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Sample Test
|
Chapter_3_History_of_Paroles_and_Mandatory_Release
True / False
|
|
1. The terms “parole” and
“mandatory release” are synonymous terms.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Introduction
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
2. Discretionary release is
decided by the parole board.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Introduction
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and ticket-of-leave
influenced the development of parole, including how parole was inspired by
Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
3. Georg Michael von Obermaier was
the Warden at Norfolk Island in 1842, and implemented humane prison reforms
and a rudimentary form of parole.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
4. Credit for developing the
world’s very first parole system goes to Alexander Maconochie, who was in
charge of the English penal colony at Norfolk Island.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
5. Convicted criminals were
transported to early American colonies as a partial solution to the poverty
and unemployment found in England.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
6. The English government
designated Australia as a settlement for prisoners, and paid for the
transportation and maintenance of English prisoners to be shipped and housed
there.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
7. The Irish system of parole was
developed by Sir Walter Crofton, and involved the conditional release of
offenders into the community where they would continue to be supervised.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.02 – Discuss how parole was subsequently
implemented by Walter Crofton in Ireland and Zebulon R. Brockway in New
York’s Elmira Reformatory.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
8. Parole was first used in the
United States at Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.02 – Discuss how parole was subsequently
implemented by Walter Crofton in Ireland and Zebulon R. Brockway in New
York’s Elmira Reformatory.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
9. Reduction of the nation’s
prison population was one of the four major justifications for the
development of a formal parole system in the United States.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why
discretionary parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
10. Between the 1840s and 1940s,
American prisons were supported by taxpayers.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why
discretionary parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
11. The community model of
corrections made the assumption that all criminality was caused by
psychiatric problems, and the undesirable behaviors could be modified only
through professional counseling.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why
discretionary parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
12. In the 1970s, there was a dramatic
change from a focus on individualism, rehabilitation, and indeterminate
sentences to determinate sentencing.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why
discretionary parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
13. In contrast to the
rehabilitative model of corrections, the just deserts or justice model
changes the focus of the system from the offender to the offense.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why discretionary
parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
14. There are three types of
parole: discretionary release, mandatory release, and rehabilitative release.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why
discretionary parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
15. Under discretionary release,
offenders are released no matter how many disciplinary reports they have had
or how they acted while incarcerated.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why
discretionary parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
16. Parolees typically serve more
than one year of time on supervision.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
17. Less than half of all U.S.
parolees are able to successfully complete their parole term.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
18. Most correctional authorities
agree that it is not feasible to control prison populations in the long term
by the use of specific parole board actions.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
19. Medical parole occurs when
medical doctors and experts in the community advise the prison officials that
they must release a prisoner because his or her medical condition is such
that the prisoner is going to cost more than the average offender per day to
incarcerate.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.05 – Argue the pros and cons of medical
parole.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
20. Each year in the United
States, approximately __________ state and federal prisoners are released
from prison and placed under community supervision.
|
|
a.
|
200,000
|
|
|
b.
|
500,000
|
|
|
c.
|
850,000
|
|
|
d.
|
1 million
|
|
ANSWER:
|
c
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Introduction
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
21. Release from prison after 100%
of a sentence has been served is known as _____ release.
|
|
a.
|
expiration
|
|
|
b.
|
mandatory
|
|
|
c.
|
discretionary
|
|
|
d.
|
surety
|
|
ANSWER:
|
a
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Introduction
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
22. A parole board makes decisions
about _____ release.
|
|
a.
|
discretionary
|
|
|
b.
|
expiration
|
|
|
c.
|
mandatory
|
|
|
d.
|
surety
|
|
ANSWER:
|
a
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Introduction
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
23. _____ is the conditional
release of a convicted offender from a correctional institution, under the
continued custody of the state, to serve the remainder of his or her sentence
under supervision in the community.
|
|
a.
|
Probation
|
|
|
b.
|
Parole
|
|
|
c.
|
Work release
|
|
|
d.
|
Furlough
|
|
ANSWER:
|
b
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Introduction
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
24. The word “parole” is derived
from the French parole
d’honneur, which means
|
|
a.
|
“word of honor.”
|
|
|
b.
|
“contract of consent.”
|
|
|
c.
|
“ticket-of-leave.”
|
|
|
d.
|
“discretionary release.”
