Community-Based Corrections International Edition 9Th Edition By Leanne Fiftal Alarid-Test bank
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Sample Test
TEST BANK
Multiple Choice Questions
1.
Each year, approximately __________ state and
federal prisoners are released from prison on supervision each year.
2.
1 million
3.
800,000
4.
2 million
5.
500,000
ANS:
B
REF: p. 42 LO: 1
2.
Which of the following statements best describe
parole?
3.
the conditional release of a convicted offender
from a correctional institution, under the continued custody of the state, to
serve the remainder of his or her sentence in the community under supervision.
4.
involves forgiveness of the offender by the victim
5.
is an executive act of grace
6.
is entering the community automatically after the
expiration of a maximum term less time off for good behavior
ANS:
A
REF: p.
42
LO: 5
3.
There are two types of post-prison supervision:
discretionary release and _________ release.
4.
mandatory
5.
expiration
6.
probation
7.
compassionate
ANS:
A
REF:
42
LO: 1
4.
Discretionary release is decided by __________.
5.
prison administrators
6.
the parole board
7.
prison medical doctors
8.
a judge
ANS: B
REF:
42
LO: 1
5.
The American colonies and English Government agreed
to transport English criminals to American colonies to:
6.
provide a humane form of punishment
7.
partially alleviate the poor economic conditions
and unemployment in England
8.
banish dangerous criminals
9.
study the effects of conditional liberation
ANS:
B
REF: p.
46
LO: 1
6.
The word parole is derived from the French parole
d’honneur, which means:
7.
word of honor
8.
contract of consent
9.
ticket of leave
10.
discretionary release
ANS:
A
REF:
44
LO: 1
7.
Sir Walter Crofton, who had studied Maconochie’s
innovations on Norfolk Island, became the administrator of the __________
prison system in 1854.
8.
Marks
9.
Indeterminate
10.
Irish
11.
Australian
ANS:
C
REF: p.
46-47
LO: 3
8.
Under Crofton’s administration, the Irish system
became known for its three levels. Which of the following is not one of these
levels?
9.
strict imprisonment
10.
indeterminate sentence
11.
ticket-of-leave
12.
parole d’honneur
ANS:
D
REF:
46-47
LO: 3
9.
Which of the following is not one of the four
concepts that underlie the development of parole in the United States?
10.
Reduction in length of incarceration as reward for
good conduct
11.
Supervision of parolee
12.
Imposition of indeterminate sentence
13.
Reduction of prison populations
ANS:
D
REF: p.
47
LO: 4
10.
The American prison reformer who introduced parole
to the Elmira Reformatory in New York in 1876 was:
11.
Walter Crofton
12.
William Penn
13.
Zebulon R. Brockway
14.
Jeremy Bentham
ANS: C
REF: p. 47 LO: 3
11.
The __________ model of corrections assumed
criminal behavior was caused primarily by environmental and psychosocial
aspects of the offender’s life and that corrections could correct the behavior.
12.
justice
13.
law enforcement
14.
medical
15.
social work
ANS:
C
REF: p. 48 LO: 3
12.
Under the medical model, the court set a minimum
and maximum release date and the parole board determined when the appropriate
time was to release the offender back into the community. This is a(n)
_________ sentence.
13.
indeterminate
14.
determinate
15.
mandatory
16.
presumptive
ANS:
A
REF: p.
48
LO: 4
13.
Manuel Montesinos was the governor of a prison in
_______ and is often credited, along with Georg Michael Obermaier and Alexander
Maconochie for creating parole.
14.
Spain
15.
Australia
16.
Portugal
17.
Ireland
ANS:
A
REF: p.
44
LO: 2
14.
In the 1970s there was a move away from individualism,
rehabilitation, and sentence indeterminacy towards giving the offender a more
punitive sentence based on the offense. This type of sentencing practice is:
15.
indeterminate sentencing
16.
determinate sentencing
17.
split sentencing
18.
rehabilitative sentencing
ANS:
B
REF: p.
49
LO: 4
15.
