CJ2 2nd Edition Larry K. Gaines – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 3 – Defining and Measuring Crime

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1.   A serious crime, usually punishable by death or imprisonment for a year or longer, is a(n):

2.   misdemeanor

3.   felony

4.   deviance

5.   infraction

ANS:  B

REF:  44

LO:  1

 

2.   Which of the following is the branch of law dealing with the definition and enforcement

of all private or public rights, as opposed to criminal matters.

1.   civil law

2.   criminal law

3.   constitutional law

4.   statutory law

ANS:  A

REF:  42

LO:  1

 

3.   Murder in the first degree occurs under which of the following circumstances?

4.   When the murder committed is deliberate and not premeditated

5.   When the murder committed is not premeditated but negligent

6.   When the murder committed is negligent and accidental

7.   When the murder committed is premeditated and deliberate

ANS:  D

REF:  44

LO:  1

 

4.   A gross misdemeanor is punishable by which of the following in most states?

5.   Fewer than thirty days in jail

6.   Thirty days to a year in jail

7.   Fewer than thirty days in prison

8.   Thirty days to a year in prison

ANS:  B

REF:  45

LO:  1

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.   The Uniform Crime Reports were created by the FBI in what year?

6.   1930

7.   1950

8.   1960

9.   1972

ANS:  A

REF:  47

LO:  3

 

6.   Which type of crime would be considered a mala prohibita crime?

7.   theft

8.   homicide

9.   bigamy

10.                rape

ANS:  C

REF:  46

LO:  2

 

7.   In what type of date collection are individuals asked directly, either through personal interviews, questionnaires, or telephone interviews, about specific criminal activity to which they may have been a party?

8.   National Incident-Based Reporting System

9.   National Crime Victimization Survey

10.                Self-report surveys

11.                Uniform Crime Reports

ANS:  C

REF:  49-50

LO:   4

 

8.   Which of the following is NOT an argument in support of the National Crime Victimization Survey’s?

9.   It measures both reported and unreported crime.

10.                It does not rely on victims directly reporting a crime to the police.

11.                It is unaffected by police bias and distortions in reporting crime to the FBI.

12.                It is compiled by the FBI as a supplement to the Uniform Crime Reports.

ANS:  D

REF:  49

LO:  4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9.   The crimes of murder and rape are examples of which of the following?

10.                Part II offense

11.                Misdemeanors

12.                Mala prohibita crimes

13.                Mala in se crimes

ANS:  D

REF:  46

LO:  2

 

10.                In a civil court, the legal responsibility for one’s own or another’s actions is called:

11.                liability

12.                responsibility

13.                defense

14.                prosecution

ANS:  A

REF:  43

LO:  1

 

11.                The majority of Part I offenses in the Uniform Crime Reports fall into which category?

12.                murder

13.                motor vehicle theft

14.                robbery

15.                larceny/theft

ANS:  D

REF:  47-48

LO:  3

 

12.                In the early years of the 2000s, the nation’s crime rate __________ for a time before

resuming its downward slope

1.   flattened

2.   increased

3.   decreased

4.   fluctuated wildly

ANS:  A

REF:  54

LO:  5

 

13.                A homicide committed without malice towards the victim is known as:

14.                capital murder

15.                criminal homicide

16.                manslaughter

17.                murder

ANS:  C

REF:  44-45

LO:  1

14.                Which of the following is NOT one of ways the FBI presents the data compiled in the Uniform Crime Reports?

15.                As a rate per 100,000 people

16.                As an average per metropolitan statistical area

17.                As a percentage change from the previous year or other time periods

18.                As an aggregate, or a total number of crimes

ANS:  B

REF:  47

LO:  3

 

15.                Which of the following is NOT one of the three factors most often used by criminologists to explain increases and declines in the nation’s crime rate?

16.                imprisonment

17.                youth populations

18.                gang activity

19.                the economy

ANS:  C

REF:  51-52

LO:  5

 

16.                Which of the following is an untrue statement regarding the Uniform Crime Reports?

17.                it is generally considered the official record of crime in the U.S.

18.                it has a high response rate from law enforcement agencies

19.                it is able to measure reported crimes

20.                it is able to measure unreported crime

ANS:  D

REF:  47-49

LO:  3

 

17.                In what age group are the majority of people who are arrested for violent

crimes?