|
|
ANSWER:
|
a
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
25. Three European prison
administrators are credited for implementing the first modern-day parole
practices in their home countries, one of which was _____, the first Spanish
prison administrator to institute a system of parole in his home country of
Spain.
|
|
a.
|
Sir Walter Dali
|
|
|
b.
|
Manuel Montesinos
|
|
|
c.
|
Alexander Maconochie
|
|
|
d.
|
Jorge Augustus
|
|
ANSWER:
|
b
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.02 – Discuss how parole was subsequently
implemented by Walter Crofton in Ireland and Zebulon R. Brockway in New
York’s Elmira Reformatory.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
26. Sir Walter Crofton, who had
studied Maconochie’s innovations on Norfolk Island, became the chief administrator
of the __________ prison system in 1854.
|
|
a.
|
British
|
|
|
b.
|
American
|
|
|
c.
|
Irish
|
|
|
d.
|
Australian
|
|
ANSWER:
|
c
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.02 – Discuss how parole was subsequently
implemented by Walter Crofton in Ireland and Zebulon R. Brockway in New
York’s Elmira Reformatory.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
27. Alexander Maconochie used a
_____ system, whereby the duration of a sentence would be decided by the prisoner’s
good conduct.
|
|
a.
|
determinate
|
|
|
b.
|
demerit
|
|
|
c.
|
checks-and-balances
|
|
|
d.
|
marks
|
|
ANSWER:
|
d
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.02 – Discuss how parole was subsequently
implemented by Walter Crofton in Ireland and Zebulon R. Brockway in New
York’s Elmira Reformatory.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
28. The American prison reformer
who introduced parole to the Elmira Reformatory in New York in 1876 was
|
|
a.
|
Walter Crofton.
|
|
|
b.
|
William Penn.
|
|
|
c.
|
Zebulon R. Brockway.
|
|
|
d.
|
Jeremy Bentham.
|
|
ANSWER:
|
c
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.02 – Discuss how parole was subsequently
implemented by Walter Crofton in Ireland and Zebulon R. Brockway in New
York’s Elmira Reformatory.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
29. Which of the following is not
one of the four concepts underlying the development of parole in the United
States?
|
|
a.
|
Reduction in length of incarceration as reward for good
conduct
|
|
|
b.
|
Supervision of parolee
|
|
|
c.
|
Imposition of indeterminate sentence
|
|
|
d.
|
Reduction of prison populations
|
|
ANSWER:
|
d
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why
discretionary parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
30. The first state legislature to
pass a law recognizing “good time” as a reward for a good behavior was
|
|
a.
|
New York.
|
|
|
b.
|
Pennsylvania.
|
|
|
c.
|
Massachusetts.
|
|
|
d.
|
Vermont.
|
|
ANSWER:
|
a
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why discretionary
parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
31. Under the system established
at the Elmira Reformatory, volunteer citizens known as _____ supervised
parolees.
|
|
a.
|
trustees
|
|
|
b.
|
sureties
|
|
|
c.
|
guardians
|
|
|
d.
|
bobbies
|
|
ANSWER:
|
c
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why
discretionary parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
32. Under the medical model, the
court set a minimum and maximum release date and the parole board determined
when the appropriate time was to release the offender back into the
community. This is a(n) _________ sentence.
|
|
a.
|
indeterminate
|
|
|
b.
|
determinate
|
|
|
c.
|
mandatory
|
|
|
d.
|
presumptive
|
|
ANSWER:
|
a
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why discretionary
parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
33. In the 1970s, there was a move
away from individualism, rehabilitation, and sentence indeterminacy toward
giving the offender a more punitive sentence based on the offense. This type
of sentencing practice is known as _________ sentencing.
|
|
a.
|
indeterminate
|
|
|
b.
|
determinate
|
|
|
c.
|
split
|
|
|
d.
|
rehabilitative
|
|
ANSWER:
|
b
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
34. The _____ is based on the
concept of just deserts and even-handed punishment that calls for fairness in
criminal sentencing, in that all persons convicted of a similar offense will
receive a like sentence.
|
|
a.
|
justice model
|
|
|
b.
|
casework era
|
|
|
c.
|
medical model
|
|
|
d.