The correctional practice based on the concept of
just deserts and even-handed punishment that calls for fairness in criminal
sentencing, in that all persons convicted of a similar offense will receive a
like sentence, is known as the:
16.
Justice model
17.
Casework era
18.
Medical model
19.
Service broker model
ANS:
A
REF: p.
48-49
LO: 4
16.
As of 2005, ___ states and the federal system had replaced
discretionary release with mandatory release by abolishing parole boards for
all offenses, and another five states had abolished discretionary release for
violent offenses.
17.
2
18.
43
19.
15
20.
all
ANS:
C
REF: p. 48 LO: 4
17.
Under ____________ release, offenders reentered
society when correctional authorities and board members believed they were
ready or they had improved their lives enough to earn the privilege to be
released.
18.
Crofton’s Parole
19.
mandatory
20.
discretionary
21.
good time
ANS:
C
REF: p.
48-49
LO: 4
18.
One study showed that first time offenders in
states without discretionary parole actually served _____ time in prison than
in states that retained parole boards.
19.
less
20.
more
21.
the same
22.
ten years less
ANS:
A
REF: p.
49
LO: 4
19.
Reasons presented by the American Probation and
Parole Association and the Association of Paroling Authorities to justify
keeping parole include:
20.
Parole boards can impose prisoner participation in
treatment programs.
21.
Victims have a greater say in parole board hearings
than the automatic releases.
22.
Release decisions are made by a computer under
automatic release.
23.
All of the above.
ANS:
D
REF: p. 51
LO: 4
20.
The geographic region of the country that had the
highest concentration of parolees in the populations is the:
21.
Northeast
22.
South
23.
Southeast
24.
Northwest
ANS:
A
REF: p. 51
LO: 4
21.
Parolees typically serve how much time under
supervision in the community?
22.
3 months
23.
6 months
24.
1-2 years
25.
more than 3 years
ANS:
C
REF: p.
51
LO: 4
22.
For which of the following crime types were
parolees most frequently convicted?
23.
violent crimes
24.
drug crimes
25.
property crimes
26.
sex crimes
ANS:
B
REF: p.
44
LO: 5
23.
The largest number of parolees in the community
under supervision are:
24.
community controlees
25.
discretionary parolees
26.
mandatory releasees
27.
expiration releasees
ANS:
C
REF: p. 46 LO: 4
24.
The function of parole has changed its traditional
role. It is now tasked primarily with:
25.
protecting the public from released offenders
26.
rehabilitating the offender
27.
providing community help services for the offender
28.
meeting the multiple treatment needs of the
offender
ANS:
A
REF: p.
51
LO: 4
25.
Most authorities agree that in the long term, it is
not feasible to control prison populations only by __________ action.
26.
probation board
27.
parole board
28.
court clerk
29.
judicial
ANS:
B
REF: p. 49 LO: 4
26.
Using parole for population control has had
detrimental effects on postrelease supervision because of escalating ________
sizes.
27.
caseload
28.
court docket
29.
jail populations
30.
resource agency
ANS:
A
REF: p.
53
LO: 4
27.
The conditional release of an inmate with a
terminal illness is:
28.
mercy pardon
29.
conditional pardon
30.
medical parole
31.
mandatory release
ANS:
C
REF: p.
53
LO: 5
28.
Sixty-five percent of state and federal prison
systems and 44 percent of city/county jails have a ________ parole policy, but
few states utilize this option.
29.
medical
30.
family
31.
good time
32.
juvenile
ANS:
A
REF: p.
53
LO: 5
29.
Thirty percent of parolees are removed from parole
for:
30.
a new crime
31.
too many rule violations
32.
a drug crime
33.
curfew violations
ANS:
B
REF: p. 51 LO: 4
30.
What percent of all people released from prison do
not receive post-prison supervision?
31.
5
32.
20
33.
35
34.
75
ANS:
B
REF: p.
55
LO: 3
True/False Questions
1.
The terms “parole” and “mandatory release” are
synonymous terms.
