Community-Based Corrections 10th Edition by Leanne Fiftal Alarid – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter_3__History_of_Parole_and_Mandatory_Release     True / False

 

1. The terms “parole” and “mandatory release” are synonymous terms.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Introduction LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

2. Discretionary release is decided by the parole board.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Introduction LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

3. Georg Michael Obermaier was the warden at Norfolk Island in 1842 and implemented humane prison reforms and a rudimentary form of parole.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   The Origins of Parole LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.2 – 5

 

4. Credit for developing an early form of our current parole system goes to Alexander Maconochie, who was in charge of the English penal colony at Norfolk Island.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Alexander Maconochie LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.2 – 5

 

5. Felons were transported to American colonies as a partial solution to the poor economic conditions and unemployment in England.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Alexander Maconochie LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.1 – 3

 

6. The English government designated Australia as a convict settlement and paid for the transportation and maintenance of English prisoners shipped to Australia.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Alexander Maconochie LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.1 – 3

 

7. The Irish system was developed by Sir Walter Crofton and involved the conditional release of offenders into the community under supervision.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Sir Walter Crofton and the Irish System LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.3 – 5

 

8. The first use of parole in the United States was at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   The Development of Parole in the United States LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.3 – 5

 

9. Reducing the prison population was one of the four justifications for the development of a parole system in the United States.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Four Justifications of Parole LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

10. Between the 1840s and 1940s, American prisons were supported by taxpayers.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Reducing the Cost of Incarceration LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.3 – 5

 

11. The medical model made the assumption that all criminality was caused by psychiatric problems and the undesirable behaviors could be modified only through professional counseling.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   The Medical Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

12. In the 1970s there was a dramatic change from a focus on individualism, rehabilitation, and indeterminate sentences to determinate sentencing.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   From Discretionary Parole to Mandatory Release LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

13. In contrast to the rehabilitative ideal, the just deserts or justice model changes the focus of the system from the offender to the offense.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   From Discretionary Parole to Mandatory Release LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

14. Parole is split into either discretionary release or mandatory release.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   From Discretionary Parole to Mandatory Release LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

15. Under discretionary release, offenders are released no matter how many disciplinary reports they have had or how they acted while incarcerated.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   From Discretionary Parole to Mandatory Release LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

16. Parolees typically serve more than one year of time on supervision.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Parole Today LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.5 – 4

 

17. Less than half of all parolees are able to successfully complete their parole term.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Parole Today LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.5 – 4

 

18. Most authorities agree that it is not feasible to control prison populations in the long term by the use of parole board action.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Contemporary Functions of Parole LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

19. Medical parole occurs when medical doctors and experts in the community advise the prison officials that they must release a prisoner because his or her medical condition is such that the prisoner is going to cost more than the average offender per day to incarcerate.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Saving Medical Costs LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.5 – 4

 

Multiple Choice

 

20. Each year, approximately __________ state and federal prisoners are released from prison.​   a. ​1 million   b. ​800,000   c. ​2 million   d. ​500,000   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Introduction LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.1 – 3

 

21. Release from prison after 100% of a sentence has been served is known as _____ release.​   a. ​expiration   b. ​mandatory   c. ​discretionary   d. ​surety   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Introduction LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.5 – 4

 

22. A parole board makes decisions about _____ release.   a. ​discretionary   b. ​expiration   c. ​mandatory   d. ​surety   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Introduction LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.1 – 3

 

23. _____ is the conditional release of a convicted offender from a correctional institution, under the continued custody of the state, to serve the remainder of his or her sentence under supervision in the community.​   a. ​Probation   b. ​Parole   c. ​Work release   d. ​Furlough   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Introduction LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.1 – 3

 

24. The word parole is derived from the French parole d’honneur, which means​   a. ​“word of honor.”   b. ​“contract of consent.”   c. ​“ticket of leave.”   d. ​“discretionary release.”   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   The Origins of Parole LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.1 – 3

 

25. Three European prison administrators are credited for putting parole into practice.  _____ was the first Spanish prison administrator to institute a system of parole.​   a. ​Sir Walter Crofton   b. ​Manuel Montesinos   c. ​Alexander Maconochie   d. ​John Augustus   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Manuel Montesinos LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.1 – 3

 

26. Sir Walter Crofton, who had studied Maconochie’s innovations on Norfolk Island, became the administrator of the __________ prison system in 1854.​   a. ​British   b. ​American   c. ​Irish   d. ​Australian   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   Sir Walter Crofton and the Irish System LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.3 – 5

 

