F)

 

Page 106

 

29.                All new cities are alike, and their evolution occurs for the same reasons everywhere. (F)

 

Page 106

 

30.                Gated communities began to increase rapidly in the 1950s. (F)

 

Page 108

 

31.                Lifestyle communities are an expression of conspicuous consumption and a new leisure class. (T)

 

Page 110

 

32.                The primary residents of prestige communities are middle class. (F)

 

Page 110

 

33.                Security-zone communities are “enclaves of fear” primarily concerned with protection. (T)

 

Page 110

 

34.                Gated communities are often called common-interest developments. (T)

 

Page 111

 

35.                Planners, sprawl opponents, and urban sociologists often cite Portland, Oregon as a prime example of failure in terms of urban growth and development. (F)

 

Page 113

 

36.                Portland, Oregon, stands today as a model city. (T)

 

Page 113

 

 

Essay-Discussion

 

37.                Compare and contrast the patterns of sprawl, edge cities, gated communities, and common-interest developments.

 

38.                Define sprawl and discuss its implications in today’s American and Canadian cities.

 

39.                Discuss the primary concerns surrounding the control of urban sprawl: environmental damage, loss of farmland and historic centers, financial costs, and transportation issues.

 

40.                What are the major solutions discussed in the text for urban sprawl?

 

41.                What are exurbs? Give two examples.

 

42.                What are edge cities? Give two examples.

 

43.                What are the three major categories of edge cities? Give an example of each.

 

44.                What are the three edge city variations discussed in the text?

 

45.                What are the three categories of gated communities?

 

46.                Gated communities are often called common-interest developments (CIDs). The text points out that there is a close relationship between the two phenomena, but they are not the same thing. Explain this statement.Examination Questions

 

Multiple Choice

 

1.   According to the “new urbanists,”

* a. the distribution of wealth and power are important determinants of the shape of cities.

2.   geography is the main factor shaping urban life.

3.   cities evolve as a natural progression.

4.   Both a and c

 

        Page 173

 

2.   The “new urban sociology”

3.   promotes new theoretical ideas.

* b. draws on Marxism.

4.   is rooted in urban ecology.

5.   emerged in the late 1950s.

 

        Page 173

 

3.   Which of the following statements is a part of central place theory?

4.   Cities are able to produce goods and services more efficiently than smaller places.

5.   Cities promote competition among producers.

6.   Economic advantages increase as one moves closer to the central business district.

* d. All of the above

 

        Page 173

 

4.   Alonso’s model suggests that

5.   economic activities are characterized by monopolies.

* b. as distance from the Central Business District increases, rents decease.

6.   as distance from the Central Business District increases, rents increase.

7.   certain urban groups have lower economic opportunities than others.

 

Page 175

 

5.   Which of the following statements describes regal-ritual cities?

6.   They manage a colonial region for another nation.

*b. They have religious and political concerns at their core.

7.   Trade is their principal concern.

8.   Many government activities take place there.

 

Page 177

 

6.   Which type of city is Alonso’s Economic Theory based on?

7.   medieval cities

8.   administrative cities

9.   colonial cities

* d. capitalist-industrial cities

 

        Page 177

 

7.   The structural context of the last decade includes all but which of the following?

8.   a decline in industrial jobs

* b. an increase in manufacturing jobs

9.   a movement of people from cities to suburbs

10.                increasing financial problems in many cities

 

        Page 178

 

8.   Henri Lefebvre

* a. argued that urban development is a product of the capitalist economic system.

9.   emphasized the role of the primary circuit of capital.

10.                argued that investment in real estate guarantees successful urban growth.

11.                suggested that individual forces determine urban development.

 

        Page 178-179

 

9.   In Lefebvre’s theory, “abstract space”

10.                is the same as “social space.”

* b. is the type of space considered by government and businesses.

11.                is the most important type of space.

12.                is not connected to economic activity.

 

Page 178-179

 

10.                Which of the following is NOT an illustration of an urban area as a theme park?

11.                Disney’s Main Street

* b. BosWash

12.                Universal City, California’s CityWalk

13.                Baltimore’s Harborplace

 

Page 179

 

11.                David Harvey’s research

12.                suggests that urban growth occurs evenly.

* b. is based on Lefebvre’s ideas about the second circuit of capital.

13.                focuses on Chicago.

14.                ignores the role of government.

 

        Page 181-182

 

12.                According to David Harvey,

13.                real estate investment takes place in a free market.

* b. governments shape a city’s use of space.

14.                all neighborhoods are characterized by similar real estate buying and selling patterns.

15.                capitalists and government agencies are opposed to each other.

 

Page 181-182

 

13.                Which of the following statements describes “welfare capitalism”?

* a. It is a market system in which the government provides workers with subsidies.