1.   under 18

2.   18-24

3.   25-34

4.   35-50

ANS:  C

REF:  52

LO:  5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

18.                Which misdemeanors are punishable by fewer than thirty days in jail?

19.                involuntary

20.                negligent

21.                civil

22.                petty

ANS:  D

REF:  45

LO:  1

 

19.                Mala in se crimes are those acts that:

20.                are inherently wrong, regardless of whether they are prohibited by law

21.                are made illegal by criminal statute and are not necessarily wrong in and of

themselves

1.   are wrong because they have been prohibited

2.   typically change across cultures

ANS:  A

REF:  46

LO:  2

 

20.                An example of a crime that would be considered mala prohibita in the U.S. is:

21.                murder

22.                bigamy

23.                rape

24.                theft

ANS:  B

REF:  46

LO:  2

 

21.                What is one of the difficulties in defining the natural laws that mala in se crimes violate?

22.                it is not inherently wrong

23.                it may only reflect the morals of society at a given time

24.                “natural” law may be culturally specific

25.                very greatly from country to country and state to state

ANS:  C

REF:  46

LO:  2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22.                The main difference between the NCVS and self-report surveys is:

23.                That self-report surveys focus on offenders and the  NCVS  focuses on

victims

1.   The NCVS measures unreported crime and self-report

surveys do not capture unreported crime.

1.   Self-report surveys rely solely on the truthfulness of the surveyed person,

where the NCVS uses other corroborating data.

1.   In the NCVS respondents may be more forthcoming in their responses since there is

no penalty for responding in a certain way, where there is a potential penalty with self-report surveys.

ANS:  A

REF:  49-50

LO:  4

 

23.                The “dark figure of crime” in the United States is:

24.                much smaller than the UCR and NCVS would suggest.

25.                about that same as the UCR and NCVS suggest.

26.                much larger than the UCR and NCVS suggest.

27.                really has no relevance to the figures found in the UCR or NCVS.

ANS:  C

REF:  49

LO:  4

 

24.                Which of the following was the most likely culprit for the increase in correctional populations in the 1970s and 1980s?

25.                gang-crime relationship

26.                alcohol-crime relationship

27.                drug-crime relationship

28.                juvenile-crime relationship

ANS:  C

REF:  51

LO:  5

 

25.                A black man _____ times more likely than a white man to be sent to prison for a drug-related crime?

26.                2

27.                5

28.                10

29.                12

ANS:  D

REF:  54

LO:  5

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1.   Young black males have failed to benefit from the positive crime trends of the last fifteen years.

ANS:  T

REF: 56-57

LO:  5

2.   Involuntary manslaughter is a negligent homicide in which the offender had no intent to kill his or her victim.

ANS:  T

REF:  45

LO:  1

 

3.   Mala prohibita is a descriptive term for acts that are inherently wrong, regardless of whether they are prohibited by law

ANS:  F

REF:  46

LO:  2

 

4.   The dark figure of crime is a term used to describe the actual amount of crime that takes place, including those crimes that go unreported.

ANS:  T

REF:  49

LO:  4

 

5.   A felony is usually punishable by a fine and/or jail term of less than a year.

ANS:  F

REF:  44

LO:  1

 

6.   The National Crime Victimization Surveys are compiled by the Bureau of Justice Statistics.

ANS:  T

REF:  49

LO:  4

 

7.   In a civil court, the person or institution against whom an action is brought is called the defendant.

ANS:  T

REF:  42

LO:  1

 

8.   Mala in se is a descriptive term for acts that are inherently wrong, regardless of whether they are prohibited by law.

ANS:  T

REF:  46

LO:  2

 

9.   In some jurisdictions, the terms infraction and petty offense are used interchangeably.

ANS:  T

REF:  45

LO:  1

 

10.                The FBI divides the criminal offenses it measures into seven major categories.

ANS:  F

REF:  47

LO:  3

 

COMPLETION

 

1.   The degree of proof required to find the defendant in a civil trial guilty of committing a crime is called __________ __________ _________  _________________________.

ANS:  preponderance of the evidence

REF:  43

LO:  1

 

2.   The __________ is a person or institution that initiates a lawsuit in civil court proceedings by filing a complaint.

ANS:  plaintiff

REF:  42

LO:  1

 

3.   In a civil court, the __________ is a person or institution against whom an action is brought. In a criminal court, the person or entity who has been formally accused of violating a criminal law.