|
service broker model
|
|
ANSWER:
|
a
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
35. Under ____________ release,
offenders reentered society when correctional authorities and board members
believed they were ready or they had improved their lives enough to earn the
privilege to be released.
|
|
a.
|
exclusionary
|
|
|
b.
|
mandatory
|
|
|
c.
|
discretionary
|
|
|
d.
|
good-time
|
|
ANSWER:
|
c
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
36. Studies have shown that
first-time offenders in states without discretionary parole actually served _____
time in prison than offenders in states that retained parole boards.
|
|
a.
|
less
|
|
|
b.
|
more
|
|
|
c.
|
the same amount of
|
|
|
d.
|
10 years more
|
|
ANSWER:
|
a
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
37. Which of the following
reason(s) presented by the American Probation and Parole Association and the
Association of Paroling Authorities have been used to justify the continued
usage of parole in America?
|
|
a.
|
Parole boards can impose prisoner participation in
treatment programs.
|
|
|
b.
|
Victims have a greater say in parole board hearings
than the automatic releases.
|
|
|
c.
|
Release decisions are made by a computer under automatic
release.
|
|
|
d.
|
All of these choices are correct.
|
|
ANSWER:
|
d
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
38. About one-third of U.S. states
have a(n)____________ structure that limits the discretion of parole boards
for felonies.
|
|
a.
|
truth-in-sentencing
|
|
|
b.
|
indeterminate
|
|
|
c.
|
determinate
|
|
|
d.
|
rehabilitative
|
|
ANSWER:
|
c
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
39. The _____ has the highest
concentration of parolees in the United States.
|
|
a.
|
Northeast
|
|
|
b.
|
South
|
|
|
c.
|
Southeast
|
|
|
d.
|
Northwest
|
|
ANSWER:
|
a
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
40. Parolees typically serve
_____ under supervision in the community.
|
|
a.
|
three months
|
|
|
b.
|
six months
|
|
|
c.
|
one to two years
|
|
|
d.
|
more than three years
|
|
ANSWER:
|
c
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic characteristics
of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
41. About _____ of all parolees in
the United States are removed from parole for too many rule violations.
|
|
a.
|
10%
|
|
|
b.
|
30%
|
|
|
c.
|
50%
|
|
|
d.
|
75%
|
|
ANSWER:
|
b
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.05 – Argue the pros and cons of medical
parole.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
42. Parole success rates are _____
probation success rates.
|
|
a.
|
somewhat higher than
|
|
|
b.
|
equal to
|
|
|
c.
|
somewhat lower than
|
|
|
d.
|
more than double
|
|
ANSWER:
|
c
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
43. The function of parole has
changed from its traditional role. It is now tasked primarily with
|
|
a.
|
protecting the public from released offenders.
|
|
|
b.
|
rehabilitating the offender.
|
|
|
c.
|
providing community help services for the offender.
|
|
|
d.
|
meeting the multiple treatment needs of the offender.
|
|
ANSWER:
|
a
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
44. Using parole for population
control has had detrimental effects on post-release supervision because of
escalating ________ sizes.
|
|
a.
|
caseload
|
|
|
b.
|
court docket
|
|
|
c.
|
jail population
|
|
|
d.
|
resource agency
|
|
ANSWER:
|
a
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
45. The conditional release of an
inmate with a terminal illness is
|
|
a.
|
a mercy pardon.
|
|
|
b.
|
a conditional pardon.
|
|
|
c.
|
medical parole.
|
|
|
d.
|
mandatory release.
|
|
ANSWER:
|
c
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.05 – Argue the pros and cons of medical
parole.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
46. Another name for medical
parole is ________________ release.
|
|
a.
|
compassionate
|
|
|
b.
|
sympathetic
|
|
|
c.
|
redemptive
|
|
|
d.
|
restorative
|
|
ANSWER:
|
a
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.05 – Argue the pros and cons of medical
parole.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
47. _______________ refers to a
form of release from prison where the offender has served 100% of their
actual sentence and there is no mandated post-release supervision.
|
|
a.
|
Mandatory release
|
|
|
b.
|
Discretionary release
|
|
|
c.
|
Pardon
|
|
|
d.
|
Expiration
|
|
ANSWER:
|
d
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Introduction
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
48. ____________ parole is a way
to control medical costs and allow low-risk offenders to live out their
remaining days with their families in a structured release setting.