14.                It exists when private corporations administer welfare programs.

15.                It eliminates the conflicts between the working class and the different levels of government.

16.                None of the above

 

        Pages 182-183

 

14.                Which of the following statements describes Castells’s concept of the mode of development?

15.                It is based on the similar Marxist concept of mode of production.

16.                It can be used to understand industrial growth in suburbs.

17.                It emphasizes today’s need to discover and apply new sources of energy.

* d. Both a and b

 

Page 182-183

 

15.                The fact that many industries absorbed their competitors and formed oligopolies

* a. illustrates horizontal integration.

16.                illustrates vertical disintegration.

17.                contributed to the dismantling of agglomeration economies.

18.                is a phenomenon that began only in the late 1970s.

 

Pages 183

 

16.                Vertical disintegration is linked to all but which of the following?

17.                subcontracting of production

* b. increase in the Northeastern U.S. urban population

18.                fast growth in the Sunbelt region

19.                greater use of non-unionized labor

 

        Page 184

 

17.                According to Logan and Molotch, urban growth coalitions

18.                are formed by local residents.

19.                emphasize the need to create a social space view.

20.                were created to fight environmental degradation in cities.

* d. focus on ways to increase profits and economic activities.

 

Page 185

 

18.                In the context of the United States, what does economic restructuring include?

19.                a decline in the proportion of manufacturing jobs in overall employment

20.                a rise in entry-level jobs for lower-skilled workers

21.                a rising skills mismatch

* d. Both a and c

 

        Page 187

 

19.                The world-system perspective

20.                suggests that capitalism exists only in Western countries.

21.                supports the idea that soon all cities will be part of the “core.”

* c. links changes in cities to the development of a global economy.

22.                suggests that cities in poor countries benefit greatly from globalization.

 

Page 187-188

 

20.                Which of the following areas contains the highest concentrations of poverty?

* a. central cities

21.                suburban areas

22.                nonmetropolitan areas

23.                rural areas

 

Page 197

 

 

True/False

 

21.                The theoretical arguments of “the new urban sociology” are quite old. (T)

 

        Page 173

 

22.                Agglomeration industries keep production costs lower in cities. (T)

 

Page 174

 

23.                Competition is often greater in smaller towns. (F)

 

Page 174

 

24.                Alonso’s model assumes an efficient urban transportation system. (T)

 

Page 175-176

 

25.                Alonso’s model explains why rents are higher in suburbs than in the center of the city. (F)

 

        Page 175-176

 

26.                Racism and discrimination limit the validity of Alonso’s theory. (T)

 

Page 176

 

27.                The primary circuit of capital consists of real estate investment. (F)

 

Page 178

 

28.                According to Lefebvre, space affects our behavior. (T)

 

Page 178

 

29.                Governments focus on social space while businesses focus on abstract space. (F)

 

Page 179

 

30.                Michael Sorkin and Mark Gottdiener point out that private themed environments are benign imitations. (F)

 

        Page 180-181

 

31.                Harvey argues that actions taken by real estate investors can lead to urban decay and abandonment. (T)

 

Page 181-182

 

32.                In comparison with Karl Marx, Manuel Castells maintained a less orthodox approach to the study of cities. (F)

 

Page 182-183

 

33.                Manuel Castells introduced the concept of the mode of development. (T)

 

Page 182-183

 

34.                Scott argues that individual competition over territory determines urban growth patterns. (F)

 

Page 183

 

35.                Horizontal integration created economically interdependent metropolitan regions. (T)

 

        Page 183

 

36.                Vertical disintegration helped to raise workers’ compensations. (F)

 

Page 184

 

37.                John Logan and Harvey Molotch employed political economy theory in an effort to identify who the central decision makers in North American cities are and to determine why they do what they do. (T)

 

Page 185

 

38.                Economic restructuring is linked to a rapid growth in manufacturing. (F)

 

Page 187

 

39.                Core cities include Calcutta, Kuala Lumpur, Mexico City, and Cairo. (F)

 

Page 189

 

40.                World system theory operates as a hierarchy so that countries at various stages of development constitute (1) the “core,” (2) the “semiperiphery,” and (3) the “periphery.” (T)

 

Page 189

 

41.                Poverty results in the serious problem of homelessness in more developed countries. (T)

 

        Page 197

 

Essay

 

42.                What are the pros and the cons of urban growth? Who are the groups who benefit from or are hurt by urban growth?

 

43.                How do individuals, institutions, and structures shape urban space? How does space, in turn, influence the choices of urban residents?

 

44.                Globalization and economic restructuring have had strong impacts on the shape of cities in the United States and abroad. What are these major impacts? How do they differ between cities in the “core” and “periphery”?

 

45.                Explain the process of the “urbanization of poverty.” How do the homeless fit in here?