ANS:  defendant

REF:  42

LO:  1

 

4.   The _________ __________  _______________ is a general guide for criminal law that explains the various different degrees of criminal activity.

ANS:  Model Penal Code

REF:  44

LO:  1

 

 

5.   In most jurisdictions, an infraction is a noncriminal offense for which the penalty is a __________ rather than incarceration.

ANS:  fine

REF:  45

LO:  1

 

6.   First degree felonies, punishable by a maximum penalty of _______ ________.

ANS:  life imprisonment

REF:  44

LO:  1

 

 

 

7.   When the crime is __________ it means that it was planned and decided on after a

process of decision making.

ANS:  deliberate

REF:  44

LO:  1

 

8.   The __________ is an annual report compiled by the FBI to give an indication of criminal activity in the United States

ANS:  Uniform Crime Report or UCR

REF:  47

LO:  3

 

9.   The __________  party in a court case proceeding is called the plaintiff.

ANS:  injured

REF:  42

LO:  1

 

10.                The degree of proof required to find the defendant in a criminal trial guilty of committing the crime is called __________ __________  __________  __________.

ANS:  beyond a reasonable doubt

REF:  43

LO:  1

 

ESSAY

 

1.   Explain the four degrees of felonies found in the Model Penal Code?

• capital offenses, for which the maximum penalty is death
• first degree felonies, punishable by a maximum penalty of life imprisonment
• second degree felonies, punishable by a maximum of ten years’ imprisonment
• third degree felonies, punishable by a maximum of five years’ imprisonment

ANS:  A

REF:  44

LO:  1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.   Explain the differences between crimes mala in se and mala prohibita and give an

example of each type of crime.

ANS:

• Mala in se is a descriptive term for acts that are inherently wrong, regardless of whether they are prohibited by law
• are said to go against “natural laws”—that is, against the “natural, moral, and public” principles of a society
• murder, rape, and theft are examples of mala in se These crimes are generally the same from country to country or culture to culture
• Mala prohibita is a descriptive term for acts that are made illegal by criminal statute and are not necessarily wrong in and of themselves
• they are wrong only because they have been codified as such through statute—“human-made” laws
• considered wrong only because it has been prohibited; it is not inherently a wrong, though it may reflect the moral standards of a society at a given time
• thus, the definition of a mala prohibita crime can vary from country to country and even from state to state
• bigamy could be an example of this type of crime in the S.

REF:  46

LO:  2

 

3.   Explain the two circumstances in which murder in the first degree occurs.

ANS:

• When the crime is premeditated, or considered (contemplated) beforehand by the offender, instead of being a spontaneous act of violence.
• When the crime is deliberate, meaning that it was planned and decided on after a process of decision making. Deliberation does not require a lengthy planning process. A person can be found guilty of first degree murder even if she or he made the decision to murder only seconds before committing the crime.

REF:  44

LO:  1

 

4.   Identify the publication in which the FBI reports crime data and list the three ways in which the data is reported.

ANS:

• The FBI Uniform Crime Report is an annual report compiled by the FBI to give an indication of criminal activity in the United States.
• The three ways in which the data is reported are: 1) as a rate per 100,000 people, 2) as a percentage change from the previous year or other time periods, 3) as an aggregate, or a total number of crimes

REF:  47

LO:  3

 

 

 

5.   Explain the National Crime Victimization Surveys and why they may be useful in understanding crime.

ANS:

• The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) started in 1972 and is conducted by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in cooperation with the Bureau of Justice Statistics of the Justice Department
• The NCVS conducts an annual survey of more than 40,000 households with nearly 75,000 occupants over twelve years of age.
• Participants are interviewed twice a year concerning their experiences with crimes in the prior six months
• It is superior to the UCR in that: 1) it measures both reported and unreported crime; 2) it is unaffected by police bias and distortions in reporting crime to the FBI; it does not rely on victims directly reporting crime to the police
• Most important, some supporters say, is that the NCVS gives victims a voice in the criminal justice process.

REF:  49

LO:  4

 

Chapter 5 – Law Enforcement Today

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1.   Which of the following is NOT one of the areas the FBI has jurisdiction over?