|
|
a.
|
Conditional
|
|
|
b.
|
Medical
|
|
|
c.
|
Proscriptive
|
|
|
d.
|
Rehabilitative
|
|
ANSWER:
|
b
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Contemporary Functions of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.05 – Argue the pros and cons of medical
parole.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
49. ________________ is the conditional
release of an offender from confinement in a correctional institution by a
parole board.
|
ANSWER:
|
Discretionary release
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Introduction
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and ticket-of-leave
influenced the development of parole, including how parole was inspired by
Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
50. The English word “parole” is
derived from the French phrase ___________, which means “word of honor.”
|
ANSWER:
|
parole d’honneur
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
51. The _____ system was used by
Alexander Maconochie and granted credits to inmates for good behavior and
hard work.
|
ANSWER:
|
marks
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
52. Alexander Maconochie was in
charge of the penal colony at _____, an island situated off the coast of
Australia.
|
ANSWER:
|
Norfolk Island
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.02 – Discuss how parole was subsequently
implemented by Walter Crofton in Ireland and Zebulon R. Brockway in New
York’s Elmira Reformatory.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
53. ____________________ was the
governor of the prison at Valencia, Spain in the early 1830s, where he
instituted and encouraged inmate involvement in education and vocational
training. Through active participation, inmates could reduce their actual
sentence by up to one-third.
|
ANSWER:
|
Manuel Montesinos
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.02 – Discuss how parole was subsequently
implemented by Walter Crofton in Ireland and Zebulon R. Brockway in New
York’s Elmira Reformatory.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
54. The ___________ system of
parole, created by Sir Walter Crofton, was renowned for its three classes of
penal servitude: strict imprisonment, indeterminate sentences, and
ticket-of-leave.
|
ANSWER:
|
Irish
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.02 – Discuss how parole was subsequently
implemented by Walter Crofton in Ireland and Zebulon R. Brockway in New
York’s Elmira Reformatory.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
55. Federal parole began in June
1910, due to legislation that established the nation’s first three federal
__________.
|
ANSWER:
|
penitentiaries
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why
discretionary parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
56. The rehabilitative model of
parole, known also as the __________ model, dominated American corrections
between the 1930s and the 1960s.
|
ANSWER:
|
medical
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.05 – Argue the pros and cons of medical
parole.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
57. The _____ model emphasizes the
seriousness of the crime when determining release.
|
ANSWER:
|
justice or just deserts
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why
discretionary parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
58. First-time offenders on
__________ release serve less time on average in prison than do first timers
with discretionary release.
|
ANSWER:
|
mandatory
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic characteristics
of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
59. The lowest parole rates in the
United States tend to be in the __________ region of the country.
|
ANSWER:
|
Southern
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
60. More parolees are removed from
parole because of _____ than for the commission of new crimes.
|
ANSWER:
|
technical violations or rule violations
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
61. Medical parole is also known
as _____.
|
ANSWER:
|
compassionate release
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.05 – Argue the pros and cons of medical
parole.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
62. The conditional release from
prison to the community for prisoners with terminal illnesses who do not pose
an undue risk to public safety is referred to as a ________ release.
|
ANSWER:
|
medical/compassionate
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.05 – Argue the pros and cons of medical
parole.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
63. Discuss Manuel Montesinos and
Georg Michael von Obermaier and their contributions to discretionary release
and the development of parole.
|
ANSWER:
|
In 1835, Col. Manuel Montesinos was appointed governor
of the prison at Valencia, Spain, which held about 1,500 convicts. He
organized the institution using military-type discipline, and he encouraged
prisoner vocational training and education. The novelty of his plan was
that there were practically no officers to watch the prisoners, who
nevertheless made few, if any, attempts to escape. Each prisoner could earn
a one-third reduction in the term of his sentence by good behavior and
positive accomplishments. The number of prisoner recommitments while
Montesinos was governor was significantly reduced. Despite all his efforts,
the law that allowed this program was subsequently repealed, and Montesinos
ultimately resigned.
Georg Michael von Obermaier became governor of a prison in Munich,
Germany, in 1842, where he found approximately 700 rebellious prisoners being
kept in order by more than 100 soldiers (Wines, 1919). In a short time he
gained the men’s confidence, removed their chains, discharged nearly all of
their guards, and appointed one of them superintendent of each of the
industrial shops. His success in reforming prisoners was so great that
reportedly only 10% of prisoners relapsed into crime after their discharge.