27. Alexander Maconochie used a _____ system, whereby the duration of a sentence would be decided by the prisoner’s good conduct.​   a. ​determinate   b. ​demerit   c. ​checks-and-balances   d. ​marks   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   Alexander Maconochie LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.3 – 5

 

28. The American prison reformer who introduced parole to the Elmira Reformatory in New York in 1876 was​   a. ​Walter Crofton.   b. ​William Penn.   c. ​Zebulon R. Brockway.   d. ​Jeremy Bentham.   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   The Development of Parole in the United States LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.3 – 5

 

29. Which of the following is not one of the four concepts underlying the development of parole in the United States?​   a. ​Reduction in length of incarceration as reward for good conduct   b. ​Supervision of parolee   c. ​Imposition of indeterminate sentence   d. ​Reduction of prison populations   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   Four Justifications of Parole LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

30. The first state to pass a law recognizing good time as a reward for a good behavior was​   a. ​New York.   b. ​Pennsylvania.   c. ​Massachusetts.   d. ​Vermont.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Reward for Good Prison Conduct LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.2 – 5

 

31. Under the system established at the Elmira Reformatory, volunteer citizens known as _____ supervised parolees.​   a. ​trustees   b. ​sureties   c. ​guardians   d. ​bobbies   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   Release from an Indeterminate Sentence LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.3 – 5

 

32. Under the medical model, the court set a minimum and maximum release date and the parole board determined when the appropriate time was to release the offender back into the community. This is a(n) _________ sentence.​   a. ​indeterminate   b. ​determinate   c. ​mandatory   d. ​presumptive   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   The Medical Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

33. In the 1970s there was a move away from individualism, rehabilitation, and sentence indeterminacy toward giving the offender a more punitive sentence based on the offense. This type of sentencing practice is known as _________ sentencing.​   a. ​indeterminate   b. ​determinate   c. split ​   d. ​rehabilitative   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   From Discretionary Parole to Mandatory Release LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

34. The _____ is based on the concept of just deserts and even-handed punishment that calls for fairness in criminal sentencing, in that all persons convicted of a similar offense will receive a like sentence.​   a. ​justice model   b. ​casework era   c. ​medical model   d. ​service broker model   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   From Discretionary Parole to Mandatory Release LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

35. Under ____________ release, offenders reentered society when correctional authorities and board members believed they were ready or they had improved their lives enough to earn the privilege to be released.​   a. ​Crofton’s parole   b. ​mandatory   c. ​discretionary   d. ​good-time   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   From Discretionary Parole to Mandatory Release LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

36. Studies have shown that first-time offenders in states without discretionary parole actually served _____ time in prison than offenders in states that retained parole boards.​   a. ​less   b. ​more   c. ​the same amount of   d. ​10 years’ less   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Parole Today

 

37. Reasons presented by the American Probation and Parole Association and the Association of Paroling Authorities to justify keeping parole include which of the following?​   a. ​Parole boards can impose prisoner participation in treatment programs.   b. ​Victims have a greater say in parole board hearings than the automatic releases.   c. ​Release decisions are made by a computer under automatic release.   d. ​All of these choices are correct.   ANSWER:   d REFERENCES:   Parole Today LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

38. As of 2005, ___ states and the federal system had replaced discretionary release with mandatory release by abolishing parole boards for all offenses, and another 5 states had abolished discretionary release for violent offenses.​   a. ​2   b. ​15   c. ​43   d. ​all   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   Parole Today LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

39. The _____ has the highest concentration of parolees in the United States.​   a. ​Northeast   b. ​South   c. ​Southeast   d. ​Northwest   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Characteristics of Parolees LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

40. Parolees typically serve _____ under supervision in the community.​   a. ​three months   b. ​six months   c. ​one to two years   d. ​more than three years   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   Characteristics of Parolees LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

41. About _____ of parolees are removed from parole for too many rule violations.​   a. ​20%   b. ​30%   c. ​40%   d. ​60%   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Characteristics of Parolees LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.5 – 4

 

42. Parole success rates are _____  probation success rates.​   a. ​higher than   b. ​equal to   c. ​lower than   d. ​more than double   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   Parole Today LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

43. The function of parole has changed from its traditional role. It is now tasked primarily with​   a. ​protecting the public from released offenders.   b. ​rehabilitating the offender.   c. ​providing community help services for the offender.   d. ​meeting the multiple treatment needs of the offender.   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Contemporary Functions of Parole LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

44. Using parole for population control has had detrimental effects on postrelease supervision because of escalating ________ sizes.​   a. ​caseload   b. ​court docket   c. ​jail population   d. ​resource agency   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Contemporary Functions of Parole LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