2.   white collar crimes

3.   civil rights violations

4.   espionage

5.   transportation of federal prisoners

ANS:  D

REF:  91

LO:  3

 

2.   After surveying a year’s worth of dispatch data from the Wilmington (Delaware) Police Department, researchers Jack Greene and Carl Klockars found that officers spent how much of their time enforcing the law or dealing with crimes?

3.   one-fourth

4.   half

5.   two-thirds

6.   three-fourths

ANS:  B

REF:  83

LO:  1

 

3.   In the public’s mind, the primary responsibility of the police is which of the following?

4.   to enforce laws

5.   to provide services

6.   to prevent crime

7.   to preserve the peace

ANS:  A

REF:  82

LO:  1

 

4.   The Uniform Crime Report shows the majority of crimes that do not lead to arrest in the United States are:

5.   violent crimes

6.   violent property crimes

7.   public annoyances

8.   crimes of disorder

ANS:  A

REF:  83

LO:  1

 

 

 

 

5.   __________ is one of the most controversial roles of the police because it detracts from the other more visible duties of law enforcement.

6.   Enforcing laws

7.   Providing services

8.   Preventing crime

9.   Preserving the peace

ANS:  C

REF:  83

LO:  1

 

6.   The federal law enforcement agency that has the largest number of officers is the:

7.   Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

8.   Customs and Border Protection (CBP)

9.   Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

10.                Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

ANS:  B

REF:  88

LO:  3

 

7.   Which of the following is typically NOT one of the responsibilities of the sheriff’s department?

8.   operating the jail

9.   investigating drug crimes

10.                carrying out civil and criminal processes within county lines

11.                transporting inmates to and from the federal courthouse

ANS:  D

REF:  86

LO:  2

 

8.   What percent of the nation’s local police departments have implemented police pursuit

policies?

1.   10

2.   52

3.   70

4.   94

ANS:  D

REF:  97

LO:  5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9.   Which level of law enforcement agency has the broadest authority to apprehend criminal suspects, maintain order, and provide services to the community?

10.                local

11.                state

12.                federal

13.                national

ANS:  A

REF:  85

LO:  2

 

10.                What is the difference between a medical examiner and a coroner?

11.                medical examiners are licensed physicians, coroners are not

12.                coroners also have a legal degree, medical examiners do not

13.                medical examiners are sworn police officers, coroners are not

14.                coroners are licensed, medical examiners are not

ANS:  A

REF:  86

LO:  2

 

11.                Which of the following agencies has the mission to enforce domestic drug laws and regulations and to assist other federal and foreign agencies in combating illegal drug manufacture and trade on an international level?

12.                FBI

13.                ATF

14.                CIA

15.                DEA

ANS:  D

REF:  91

LO:  3

 

12.                Which of the following is the responsibility of the ATF?

13.                Enforcing domestic drug laws and regulations and assisting other federal and foreign

agencies in combating illegal drug manufacture and trade on an international level.

1.   Monitoring the illegal sale, possession, and use of firearms and the control of

untaxed tobacco and liquor products.

1.   Providing security at federal courts, and controlling property that has been ordered

seized by federal courts.

1.   Investigating and to enforcing our country’s immigration and customs laws.

ANS:  B

REF:  92

LO:  3

 

 

 

 

 

13.                Who investigates cases of tax evasion and fraud?

14.                Department of Homeland Security

15.                Department of Justice

16.                Department of the Treasury

17.                Federal Bureau of Investigation

ANS:  C

REF:  93

LO:  3

 

14.                Which of the following is NOT one of the duties of a member of the U.S. Marshals Service?

a .  investigate federal crimes

1.   transport federal prisoners to and from court

2.   capture fugitives from federal law

3.   provide security for federal courts

ANS:  A

REF:  93

LO:  3

 

15.                Which of the following is one of the primary purposes of U.S. Customs and Border Protection?

16.                detaining illegal aliens and deporting them

17.                disrupting human trafficking operations

18.                to facilitate the smooth flow of legal trade and travel

19.                ensuring that those without permission do not work or gain other benefits in the U.S.