ANS:
false
REF: p.
42
LO: 4
2.
The decision to grant discretionary parole is made
by a parole board.
ANS: true
REF: p.
44-45
LO: 4
3.
Georg Michael Obermaier was warden at Norfolk
Island in 1842 and implemented humane prison reforms and a rudimentary form of
parole.
ANS: false
REF: p.
45
LO: 2
4.
Credit for developing an early form of our current
parole system goes to Alexander Maconochie, who was in charge of the English
penal colony at Norfolk Island.
ANS:
true
REF: p.
45
LO: 2
5.
Felons were transported to American colonies as a
partial solution to the poor economic conditions and unemployment in England.
ANS:
true
REF: p.
45
LO: 1
6.
The English Government designated Australia as a
convict settlement and paid for the transportation and maintenance of English
prisoners shipped to Australia.
ANS:
true
REF: p.
45
LO: 1
7.
Maconochie, an opponent of the mark system,
believed prisoners should be kept in leg irons without relief from an imposed
sentence.
ANS:
false
REF: p.
45
LO: 2
8.
The Irish System was developed by Sir Walter
Crofton and involved the conditional release of offenders into the community
under supervision.
ANS:
true
REF: p.
46
LO: 3
9.
In the United States, parole was first tried in New
York at Elmira Reformatory.
ANS:
true
REF: p. 47
LO: 3
10.
Reduction in the rising prison population was the
most important of the four justifications for the development of parole in the
United States.
ANS:
false
REF: p.
47
LO: 4
11.
An indeterminate sentence law was adopted in 1876
in New York with the help of prison superintendent William Penn.
ANS:
false
REF: p.
47
LO: 3
12.
The medical model made the assumption that all
criminality was caused by psychiatric problems and the undesirable behaviors
could be modified only through professional counseling.
ANS:
false
REF: p.
48
LO: 4
13.
In the 1970s there was a dramatic change from a
focus on individualism, rehabilitation, and indeterminate sentences to
determinate sentencing.
ANS:
true
REF: p.
48
LO: 4
14.
In contrast to the rehabilitative ideal, the just
deserts or justice model changes the focus of the system from the offender to
the offense.
ANS:
true
REF: p.
48
LO: 4
15.
In 1977, nearly nine out of ten prisoners were
released via a parole board.
ANS:
true
REF: p. 48
LO: 4
16.
Under discretionary release, offenders are released
no matter how many disciplinary reports they have had or how they acted while
incarcerated.
ANS:
false
REF: p.
48
LO: 4
17.
Parolees typically serve more than one year of time
on supervision.
ANS:
true
REF: p.
51
LO: 5
18.
Despite the changes in parole models, the parole
success rates have remained unchanged with less than half of all parolees able
to successfully complete their parole term.
ANS:
true
REF: p.
51
LO: 5
19.
Most authorities agree that it is not feasible to
control prison populations in the long term by the use of parole board action.
ANS:
true
REF: p.
53
LO: 4
20.
Medical parole occurs when medical doctors and
experts in the community advise the prison officials that they must release a
prisoner because their medical condition is such that they are going to cost
more than the average offender per day to incarcerate.
ANS:
false
REF: p.
53
LO: 5
Completion Questions
1.
__________ is the conditional release of an offender
from confinement in a correctional institution by a parole board.
ANS: discretionary
release
REF: p.
42
LO: 4
2.
The English word parole is derived from the French
phrase, ___________, which means word of honor.
ANS: Parole
d’honneur
REF: p.
44
LO: 3
3.
The __________of English criminals to the American
colonies evolved from a 1597 law that provided for the banishment of dangerous
criminals.
ANS:
transportation
REF: p.
45
LO: 1
4.
____________ proposed a “marks system” by which
daily credits were credited to a prisoner based on the amount of labor
performed and behavior.
ANS: Alexander
Maconochie
REF: p.
47
LO: 2
5.
Sir Walter Crofton refined the scheme originated by
Maconochie, into what is known today as the ____________, or Irish system.
