Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind Research And Everyday Experience 4th Edition By Goldstein -Test Bank
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CHAPTER 3: Perception
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Experiences
resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that
can help guide are actions are called
2. perception.
3. sensation.
ANS:
A
REF: page 49
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
EASY
2. The
sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image
into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____
processing.
3. bottom-up
4. top-down
ANS:
A
REF: page 50
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
3. Generally,
if we can see an object’s geons, we are able to identify the object. This is
known as the
4. principle
of size constancy.
5. principles
of componential recovery.
6. perceptual
organization.
7. feedback
signal.
ANS:
B
REF: page 51
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: EASY
4. Which
of the following is not a geon?
5. Cylinder
6. Pyramid
7. Cone
8. Circle
ANS:
D
REF: page 51
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
5. The
recognition-by-components approach proposes that there are a number of basic
features such as
6. movement
and brightness.
7. curvature
and tilt.
8. rectangular
solids and cubes.
9. horizontal
lines and vertical lines.
ANS:
C
REF: page 51
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: MODERATE
6. Which
of the following statements is most consistent with recognition-by-components
theory?
7. Humans
can identify an object if sufficient information is available to enable us to
identify an object’s basic features.
8. Activation
of letter units provides the information needed to determine which letter is
present.
9. Top-down
processing influences perception.
10. The
focusing of attention eliminates illusory conjunctions.
ANS:
A
REF: page
51
KEY: WWW
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
7. Which
of the following is NOT associated with recognition-by-components theory?
8. Objects
are analyzed into parts early in the perceptual process
9. Attention
is used to combine features in the perception of whole objects
10. Basic
shapes are combined to form objects
11. Bottom-up
processing
ANS:
B
REF: pages 51-52
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
8. If a
word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is
presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.
9. top-down
10. bottom-up
ANS:
A
REF: page 52
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
EASY
9. Maria
took a drink from a container marked “milk.” Surprised, she quickly spit out
the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice
instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction
to it? Her response was most affected by
10. reception
of the stimulus.
11. bottom-up
processing.
12. top-down
processing.
13. focused
attention.
ANS:
C
REF: page 52
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
DIFFICULT
10. “Perceiving
machines” are used by the U.S. Postal service to “read” the addresses on
letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these
machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not
sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has
stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading
unclear addresses, most likely because of
11. bottom-up
processing.
12. top-down
processing.
13. their
in-depth understanding of principles of perception.
14. repeated
practice at the task.
ANS:
B
REF: page
52
KEY: WWW
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
DIFFICULT
11. When
people look at a tree, they receive information about the geons of that object
through stimulation of receptors. But they are also aided in identifying the
object as a tree by knowledge that a tree often has the sky as a background and
sits on grass. This prior knowledge travels down from higher centers to
influence the incoming signals. The latter information from the higher centers
illustrates
12. feedback
signals.
13. principles
of componential recovery.
14. the
law of good figure.
15. the
oblique effect.
ANS:
A
REF: page 53
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
12. Charlene
sees her boyfriend across campus and waves. Even though the image he projects
on her retina from that distance is quite small, Charlene does not perceive him
to have shrunk at all. Instead, she perceives him as far away because of
13. the
light-from-above heuristic.
14. algorithmic
thinking.
15. experience-dependent
plasticity.
16. size
constancy.
ANS:
D
REF: page 54
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
EASY
13. Which
of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?
14. Speech
segmentation
15. Seeing
a flash of lightning in a thunderstorm
16. The
response of a feature detector
17. Perceiving
all of the birds in a flock as belonging together
ANS:
A
REF: page
57 KEY: WWW
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
14. Speech
segmentation is defined as
15. creating
a sentence from a series of spoken words.
16. ignoring
the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence.
17. organizing
the sounds of speech into individual words.
18. recognizing
a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language.
ANS:
C
REF: page 57
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
15. When
Carlos moved to the U.S., he did not understand any English. Phrases like “Anna
Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick” didn’t make any sense to him. Now that
Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as “An American Pie
and Ice Cream Classic.” This example illustrates that Carlos is not capable of
____ in English.
16. speech
segmentation
17. the
likelihood principle
18. bottom-up
processing
19. algorithms
ANS:
A
REF: page 57
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
DIFFICULT
16. Evidence
for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following
examples?