He was aided by two favorable circumstances: Many of the men had no fixed
term of imprisonment, and discharged inmates were supervised by prison aid
societies.
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.01 – Explain how transport and
ticket-of-leave influenced the development of parole, including how parole
was inspired by Alexander Maconochie on Norfolk Island.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Apply
|
|
|
64. Compare and contrast Crofton’s
ticket-of-leave and Maconochie’s marks system.
|
ANSWER:
|
In 1837, Alexander Maconochie proposed to the House of
Commons a system whereby the duration of the sentence would be determined
not by time but by the prisoner’s industry and good conduct. He proposed a
marks system by which “marks” or credits would be credited daily to
prisoners in accordance with their behavior and the amount of labor they
performed. As prisoners demonstrated evidence of good behavior and a good
work ethic, their freedom and privileges gradually increased. Marks were
deducted for negative behavior. Maconochie’s system allowed prisoners to
move from strict imprisonment, to labor in work gangs, through conditional
release around the island, and finally to complete restoration of liberty
(Morris, 2002). It should be noted that the primary condition attached to
the release was to not incur further law violations, and the behavior of
the releasee was not supervised in the sense that it is today.
Sir Walter Crofton, who had studied Maconochie’s innovations on
Norfolk Island, became the administrator of the Irish prison system in
1854. Crofton adopted the use of the marks system inside the prison. Under
Crofton’s administration, the Irish system became renowned for its three
levels: strict imprisonment, indeterminate sentence, and ticket-of-leave.
Each prisoner’s classification was determined by the marks he or she had
earned for good conduct and achievement in industry and education, a
concept borrowed from Maconochie’s experience on Norfolk Island. The
ticket-of-leave system was different from the one in England. The general
written conditions of the Irish ticket-of-leave were supplemented with
instructions designed for closer supervision and control and thus resembled
the conditions of parole in the United States today. Ticket-of-leave men
and women residing in rural areas were under police supervision, but a
civilian employee called the inspector of released prisoners supervised
those living in Dublin. The inspector had the responsibility of securing
employment for the ticket-of-leave person, visiting his or her residence,
and verifying employment. The Irish system of ticket-of-leave had the
confidence and support of the public and of convicted criminals.
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Origins of Parole
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.02 – Discuss how parole was subsequently
implemented by Walter Crofton in Ireland and Zebulon R. Brockway in New
York’s Elmira Reformatory.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Apply
|
|
|
65. Describe the medical model of
parole. What were its primary goals? Why did it lose favor?
|
ANSWER:
|
Parole was seen as a major adjunct to the rehabilitation
philosophy that dominated American corrections from the 1930s through the
1960s. This rehabilitative ideal, called the medical model, assumed that
criminal behavior had its roots in environmental and psychosocial aspects
of the offender’s life and that these behaviors could be corrected. This
meant that every offender would be dealt with on an individual basis to
determine the causes of his or her criminal behavior.
Under the old punitive model of corrections, the question was “What
did he do?” The medical model was more concerned with why criminals commit
crime and what can be done to improve the convict’s situation. According to
the medical model, if prison staff could diagnose and treat “badness,” then
the lawbreaker should be released when “cured.” The mechanisms for
accomplishing this were the indeterminate sentence and parole. The release
decision was thus shared between the court, which sets a minimum and a
maximum period of incarceration, and the correctional system. The parole
board’s responsibility was to determine the optimal release time at which
the inmate is most ready to reenter the community as a responsible citizen.
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.03 – Identify the reasons why
discretionary parole was replaced by mandatory release in many states.
COBC.ALAR.17.03.05 – Argue the pros and cons of medical parole.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Apply
|
|
|
66. What is the justice model of
corrections? What factors were associated with its emergence in the 1970s?
|
ANSWER:
|
In the 1970s, individualism, rehabilitation, sentence
indeterminacy, and parole all seemed to fall from grace and appeared to be
on their way out. A national commission stated, “One of the movements we
are currently witnessing in the criminal justice field is the trend toward
the establishment of determinate or ‘fixed’ sentencing of criminal
offenders” (National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and
Goals, 1973). The correctional system’s failure to reduce the steadily
increasing crime rate and its inability to reduce recidivism, rehabilitate
offenders, or make predictive judgments about offenders’ future behavior
brought about public disillusionment, disappointment, and resentment.