ANS:
ticket-of-leave
REF: p.
46
LO: 3
6.
The ___________ was renowned for its three classes
of penal servitude: strict imprisonment, indeterminate sentences, and
ticket-of-leave.
ANS: Irish
System
REF: p. 46 LO: 3
7.
Federal parole began in June 1910, due to
legislation that established the first three federal __________.
ANS:
penitentiaries
REF: p.
47
LO: 4
8.
The rehabilitative ideal known as the __________
model dominated American corrections between the 1930s and the 1960s.
ANS:
medical
REF: p. 48 LO: 4
9.
Although parole has generally drawn support from
many sources and has a history of consensual acceptance, it drew heavy
criticism for not fulfilling its promise after ____________.
ANS: World War
I
REF:
p.51
LO: 4
10.
The Vietnam War, the Kent State shootings, and the Attica
prison uprising convinced many ________ that the state could not be trusted to
administer rehabilitation in a just and humane manner.
ANS:
liberals
REF: p. 51
LO: 4
11.
For conservatives, the 1974 publication by Robert
Martinson was interpreted that few correctional treatment programs worked and
the indeterminate sentence, parole, and treatment programs were too __________
on crime.
ANS:
soft
REF: p.
53
LO: 4
12.
First-time offenders on mandatory release serve
__________ time on average in prison than do first timers with discretionary
release.
ANS: less
REF: p. 49
LO: 5
13.
Generally, the __________ region of the United
States had the highest incarceration rates, but the lowest parole rates.
ANS: Southern
REF: p.
51
LO: 4
14.
Parole is tasked primarily with _________ the
public from released offenders
Rank 4
ANS:
protecting
REF: p. 46
LO: 4
15.
The conditional release from prison to the
community for prisoners with terminal illnesses who do not pose an undue risk
to public safety is ________ .
ANS: medical
release
REF: p.
53
LO: 4
Essay Questions
1.
Discuss Manuel Montesinos and Georg Michael
Obermaier and their contributions to discretionary release and the development
of parole.
ANS: In 1835 Col. Manuel Montesinos was
appointed governor of the prison at Valencia, Spain, which held about 1,500
convicts. He organized the institution using military-type discipline, and he
encouraged prisoner vocational training and education. The novelty of his plan
was that there were practically no officers to watch the prisoners, who
nevertheless made few, if any, attempts to escape. Each prisoner could earn a
one-third reduction in the term of his sentence by good behavior and positive
accomplishments. The number of prisoner recommitments while Montesinos was
governor was significantly reduced. Despite all his efforts, the law that
allowed this program was subsequently repealed, and Montesinos ultimately
resigned.
Georg Michael Obermaier became governor of a prison
in Munich, Germany, in 1842 where he found approximately 700 rebellious
prisoners being kept in order by more than 100 soldiers (Wines 1919). In a
short time he gained the men’s confidence, removed their chains, discharged
nearly all of their guards, and appointed one of them superintendent of each of
the industrial shops. His success in reforming prisoners was so great that
reportedly only 10 percent of prisoners relapsed into crime after their
discharge. He was aided by two favorable circumstances: Many of the men had no
fixed term of imprisonment, and discharged inmates were supervised by prison
aid societies.
REF: p.
44-45
LO: 1
2.
Compare Crofton’s ticket-of-leave and Maconochie’s
marks system? How do they compare to the contemporary U.S. system?
ANS: In 1837 Alexander Maconochie proposed to
the House of Commons a system whereby the duration of the sentence would be
determined not by time but by the prisoner’s industry and good conduct. He
proposed a marks system by which “marks” or credits would be credited daily to
prisoners in accordance with their behavior and the amount of labor they
performed. As prisoners demonstrated evidence of good behavior and a good work
ethic, their freedom and privileges gradually increased. Marks were deducted
for negative behavior. Maconochie’s system allowed prisoners to move from
strict imprisonment, to labor in work gangs, through conditional release around
the island, and finally to complete restoration of liberty (Morris, 2002). It
should be noted the primary condition attached to the release was to not incur
further law violations and the behavior of the releasee was not supervised in
the sense that it is today.