17. When
someone can easily select a target that has a feature distinct from distracters
18. When
someone cannot read an illegible word in a written sentence
19. When
someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in
that context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator)
20. When
someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite
static interfering with reception
ANS:
D
REF: page 57
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF: MODERATE
17. Some
perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are
not even aware of. This theory of unconscious inference was developed by
18. Goldstein.
19. Gestalt
psychologists.
20. Helmholtz.
21. Gibson.
ANS:
C
REF: page 57
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: MODERATE
18. The
theory of unconscious inference includes the
19. oblique
effect.
20. likelihood
principle.
21. principle
of componential recovery.
22. principle
of speech segmentation.
ANS: B
REF: page 58
KEY: WWW
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
19. The
likelihood principle states that
20. we
perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli
we have received.
21. we
perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different
distances.
22. it is
easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations.
23. feature
detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object.
ANS:
A
REF: page 58
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
20. Which
statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?
21. We
must understand the basic components of perception.
22. We
need to identify the number of geons needed for object recognition.
23. We
want to understand how elements are grouped together to create larger objects.
24. We
need to identify the neurons that create perception.
ANS:
B
REF:
page 58
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
21. The
process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger
objects is
22. conjunction.
23. perceptual
organization.
24. perceptual
discriminability.
25. perceptual
fusion.
ANS:
B
REF: page 58
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
22. You
look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand
because of the law of
23. good
continuation.
24. simplicity.
25. familiarity.
26. good
figure.
ANS:
A
REF: pages 58-59
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF: MODERATE
23. You
are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the
bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red
uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this
perceptual experience because of the law of
24. simplicity.
25. similarity.
26. pragnanz.
27. familiarity.
ANS:
B
REF: page 60
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
DIFFICULT
24. Things
that form patterns that are meaningful are likely to be grouped together according
to the law of
25. simplicity.
26. similarity.
27. pragnanz.
28. familiarity.
ANS:
D
REF: page 60
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
25. “Every
stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as
simple as possible” refers to which Gestalt law?
26. Good
figure
27. Similarity
28. Familiarity
29. Common
fate
ANS:
A
REF: page 60
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
26. When
you listen to someone speaking a foreign language, the words seem to speed by
in an unbroken string of sound. To a speaker of that language, the words seem
separated. The Gestalt law that is operating here is the law of
27. similarity.
28. familiarity.
29. nearness.
30. good
continuation.
ANS:
B
REF: page 60
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
27. In
the “finding faces in a landscape” demonstration in your text, once you
perceive a particular grouping of rocks as a face, it is often difficult not to
perceive them this way. This is due to
28. the
inverse projection problem.
29. a
shift in your attentional focus.
30. a
recency effect.
31. your
prior knowledge.
ANS:
D
REF: page 60
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
28. In
the text’s “animal lurking behind a tree / two oddly shaped tree stumps” example,
which Gestalt law did NOT contribute to the incorrect perception?
29. Simplicity
30. Similarity
31. Familiarity
32. Good
continuation
ANS:
A
REF: page 62
KEY: WWW
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: DIFFICULT
29. The example
of how we might perceive something that looks like an animal hiding behind a
tree in the woods was used to illustrate the operation of
30. heuristics.
31. the
Gestalt law of organization.
32. an
algorithm.
33. both
heuristics and the Gestalt law of organization.
ANS:
D
REF: page 62
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
30. A
heuristic is a
31. “rule
of thumb” that provides a best-guess solution to a problem.
32. procedure
that is guaranteed to solve a problem.
33. series
of rules that specify how we organize parts into wholes.
34. short
algorithm.
ANS:
A
REF: page 62
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
31. A
heuristic for finding a cat that is hiding somewhere in the house is
32. to
systematically search every room in the house.
33. to
first look in the places where the cat likes to hide.
34. systematically
searching every room and looking first where the cat likes to hide are equally
fine heuristics
35. none
of these
ANS:
B
REF: page 62
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF: EASY
32. A
difference between a heuristic and an algorithm is
33. heuristics
usually take longer to carry out than algorithms.
34. algorithms
are usually less systematic than heuristics.
35. heuristics
do not result in a correct solution every time as algorithms do.
36. algorithms
provide “best-guess” solutions to problems more so than heuristics.
ANS:
C
REF: page 62
KEY: WWW
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
33. Which
of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?
34. Vertical
orientation
35. Horizontal
orientation
36. Angled
orientation
37. Having
one object that is partially covered by another “come out the other side”
ANS:
C
REF: page 63
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
DIFFICULT
34. People
perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other
orientations according to the
35. principle
of size constancy.