Concern also arose that wide and unfair disparities existed in sentencing based
on the offender’s race, socioeconomic status, and place of conviction
(Petersilia, 2000b). The pendulum began to swing, and by the late 1970s it
seemed to have moved 180 degrees from the rehabilitative ideal to the “just
deserts” approach to criminal correction.
In contrast to the rehabilitative ideal, the just deserts or justice
model changes the focus of the system from the offender to the offense.
Liberals and conservatives alike embraced determinate sentencing and the
abolition of parole, but for different reasons (Cullen & Gilbert,
1982). The Vietnam War, the Kent State shootings, and the Attica prison
uprising convinced many liberals that the state could not be trusted to
administer rehabilitation in a just and humane manner. The indeterminate sentence
was too vague and without due process protections to limit discretion. The
just deserts approach was perceived as providing fair punishment. For
conservatives, the 1974 publication by Robert Martinson was interpreted as
noting that few correctional treatment programs worked and the
indeterminate sentence, parole, and treatment programs were too “soft” on
crime. Determinate sentencing and the “just deserts” approach were seen as
a return to a punishment-oriented correctional system (Cullen & Gilbert,
1982).
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Development of Parole in the United States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Apply
|
|
|
67. Differentiate between
mandatory release and discretionary release and explain the role of parole.
|
ANSWER:
|
There are two types of post-prison supervision:
discretionary and mandatory release. Individuals on mandatory release enter
the community automatically at the expiration of their maximum term minus
credited time off for good behavior. Mandatory release is decided by
legislative statute or good-time laws. In contrast to mandatory release, an
individual released on discretionary release enters the community because
members of a parole board have decided that the prisoner has earned the
privilege of being released from prison while still remaining under
supervision of an indeterminate sentence.
Parole is the conditional release of a convicted offender from a
correctional institution, under the continued custody of the state, to
serve the remainder of his or her sentence in the community under
supervision. Historically, parole referred only to discretionary release.
But as laws and release methods changed, “parolees” became a more general
concept that has incorporated mandatory supervision. Parole is a broad
concept that refers to post-prison supervision of both mandatory- and
discretionary-release offenders. Parolees on both mandatory release and
discretionary release are supervised by a parole officer and adhere to
similar conditions. If these conditions are not followed, either type of
parolee (mandatory or discretionary) can be returned to prison for the
remainder of the sentence.
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Introduction and The Development of Parole in the United
States
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.04 – Describe the demographic
characteristics of parolees today.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Apply
|
|
|
68. Explain the concept of medical
parole and discuss the pros and cons of releasing offenders due to medical
conditions.
|
ANSWER:
|
Medical parole, also known as compassionate release, is
an option for some elderly prisoners or prisoners with terminal illnesses
who are no longer viewed as a risk to public safety if released to the
community. Due to the high costs of health care and the increased age of
prisoners in America, there has been an increase in the discussion
surrounding medical parole. To be eligible for medical parole, prisoners
must have a medical condition that is terminal, that permanently limits
them from movement, or that could be treated less expensively in a
community treatment facility instead of a prison.
Medical parole is not widely used, despite the arguments showing it to
be a more cost-effective and humane approach to hospice care for inmates
and their families. Two-thirds of prison systems and nearly half of all
city/county jails have a medical parole policy, but only about 300 people
are released each year on medical parole (Hammett, Harmon, & Maruschak,
1999).
Pros of medical parole include a decrease in health-care costs for
prison/jail systems, as well as a more humane approach for inmates who are
suffering from terminal illnesses or who are very elderly. Cons are that
the public often does not support medical parole due to the type of crime
committed. The victim and his or her family may also oppose medical parole.
This lack of public and victim support was evident in the Susan Atkins
case. Susan Atkins was a follower of Charles Manson and was convicted for
highly publicized murders. She developed brain cancer and was transferred
to community hospice to live out her final days, rather than being released
on medical parole, because of the victim’s family’s wishes that she remain
incarcerated.