45. The conditional release of an inmate with a terminal illness is   a. ​a mercy pardon.   b. ​a conditional pardon.   c. ​medical parole.   d. ​mandatory release.   ANSWER:   c REFERENCES:   Saving Medical Costs LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.5 – 4

 

46. Sixty-five percent of state and federal prison systems and 44% of city/county jails have a ________ parole policy, but few states utilize this option.​   a. ​medical   b. ​family   c. ​good-time   d. ​juvenile   ANSWER:   a REFERENCES:   Saving Medical Costs LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.5 – 4

 

47. Approximately _____ people are on parole in the United States.​   a. ​900,000   b. ​820,000   c. ​1 million   d. ​750,000   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Characteristics of Parolees LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

48. Only about _____ people are released on medical parole in the United States.​   a. ​200   b. ​300   c. ​500   d. ​1,000   ANSWER:   b REFERENCES:   Saving Medical Costs LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.3 – 5

 

Completion

 

49. ________________ is the conditional release of an offender from confinement in a correctional institution by a parole board.​ ANSWER:   Discretionary release​ REFERENCES:   Introduction LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

50. The English word parole is derived from the French phrase ___________, which means “word of honor.”​ ANSWER:   parole d’honneur​ REFERENCES:   The Origins of Parole LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.3 – 5

 

51. The _____ system was used by Alexander Maconochie and granted credits to inmates for good behavior and hard work.​ ANSWER:   marks​ REFERENCES:   Alexander Maconochie LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.1 – 3

 

52. Alexander Maconochie was in charge of the penal colony on _____.​ ANSWER:   Norfolk Island ​ REFERENCES:   Alexander Maconochie LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.2 – 5

 

53. Sir Walter Crofton refined the scheme originated by Maconochie, into what is known today as the __________________, or Irish system.​ ANSWER:   ticket-of-leave​ REFERENCES:   Sir Walter Crofton and the Irish System LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.3 – 5

 

54. The ___________ was renowned for its three classes of penal servitude: strict imprisonment, indeterminate sentences, and ticket-of-leave.​ ANSWER:   Irish system​ REFERENCES:   Irish System LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.3 – 5

 

55. Federal parole began in June 1910, due to legislation that established the first three federal __________.​ ANSWER:   penitentiaries​ REFERENCES:   The Development of Parole in the United States LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

56. The rehabilitative ideal known as the __________ model dominated American corrections between the 1930s and the 1960s.​ ANSWER:   medical​ REFERENCES:   The Medical Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

57. The _____ model emphasizes the seriousness of the crime when determining release.​ ANSWER:   justice or just deserts ​ REFERENCES:   From Discretionary Parole to Mandatory Release LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

58. First-time offenders on mandatory release serve __________ time on average in prison than do first timers with discretionary release.​ ANSWER:   less​ REFERENCES:   Parole Today LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.5 – 4

 

59. The lowest parole rates in the country are in the ______.​ ANSWER:   South​ REFERENCES:   Characteristics of Parolees LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

60. More parolees are removed from parole because of _____ than for the commission of new crimes.​ ANSWER:   technical violations or rule violations ​ REFERENCES:   Characteristics of Parolees LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

61. Medical parole is also known as _____.​ ANSWER:   compassionate release​ REFERENCES:   Saving Medical Costs LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

62. The conditional release from prison to the community for prisoners with terminal illnesses who do not pose an undue risk to public safety is ________ .​ ANSWER:   medical release​ REFERENCES:   Saving Medical Costs LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

Essay

 

63. Discuss Manuel Montesinos and Georg Michael Obermaier and their contributions to discretionary release and the development of parole.​ ANSWER:   In 1835 Col. Manuel Montesinos was appointed governor of the prison at Valencia, Spain, which held about 1,500 convicts. He organized the institution using military-type discipline, and he encouraged prisoner vocational training and education. The novelty of his plan was that there were practically no officers to watch the prisoners, who nevertheless made few, if any, attempts to escape. Each prisoner could earn a one-third reduction in the term of his sentence by good behavior and positive accomplishments. The number of prisoner recommitments while Montesinos was governor was significantly reduced. Despite all his efforts, the law that allowed this program was subsequently repealed, and Montesinos ultimately resigned. Georg Michael Obermaier became governor of a prison in Munich, Germany, in 1842, where he found approximately 700 rebellious prisoners being kept in order by more than 100 soldiers (Wines 1919). In a short time he gained the men’s confidence, removed their chains, discharged nearly all of their guards, and appointed one of them superintendent of each of the industrial shops. His success in reforming prisoners was so great that reportedly only 10% of prisoners relapsed into crime after their discharge. He was aided by two favorable circumstances: Many of the men had no fixed term of imprisonment, and discharged inmates were supervised by prison aid societies. REFERENCES:   The Origins of Parole LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.1 – 3