36. oblique
effect.
37. law
of pragnanz.
38. law
of good continuation.
ANS:
B
REF: page 63
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
35. The
“indentations in the sand / bumps in the sand” example from your text
illustrates
36. semantic
regularities.
37. the
oblique effect.
38. size
constancy.
39. the
light-from-above heuristic.
ANS:
D
REF: page
64
KEY: WWW
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
36. The
demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office,
a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in
more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with
the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most
individuals from modern society have less knowledge of in those scenes.
37. physical
regularities
38. semantic
regularities
39. pragnanz
40. double
dissociation
ANS:
B
REF: page 65
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
37. Palmer’s
experiment, in which he asked people to identify objects in a kitchen, showed
how _______ can affect perception.
38. illusory
conjunctions
39. context
40. naming
association
41. attention
ANS:
B
REF: page 66
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
38. The
results of Gauthier’s “Greeble” experiment illustrate
39. that
neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are
born.
40. that
training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can
influence how the monkey’s neurons fire to these objects.
41. an
effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
42. that
our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments.
ANS:
C
REF: pages 68-69
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
39. Gauthier
and coworkers’ experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after
extensive “Greeble recognition” training sessions, FFA neurons had a(n) _______
response to faces and an _________ response to Greebles.
40. unvaried;
unvaried
41. decreased;
increased
42. unvaried;
increased
43. increased;
increased
ANS:
B
REF: pages
68-69
KEY: WWW
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: DIFFICULT
40. The
experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as
41. brain
ablation.
42. dissociation.
43. fMRI.
44. EEG.
ANS: A
REF: page 71
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
41. Amhad
is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been
shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target
object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?
42. Landmark
discrimination problem
43. Dissociation
task
44. Greeble
recognition task
45. Object
discrimination problem
ANS:
D
REF: page 72
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
EASY
42. The
landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to
your lobe.
43. frontal
44. temporal
45. parietal
46. occipital
ANS:
C
REF: page 72
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: DIFFICULT
43. The
landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to
your lobe.
44. frontal
45. temporal
46. parietal
47. occipital
ANS:
C
REF: page 72
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: DIFFICULT
44. The
pathway leading from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe is known as the
45. what
pathway.
46. where
pathway.
47. landmark
pathway.
48. action
pathway.
ANS:
A
REF: page 72
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: DIFFICULT
45. Damage
to the temporal lobe makes the more difficult.
46. object
discrimination problem
47. landmark
discrimination problem
48. double
dissociation problem
49. single
dissociation problem
ANS:
A
REF: page 72
KEY: WWW
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: DIFFICULT
46. The
study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called
47. neuropsychology.
48. functional
localization.
49. positron
emission tomography.
50. the
subtraction technique.
ANS:
A
REF: page 73
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
47. When
a double dissociation occurs, this indicates that two functions
48. are
absent.
49. involve
the same mechanism.
50. are
present.
51. involve
different mechanisms.
ANS:
D
REF: page 74
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: DIFFICULT
48. The
perception pathway corresponds to the pathway, while the action pathway
corresponds to the
pathway.
49. where;
what
50. what
where
51. size;
distance
52. distance;
size
ANS:
B
REF: page 74
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
49. Some
neurons respond when we watch someone else do something. These are known as
50. mirror
neurons.
51. afferent
neurons.
52. feature
detectors.
53. receptors.
ANS:
A
REF: page
75 KEY: WWW
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
50. In which
neurological disorder might mirror neurons be most likely to be implicated as a
potential cause of the disorder?
51. Alzheimer’s
disease
52. Parkinson’s
disease
53. Autism
54. Anorexia
nervosa
ANS:
C
REF: page 75
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
DIFFICULT
51. Neurons
that respond to sounds associated with actions are called
52. mirror
neurons.
53. audiovisual
mirror neurons.
54. audio
mirror neurons.
55. visual
mirror neurons.
ANS:
B
REF: page 76
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
ESSAY
1. Explain
how BOTH bottom-up and top-down processing are involved in the “Crystal running
on the beach” example.
ANS:
REF: pages 48-52
KEY: WWW
2. When
a picture of an object is partially covered, humans can still easily identify
the object. First, using the recognition-by-components approach, explain why
humans can identify an object that is partially obscured. Second, name and
explain how three Gestalt principles are at work when humans
identify the obscured object.