ANS:  C

REF:  89

LO:  3

 

16.                The demand for private security in the United States has been:

17.                growing

18.                decreasing

19.                staying the same

20.                exhausted

ANS:  A

REF:  94

LO:  4

 

17.                The predominant goal of private security is to __________ crime.

18.                stop

19.                eliminate

20.                deter

21.                catch

ANS:  C

REF:  93

LO:  4

18.                Which of the following is NOT one of the issues associated with private security in the U.S. today?

19.                lack of standards

20.                lack of state regulation

21.                low pay and lack of benefits

22.                rigorous training

ANS:  D

REF:  94-95

LO:  4

 

19.                Which of the following has contributed to the growth in private security in the U.S.?

20.                A decrease in fear of crime on the part of the public.

21.                The problem of crime in the workplace.

22.                The increase in budgets in states and municipalities.

23.                A decreased awareness of private security products.

ANS:  B

REF:  95

LO:  4

 

20.                Which of the following positions earns the least amount of money compared to the other positions listed here:

21.                police patrol officers

22.                correctional officers

23.                parking enforcement

24.                security guards

ANS:  D

REF:  94

LO:  4

 

21.                Which of the following is the primary factor that influences police discretion?

22.                the nature of the criminal act

23.                the attitude of the wrongdoer towards the officer

24.                the race or ethnicity of the offender

25.                departmental policy

ANS:  A

REF:  96

LO:  5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

22.                Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons police officers are entrusted with a great amount of trust in their discretion?

23.                Police officers are considered trustworthy and are therefore assumed to make honest

decisions.

1.   Experience and training give officers the ability to determine whether certain activity

poses a threat to society.

1.   The department controls their behavior through quotas so they do not misuse their

discretion.

1.   Due to the nature of their jobs, police officers are extremely knowledgeable in human,

and by extension criminal behavior.

ANS:  C

REF:  96

LO:  5

 

23.                If a private security officer is a witness to a crime, they may do which of the following?

24.                Make a citizen’s arrest.

25.                Transport the offender to the police department.

26.                Make a formal arrest like a law enforcement officer would.

27.                Do nothing.

ANS:  A

REF:  93

LO:  4

 

24.                Police officers primarily see themselves as:

25.                crime fighters

26.                peace preservers

27.                public protectors

28.                public servants

ANS:  A

REF:  83

LO:  1

 

25.                Which of the following is not an agency that is housed in the Department of Homeland Security?

26.                U.S. Customs and Border Protection

27.                Federal Bureau of Investigation

28.                U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

29.                U.S. Secret Service

ANS:  B

REF:  88

LO:  5

 

 

 

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1.   According to Bittner, the function of the police is to solve any problem that may possibly,

though not necessarily, require the use of force.

ANS:  T

REF:  82

LO:  1

 

2.   A great deal of a police officer’s time is spent performing law enforcement duties.

ANS:  F

REF:  83

LO:  1

 

3.   Of the three levels of law enforcement, municipal agencies have the broadest authority to apprehend criminal suspects, maintain order, and provide services to the community.

ANS:  T

REF:  85

LO:  2

 

4.   The majority of sheriff’s in the United States are elected.

ANS:  T

REF:  85

LO:  2

 

5.   The Secret Service is responsible for the Treasury Police Force.

ANS:  T

REF:  90

LO:  3

 

6.   The oldest federal law enforcement agency in the United States is the U.S. Marshals Service.

ANS:  T

REF:  92

LO:  3

 

7.   To avoid negative publicity, private security companies are becoming more professional through increased training and better screening of employees.

ANS:  T

REF:  95

LO:  4

 

8.   Budget cuts in states and municipalities have forced reductions in the number of

public police, thereby raising the demand for private ones.

ANS:  T

REF:  95

LO:  4

 

9.   Mandatory arrest

policies remove an officer’s ability to use discretion in a situation.

ANS:  T

REF:  96

LO:  5

 

10.                A motorist who is belligerent toward a highway patrol officer is much more likely to be ticketed than one who is contrite and apologetic.

ANS:  T

REF:  96

LO:  5

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1.   The primary law enforcement officer in a countyis the __________.

ANS:  sheriff

REF:  85

LO:  2

 

2.   The __________ is the medical examiner of a county, usually elected by popular vote.

ANS:  coroner

REF:  86

LO:  2

 

3.   The branch of the Department of Justice that is responsible for investigating violations of federal law is the __________.

ANS:  Federal Bureau of Investigation or FBI

REF:  91

LO:  3

 

4.   The _________ is federal agency responsible for enforcing the nation’s federal gambling laws

ANS:   ATF

REF:  92

LO:  3

 

5.   The __________ is a federal law enforcement organization with the primary responsibility of protecting the president, the president’s family, the vice president, and other important political figures.