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Parole Today
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.03.05 – Argue the pros and cons of medical
parole.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Apply
|
|
|
Chapter_5_Case_Management_Using_Risk_Needs_Responsivity
True / False
|
|
1. Community corrections
departments serve both a supervisory and rehabilitative function in the
criminal justice system.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Identifying Risks and Criminogenic Needs
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.01 – Identify the importance of
assessment in identifying risk and needs.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
2. Each new client under community
supervision must first be interviewed.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Identifying Risks and Criminogenic Needs
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.01 – Identify the importance of
assessment in identifying risk and needs.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
3. No matter whether the programs
were treatment-oriented or supervision-oriented, mixing low-risk offenders
with high-risk offenders in the same program has been shown to decrease
recidivism.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Identifying Risks and Criminogenic Needs
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.01 – Identify the importance of
assessment in identifying risk and needs.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
4. Age is a dynamic risk factor.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Identifying Risks and Criminogenic Needs
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.01 – Identify the importance of
assessment in identifying risk and needs.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
5. Criminal history is a static
risk factor.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Identifying Risks and Criminogenic Needs
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.01 – Identify the importance of
assessment in identifying risk and needs.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
6. To identify treatment needs, an
officer must conduct a needs assessment.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Identifying Risks and Criminogenic Needs
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.01 – Identify the importance of
assessment in identifying risk and needs.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
7. Surveillance is an important
element of supervision that provides a means of ascertaining whether
probationers and parolees are continuing to meet the conditions imposed by
the court or the parole board.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Supervision Component
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.02 – Describe techniques that lead to
defining the level of supervision and development of a treatment plan.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
8. Probation and parole officers
are not police officers, thus they are never permitted to conduct a
warrantless search of their client’s homes.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Supervision Component
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.02 – Describe techniques that lead to
defining the level of supervision and development of a treatment plan.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
9. At the lowest level of
supervision, there may be no requirement that the probationer personally
visit or contact a probation officer, referred to as administrative
supervision or banked probation.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Supervision Component
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.02 – Describe techniques that lead to defining
the level of supervision and development of a treatment plan.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
10. One of the principles of
effective supervision entails differentiating offenders who need closer
supervision from those who require less.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
The Supervision Component
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.02 – Describe techniques that lead to
defining the level of supervision and development of a treatment plan.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
11. According to the principles of
effective intervention, treatment should be intensive and occupy 40–70% of
each day for three to nine months.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Implementing the Case Treatment Plan
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.03 – List the principles of effective
correctional intervention in offender treatment.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
12. Effective supervision must
always involve some sort of treatment component or referrals to outside
resources in order to truly assist offenders.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Implementing the Case Treatment Plan
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.03 – List the principles of effective
correctional intervention in offender treatment.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
13. Central to the concept of
evidence-based practice is the concept that it does not matter how large the
caseload is as long as it is properly classified.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Implementing the Case Treatment Plan
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.03 – List the principles of effective
correctional intervention in offender treatment.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
14. Cognitive-behavioral programs
are a specific category of therapy programs that have not shown promising
results thus far, when applied to today’s correctional clients.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Implementing the Case Treatment Plan
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.03 – List the principles of effective
correctional intervention in offender treatment.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
15. Cognitive-behavioral therapy
(CBT) helps offenders replace unhealthy thinking processes and criminal
behavior with a sense of responsibility, empathy, and prosocial behavior.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Implementing the Case Treatment Plan
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.03 – List the principles of effective
correctional intervention in offender treatment.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
16. The single most important
element in preventing recidivism for adult probationers and parolees is
having strong family ties.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Implementing the Case Treatment Plan
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.03 – List the principles of effective
correctional intervention in offender treatment.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
17. The elements of
neighborhood-based supervision include assignment of offenders according to
type of offense perpetrated, required church participation, required
full-time employment for all offenders, and total abstention from alcohol for
all probationers.
|
ANSWER:
|
False
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Implementing the Case Treatment Plan
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.03 – List the principles of effective
correctional intervention in offender treatment.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
|
18. Women under community
supervision have usually entered the criminal justice system because of a
crime they committed alongside a male partner.
|
ANSWER:
|
True
|
|
REFERENCES:
|
Working with Female Offenders
|
|
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
|
COBC.ALAR.17.05.04 – Explain the similarities and
differences of supervising female offenders in the community.
|
|
KEYWORDS:
|
Remember
|
|
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