ANS:
REF: pages 51-52,
58-61
KEY: WWW
3. Using
the laws of perceptual organization, explain why humans are better equipped at
dealing with the complexities of object perception than computers.
ANS:
REF: pages 58-65
4. Assume
you are presented with the following problem: “How many four-letter English
words can be created using only the letters A, E, M, N, R, S, T?” Describe both
an algorithmic approach and a heuristic approach for finding the solution to
this problem. Explain how your two approaches would differ in terms of success
rate and speed of obtaining an accurate solution.
ANS:
REF: page 62
5. Explain
how the object discrimination problem and the landmark discrimination problem
help show what pathways in the brain are responsible for different cognitive
abilities. How does damage to different lobes of the brain make these tasks
more difficult, and what pathways are involved?
ANS:
REF: pages
72-73
KEY: WWW
CHAPTER 4: Attention
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. When
Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other
people’s conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.
2. low
load
3. divided
4. cocktail
party
5. selective
ANS:
D
REF: page 82
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
EASY
2. Which
of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention
affects the processing of competing stimuli?
3. Early
selection
4. Filtering
5. Channeling
6. Dichotic
listening
ANS:
D
REF: page 84
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: MODERATE
3. Dichotic
listening occurs when
4. the
same message is presented to the left and right ears.
5. different
messages are presented to the left and right ears.
6. a
message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other
ear.
7. participants
are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the
same time.
ANS:
B
REF: page
84 KEY: WWW
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: MODERATE
4. In a
dichotic listening experiment, ______ refers to the procedure that is used to
force participants to pay attention to a specific message among competing
messages.
5. rehearsing
6. shadowing
7. echoing
8. delayed
repeating
ANS:
B
REF: page 84
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
5. When
a person is shadowing a message, he or she is
6. silently
following it mentally.
7. ignoring
it while paying attention to another message.
8. saying
the message out loud.
9. thinking
about something closely related to the message.
ANS:
C
REF: page 84
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: MODERATE
6. Colin
Cherry’s experiment in which participants listened to two different messages,
one presented to each ear, found that people
7. could
focus on a message only if they are repeating it.
8. could
focus on a message only if they rehearsed it.
9. could
focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.
10. could
not focus on a message presented to only one ear.
ANS:
C
REF: page 84
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
7. The
cocktail party effect is
8. the
ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive
features of the unattended messages.
9. the
inability to pay attention to one message in the presence of competing
messages.
10. the
diminished awareness of information in a crowd.
11. the
equal division of attention between competing messages.
ANS:
A
REF: page 85
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
8. Broadbent’s
“filter model” proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based
on
9. meaning.
10. modality.
11. physical
characteristics.
12. higher
order characteristics.
ANS:
C
REF: page 85
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: DIFFICULT
9. Which
of the following would likely be an input message into the detector in
Broadbent’s model?
10. All
messages selected by the filter
11. All
messages within earshot
12. A
message with a German accent
13. All
sensory messages
ANS:
C
REF: page 85
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: DIFFICULT
10. Selection
of the attended message in the Broadbent model occurs based on the
11. meaning
of the message.
12. physical
characteristics of the message.
13. physical
characteristics of the message plus the meaning, if necessary.
14. listener’s
ability to mentally block the unattended message from getting in.
ANS:
B
REF: page 85
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: DIFFICULT
11. In
Broadbent’s filter model, the stages of information processing occur in which
order?
12. Detector,
filter, sensory store, memory
13. Sensory
store, filter, detector, memory
14. Filter,
detector, sensory store, memory
15. Detector,
sensory store, filter, memory
ANS:
B
REF: pages 84-85
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
12. Broadbent’s
model is called an early selection model because
13. the
filtering step occurs before the meaning of the incoming information is
analyzed.
14. the
filtering step occurs before the information enters the sensory store.
15. only
a select set of environmental information enters the system.
16. incoming
information is selected by the detector.
ANS:
A
REF: page 85
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
13. The
main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in
late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn’t occur
until the information is analyzed for
14. modality.
15. meaning.
16. physical
characteristics.
17. location.
ANS:
B
REF: page 87
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
14. Which
experimental result caused problems for Broadbent’s filter model of selective
attention?