ANS:  United States Secret Service

REF:  90

LO:  3

 

 

6.   Pinizzotto and Miller argue that an additional justification for police officer’s use of

discretion is because officers have a “sixth sense,” also known as _______________, that helps them handle on-the-job challenges.

ANS:  intuition or intuitive policing

REF:  96

LO:  5

 

7.   Private security is the practice of private corporations or individuals offering services traditionally performed by __________.

ANS:  police

REF:  93

LO:  4

 

8.   A uniformed security guard patrolling a shopping mall parking lot or a bank lobby has one primary function— to convince a potential criminal to search out a shopping mall or bank that does not have private security, this is known as the __________ factor.

ANS:  deterrence

REF:  93

LO:  4

 

9.   In 1998, the U.S. Supreme Court held that an officer can be sued in _______________ for damages caused by a high-speed pursuit only if her or his conduct was so outrageous that it “shocks the conscience.”

ANS:  civil court

REF:  97

LO:  5

 

10.                When law enforcement officers use their judgment in deciding which offenses to punish and which to ignore, they are said to be using __________.

ANS:  discretion

REF:  96

LO:  5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ESSAY

 

1.   Explain why police officers are allowed discretionary powers in the United States.

ANS:

• Experience and training give officers the ability to determine whether certain activity poses a threat to society, and to take any reasonable action necessary to investigate or prevent such activity.
• Due to the nature of their jobs, police officers are extremely knowledgeable in human, and by extension criminal, behavior.
• Police officers may find themselves in danger of personal, physical harm and must be allowed to take reasonable and necessary steps to protect themselves.

REF:  96

LO:  5

 

2.   Discuss and explain at least three reasons why the field of private security continues to grow in the United States.

ANS:

• An increase in fear on the part of the public triggered by media coverage of crime.
• The problem of crime in the workplace. According to the University of Florida’s National Retail Security Survey, American retailers lose more than $40 billion a year because of shoplifting and employee theft.
• Budget cuts in states and municipalities that have forced reductions in the number of public police, thereby raising the demand for private ones.
• A rising awareness of private security products (such as home burglar alarms) and service as cost-effective protective measures.
• Another reason for the industry’s continued health is Private security is responsible for protecting more than three-fourths of the nation’s likely terrorist targets such as power plants, financial centers, dams, malls, oil refineries, and railroad lines.

REF:  95

LO:  4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.   Explain the role of at least three federal law enforcement agencies in the U.S.

ANS:

• S. Customs and Border Protection – The federal agency responsible for protecting U.S. borders and facilitating legal trade and travel across those borders.
• S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement – The federal agency that enforces the nation’s immigration and customs laws.
• S. Secret Service – A federal law enforcement organization with the primary responsibility of protecting the president, the president’s family, the vice president, and other important political figures.
• Federal Bureau of Investigation – The branch of the Department of Justice responsible for investigating violations of federal law.
• Drug Enforcement Administration – The federal agency responsible for enforcing the nation’s laws and regulations regarding narcotics and other controlled substances.

REF:  88-93

LO:  3

 

4.   List and explain the four basic responsibilities of the police.

ANS:

• Enforce laws – In their role as “crime fighters,” police officers have a clear mandate to seek out and apprehend those who have violated the law. The crime-fighting responsibility is so dominant that all police activity— from the purchase of new automobiles to a plan to hire more minority officers— must often be justified in terms of its law enforcement value.
• Provide services – The services that police provide are numerous—a partial list would include directing traffic, performing emergency medical procedures, counseling those involved in domestic disputes, providing directions to tourists, and finding lost children. Along with firefighters, police officers are among the first public servants to arrive at disaster scenes to conduct search and rescue operations. This particular duty adds considerably to the dangers faced by law enforcement agents. They also conduct community policing.
• Prevent crime – When crime rates begin to rise in a community, citizens tend to demand that the police “do something” to prevent crimes from occurring in the first place. On a limited basis, police can certainly prevent some crimes by patrol, but it is simply impossible for them to prevent every crime.
• Preserve the peace – Police have the legal authority to use the power of arrest, or even force, in situations in which no crime has yet occurred but might occur in the immediate future, i.e. somewhat of a peacekeeping role

REF:  82-84

LO:  1