 

64. Compare Crofton’s ticket-of-leave and Maconochie’s marks system. How do they compare to the contemporary U.S. system?​ ANSWER:   In 1837 Alexander Maconochie proposed to the House of Commons a system whereby the duration of the sentence would be determined not by time but by the prisoner’s industry and good conduct. He proposed a marks system by which “marks” or credits would be credited daily to prisoners in accordance with their behavior and the amount of labor they performed. As prisoners demonstrated evidence of good behavior and a good work ethic, their freedom and privileges gradually increased. Marks were deducted for negative behavior. Maconochie’s system allowed prisoners to move from strict imprisonment, to labor in work gangs, through conditional release around the island, and finally to complete restoration of liberty (Morris 2002). It should be noted that the primary condition attached to the release was to not incur further law violations, and the behavior of the releasee was not supervised in the sense that it is today. Sir Walter Crofton, who had studied Maconochie’s innovations on Norfolk Island, became the administrator of the Irish prison system in 1854. Crofton adopted the use of the marks system inside the prison. Under Crofton’s administration, the Irish system became renowned for its three levels: strict imprisonment, indeterminate sentence, and ticket-of-leave. Each prisoner’s classification was determined by the marks he or she had earned for good conduct and achievement in industry and education, a concept borrowed from Maconochie’s experience on Norfolk Island. The ticket-of-leave system was different from the one in England. The general written conditions of the Irish ticket-of-leave were supplemented with instructions designed for closer supervision and control and thus resembled the conditions of parole in the United States today. Ticket-of-leave men and women residing in rural areas were under police supervision, but a civilian employee called the inspector of released prisoners supervised those living in Dublin. The inspector had the responsibility of securing employment for the ticket-of-leave person, visiting his or her residence, and verifying employment. The Irish system of ticket-of-leave had the confidence and support of the public and of convicted criminals. REFERENCES:   The Origins of Parole LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.2 – 5 COBC.ALAR.13.3 – 5

 

65. What was the medical model, and why did it lose favor?​ ANSWER:   Parole was seen as a major adjunct to the rehabilitation philosophy that dominated American corrections from the 1930s through the 1960s. This rehabilitative ideal, called the medical model, assumed that criminal behavior had its roots in environmental and psychosocial aspects of the offender’s life and that these behaviors could be corrected. This meant that every offender would be dealt with on an individual basis to determine the causes of his or her criminal behavior. Under the old punitive model of corrections, the question was “What did he do?” The medical model was more concerned with why criminals commit crime and what can be done to improve the convict’s situation. According to the medical model, if prison staff could diagnose and treat “badness,” then the lawbreaker should be released when “cured.” The mechanisms for accomplishing this were the indeterminate sentence and parole. The release decision was thus shared between the court, which sets a minimum and a maximum period of incarceration, and the correctional system. The parole board’s responsibility was to determine the optimal release time at which the inmate is most ready to reenter the community as a responsible citizen. REFERENCES:   The Medical Model LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

66. What is the justice model of corrections? What factors were associated with its emergence in the 1970s?​ ANSWER:   In the 1970s, individualism, rehabilitation, sentence indeterminacy, and parole all seemed to fall from grace and appeared to be on their way out. A national commission stated, “One of the movements we are currently witnessing in the criminal justice field is the trend toward the establishment of determinate or ‘fixed’ sentencing of criminal offenders” (National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals 1973). The correctional system’s failure to reduce the steadily increasing crime rate and its inability to reduce recidivism, rehabilitate offenders, or make predictive judgments about offenders’ future behavior brought about public disillusionment, disappointment, and resentment. Concern also arose that wide and unfair disparities existed in sentencing based on the offender’s race, socioeconomic status, and place of conviction (Petersilia 2000b). The pendulum began to swing, and by the late 1970s it seemed to have moved 180 degrees from the rehabilitative ideal to the “just deserts” approach to criminal correction. In contrast to the rehabilitative ideal, the just deserts or justice model changes the focus of the system from the offender to the offense. Liberals and conservatives alike embraced determinate sentencing and the abolition of parole, but for different reasons (Cullen and Gilbert, 1982). The Vietnam War, the Kent State shootings, and the Attica prison uprising convinced many liberals that the state could not be trusted to administer rehabilitation in a just and humane manner. The indeterminate sentence was too vague and without due process protections to limit discretion. The just deserts approach was perceived as providing fair punishment. For conservatives, the 1974 publication by Robert Martinson was interpreted as noting that few correctional treatment programs worked and the indeterminate sentence, parole, and treatment programs were too “soft” on crime. Determinate sentencing and the just deserts approach was seen as a return to a punishment-oriented correctional system (Cullen and Gilbert 1982). REFERENCES:   From Discretionary Parole to Mandatory Release LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