15. A
result where listeners don’t notice words presented up to 35 times in the
unattended ear
16. A result
where listeners can shadow a message presented in the attended ear
17. The
result of Cherry’s experiment demonstrating the cocktail party phenomenon
18. The
result of the “Dear Aunt Jane” experiment
ANS:
D
REF: page 85
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
15. Suppose
twin teenagers are vying for their mother’s attention. The mother is trying to
pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about
her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating
characteristics of Treisman’s attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is
analyzing the incoming messages in terms of
16. physical
characteristics.
17. language.
18. meaning.
19. direction.
ANS:
C
REF: page 86
KEY: WWW
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
16. Which
of the following is most closely associated with Treisman’s attenuation theory
of selective attention?
17. Late
selection
18. Stroop
experiments
19. Precueing
20. Dictionary
unit
ANS: D
REF: page 86
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
17. According
to Treisman’s “attenuation model,” which of the following would you expect to
have the highest threshold for most people?
18. The
word “house”
19. Their
spouse’s first name
20. The
word “fire”
21. The
word “platypus”
ANS:
D
REF: page 86
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
DIFFICULT
18. Which
stage in Treisman’s “attenuation model” has a threshold component?
19. The
attenuator
20. The
dictionary unit
21. The
filter
22. The
“leaky” filter
ANS:
B
REF: page 86
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: DIFFICULT
19. A
high threshold in Treisman’s model of attention implies that
20. weak
signals can cause activation.
21. it
takes a strong signal to cause activation.
22. all
signals cause activation.
23. no
signals cause activation.
ANS:
B
REF: pages 108-109
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: MODERATE
20. Suppose
you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching
TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you
are not paying attention to the TV, you “suddenly” remember that you need to
pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted
by which of the following models of attention?
21. Object-based
22. Early
selection
23. Spotlight
24. Late
selection
ANS:
D
REF: page
87 KEY: WWW
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
21. In
support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of
a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants’ processing of
____ when they were ____ of that word.
22. letter
pairs; aware
23. letter
pairs; unaware
24. ambiguous
sentences; aware
25. ambiguous
sentences; unaware
ANS:
D
REF: page 87
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
22. In
the flanker compatibility procedure, flanker stimuli and target stimuli must
necessarily differ in terms of
23. location.
24. size.
25. identity.
26. color.
ANS:
A
REF: page
88 KEY: WWW
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: DIFFICULT
23. Flanker
compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus
conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one
distractor. In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced
reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor
24. was
overtly responded to by the participant.
25. was
processed.
26. was
ignored.
27. appeared
in a high-load condition.
ANS:
B
REF: page 88
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
24. Experiments
that support the idea of early selection involve
25. simple
tasks.
26. high-load
tasks.
27. low-load
tasks.
28. extended
practice.
ANS:
B
REF:
pages 87-88
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
25. Which
of the following everyday scenarios is most likely to support what the early
selection approach would say about how attention will affect the performance of
the two tasks involved?
26. Driving
home while thinking about a problem at work
27. Reading
a novel while walking on a treadmill
28. Humming
a familiar song while washing dishes
29. Conversing
on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle
ANS:
D
REF: pages 87-88
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
26. According
to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following
EXCEPT
27. practice.
28. the
type of tasks.
29. the
difficulty of the tasks.
30. task
cueing.
ANS:
D
REF:
pages 91-94
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
27. The
ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks
simultaneously is known as
28. divided
attention.
29. dual
attention.
30. divergent
tasking.
31. selective
attention.
ANS: A
REF: pages 82, 91
TYPE:
FACTUAL
DIFF: EASY
28. Imagine
that U.S. lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have
been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of consistent vs.
varied mapping, which of the following possible changes to driving laws would
most interfere with a skilled driver’s automatic performance when driving a
car?
29. Passing
laws where headlights must be used during the day when the weather is bad
30. Requiring
all drivers learn to drive safely on wet roadways using anti-lock brakes
31. Requiring
successful curbside parking performance to obtain a license
32. Creating
conditions where sometimes a green light meant “stop”
ANS:
D
REF: pages 92-93
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
DIFFICULT
29. In
Schneider and Shiffrin’s experiment, in which participants were asked to
indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented
“frames,” divided attention was easier
30. in
the consistent-mapping condition.
31. in
the variable-mapping condition.
32. in
the high-load condition.
33. for
the location-based task.
ANS:
A
REF: pages 92-93
KEY: WWW
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
30. Automatic
processing occurs when
31. cognitive
resources are high.