67. Differentiate between mandatory release and discretionary release and explain the role of parole.​ ANSWER:   There are two types of post-prison supervision: discretionary and mandatory release. Individuals on mandatory release enter the community automatically at the expiration of their maximum term minus credited time off for good behavior. Mandatory release is decided by legislative statute or good-time laws. In contrast to mandatory release, an individual released on discretionary release enters the community because members of a parole board have decided that the prisoner has earned the privilege of being released from prison while still remaining under supervision of an indeterminate sentence. Parole is the conditional release of a convicted offender from a correctional institution, under the continued custody of the state, to serve the remainder of his or her sentence in the community under supervision. Historically, parole referred only to discretionary release. But as laws and release methods changed, “parolees” became a more general concept that has incorporated mandatory supervision. Parole is a broad concept that refers to post-prison supervision of both mandatory- and discretionary-release offenders. Parolees on both mandatory release and discretionary release are supervised by a parole officer and adhere to similar conditions. If these conditions are not followed, either type of parolee (mandatory or discretionary) can be returned to prison for the remainder of the sentence. REFERENCES:   Introduction LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5

 

68. Explain the concept of medical parole and discuss the pros and cons of releasing offenders due to medical conditions.​ ANSWER:   Medical parole, also known as compassionate release, is an option for some elderly prisoners or prisoners with terminal illnesses who are no longer viewed as a risk to public safety if released to the community. Due to the high costs of health care and the increased age of prisoners in America, there has been an increase in the discussion surrounding medical parole. To be eligible for medical parole, prisoners must have a medical condition that is terminal, that permanently limits them from movement, or that could be treated less expensively in a community treatment facility instead of a prison. Medical parole is not widely used, despite the arguments showing it to be a more cost-effective and humane approach to hospice care for inmates and their families. Two-thirds of prison systems and nearly half of all city/county jails have a medical parole policy, but only about 300 people are released each year on medical parole (Hammett, Harmon, & Maruschak 1999). Pros of medical parole include a decrease in health-care costs for prison/jail systems, as well as a more humane approach for inmates who are suffering from terminal illnesses or who are very elderly. Cons are that the public often does not support medical parole due to the type of crime committed. The victim and his or her family may also oppose medical parole. This lack of public and victim support was evident in the Susan Atkins case. Susan Atkins was a follower of Charles Manson and was convicted for highly publicized murders. She developed brain cancer and was transferred to community hospice to live out her final days, rather than being released on medical parole, because of the victim’s family’s wishes that she remain incarcerated. REFERENCES:   Saving Medical Costs LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.5 – 4

 

 

Chapter_5__Classification_and_Supervision     True / False

 

1. The first step in community supervision is classification.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Classification: The First Step in Supervision LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.1 – 3

 

2. Classification consists of the supervising officer using an objective assessment scale to compute the risks posed by the offender, identifying offender needs requiring intervention, and selecting the appropriate supervision and treatment strategies.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Classification: The First Step in Supervision LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.1 – 3

 

3. No matter whether the programs were treatment oriented or supervision oriented, mixing low-risk offenders with high-risk offenders in the same program has been shown to decrease recidivism.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Identifying Treatment Needs LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.2 – 5

 

4. Age is a dynamic risk factor.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   False REFERENCES:   Risk Assessments LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.2 – 5

 

5. Criminal history is a static risk factor.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Risk Assessments LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.2 – 5

 

6. To identify treatment needs, an officer must conduct a needs assessment.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Identifying Treatment Needs LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.2 – 5

 

7. Surveillance is an important element of supervision that provides a means of ascertaining whether probationers and parolees are continuing to meet the conditions imposed by the court or the parole board.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   The Supervision Case Plan LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.1 – 3

 

8. Methods of surveillance include unannounced and announced home visits, curfew, electronic monitoring, and collection of urine samples for drug testing.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Implementing the Case Plan: Surveillance LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.3 – 5

 

9. At the lowest level of supervision, there may be no requirement that the probationer personally visit or contact a probation officer, referred to as administrative supervision or banked probation.   a. True   b. False   ANSWER:   True REFERENCES:   Levels of Supervision LEARNING OBJECTIVES:   COBC.ALAR.13.4 – 5