32. response
times are long.
33. tasks
are well-practiced.
34. attention
is focused.
ANS:
C
REF: page
92 KEY: WWW
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
31. The
automatic process exhibited in the standard Stroop effect is
32. naming
colors.
33. reading
words.
34. naming
distractors.
35. shadowing
messages.
ANS:
B
REF: pages 89, 92
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
32. The
Stroop effect demonstrates
33. how
automatic processing can interfere with intended processing.
34. a
failure of divided attention.
35. the
ease of performing a low-load task.
36. support
for object-based attention.
ANS:
A
REF: page 89
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
33. The
Stroop effect demonstrates people’s inability to ignore the ______ of words.
34. meaning
35. color
36. size
37. font
ANS:
A
REF: page 89
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
34. With the
Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
35. the
color and the name matched.
36. the
color and the name differed.
37. the
shape and the name matched.
38. the
shape and the name differed.
ANS:
B
REF: page 89
KEY: WWW
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
35. The
Stroop effect occurs when participants
36. are
told to divide their attention between colors and shapes.
37. try
to name colors and ignore words.
38. try
to select some incoming information based on meaning.
39. are
told to shadow two messages simultaneously.
ANS:
B
REF: page 89
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
36. Controlled
processing involves
37. close
attention.
38. ease
in performing parallel tasks.
39. overlearning
of tasks.
40. few
cognitive resources.
ANS:
A
REF: page 93
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
37. Which
of the following statements concerning the “100-car naturalistic driving study”
is true?
38. Video
recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out
the front and rear windows.
39. Pushing
buttons on a cell phone was the least distracting activity drivers performed
while driving.
40. Records
showed that the majority of drivers were attentive to driving during the three
seconds before a near crash but inattentive during the three seconds before an
actual crash.
41. All
of the above
ANS:
A
REF: page 94
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
38. Research
on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that
39. the
negative effect can be decreased by using “hands-free” units.
40. the
problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of
driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand.
41. the
main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact
that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.
42. both
a and b are correct
ANS:
C
REF: page 94
KEY: WWW
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: EASY
39. Strayer
and Johnston’s (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of
“hands-free” vs. “handheld” cell phones found that
40. talking
on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the
same extent.
41. driving
performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones.
42. driving
performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld
phones.
43. divided
attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.
ANS:
A
REF: page 94
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: EASY
40. In
Simons and Chabris’s “change blindness” experiment, participants watch a film
of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that that a woman
carrying an umbrella walked through because the
41. woman
with the umbrella was in motion, just like the players.
42. the
umbrella was the same color as the floor.
43. participants
were counting the number of ball passes.
44. participants
were not asked if they saw anything unusual.
ANS:
C
REF: page 96
KEY: WWW
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
41. Automatic
attraction of attention by a sudden visual or auditory stimulus is called
42. covert
attention.
43. exogenous
attention.
44. endogenous
attention.
45. an
illusory conjunction.
ANS:
B
REF: page 98
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
42. The
use of an eye tracker can help reveal the shifting of one’s attention.
43. overt
44. covert
45. divided
46. dichotic
ANS:
A
REF: pages 98-99
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: EASY
43. A
bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that
44. has
high stimulus salience.
45. fits
with the observer’s interests.
46. is
familiar.
47. carries
meaning for the observer.
ANS:
A
REF: page 100
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: MODERATE
44. When
we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ____ areas.
45. high-load
46. low-load
47. high-saliency
48. low-saliency
ANS:
C
REF: page 100
TYPE: CONCEPTUAL
DIFF: DIFFICULT
45. Scene
schema is
46. rapid
movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene.
47. short
pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene.
48. how
attention is distributed throughout a static scene.
49. knowledge
about what is contained in a typical scene.
ANS:
D
REF: page 100
TYPE: FACTUAL DIFF: EASY
46. Eye
tracker studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making
a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person’s eye movements
47. usually
followed a motor action by a fraction of a second.
48. were
influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene.
49. were
determined primarily by the task.
50. continually
scanned all objects and areas of the scene.
ANS:
C
REF: page 101
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
47. Lan
has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry
she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example
of
48. the
late-selection model of attention.
49. an
object-based attentional failure.
50. inattentional
blindness.
51. the
cocktail party phenomenon.
ANS:
C
REF: page 96
TYPE: APPLIED DIFF:
MODERATE
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