Sir Walter Crofton, who had studied Maconochie’s
innovations on Norfolk Island, became the administrator of the Irish prison
system in 1854. Crofton adopted the use of the marks system inside prison.
Under Crofton’s administration, the Irish system became renowned for its three
levels: strict imprisonment, indeterminate sentence, and ticket of leave. Each
prisoner’s classification was determined by the marks he or she had earned for
good conduct and achievement in industry and education, a concept borrowed from
Maconochie’s experience on Norfolk Island. The ticket-of-leave system was
different from the one in England. The general written conditions of the Irish
ticket-of-leave were supplemented with instructions designed for closer
supervision and control and thus resembled the conditions of parole in the
United States today. Ticket of leave men and women residing in rural areas were
under police supervision, but a civilian employee called the inspector of
released prisoners supervised those living in Dublin. The inspector had the
responsibility of securing employment for the ticket of leave person, visiting
his or her residence, and verifying employment. The Irish system of ticket of
leave had the confidence and support of the public and of convicted criminals.
REF: p.
46-47
LO: 2 & 3
3.
Why did England transport convicts to America and
Australia?
ANS: The transportation of English criminals to the
American colonies evolved from a 1597 law that provided for the banishment of
dangerous criminals. The government transported convicted felons to the
American colonies as a partial solution to the poor economic conditions and
widespread unemployment in England. The king approved the proposal to grant
reprieves and stays of execution—pardons—to convicted felons who could
physically be employed in the colonies. Until 1717 the government had paid a
fee to contractors for each prisoner transported. Under a new procedure adopted
that year, the contractor was given “property in service,” and the government
took no interest in the welfare or behavior of the offender unless he or she
violated the conditions of the pardon by returning to England before the
sentence expired. Upon arrival in the colonies, the “services” of the prisoner
were sold to the highest bidder, and thereafter the prisoner was an indentured
servant.
The Revolutionary War brought an end to the
practice of transporting criminals to America, but the transportation law was
not repealed. Detention facilities in England became overcrowded, resulting in
a more liberal granting of pardons. During a serious crime wave, the English
public demanded enforcement of the transportation law, and Australia was
designated as a convict settlement, with the first shipload arriving there in
1788. Transportation to Australia differed from transportation to the American
colonies in that the government incurred all expenses of transportation and
maintenance, and the prisoners remained under government control instead of
being indentured. The governor of New South Wales granted conditional
pardons—setting deserving convicts free and giving them grants of land, and
even assigning newly arrived convict laborers to them. In 1811 a policy was
adopted that required prisoners to serve specific periods of time before
becoming eligible to receive a ticket of leave (for example, a seven-year
sentence became eligible for the ticket of leave after four years, and those
serving life sentences after eight years). However, there were no provisions
for supervision of “ticket of leave men.”
REF: p.
46
LO: 1
4.
What was the medical model and why did it lose
favor?
ANS: Parole was seen as a major adjunct to the
rehabilitation philosophy that dominated American corrections from the 1930s
through the 1960s. This rehabilitative ideal, called the medical model, assumed
that criminal behavior had its roots in environmental and psychosocial aspects
of the offender’s life and that these behaviors could be corrected. This meant
that every offender would be dealt with on an individual basis to determine the
causes of his or her criminal behavior.
Under the old punitive model of corrections, the
question was “What did he do?” The medical model was more concerned with why
criminals commit crime and what can be done to improve the convict’s situation.
According to the medical model, if prison staff could diagnose and treat
“badness,” then the lawbreaker should be released when “cured.” The mechanisms
for accomplishing this were the indeterminate sentence and parole. The release
decision was thus shared between the court, which sets a minimum and a maximum
period of incarceration, and the correctional system. The parole board’s
responsibility was to determine the optimal release time at which the inmate is
most ready to reenter the community as a responsible citizen.
REF: p. 48
LO: 4
5.
What is the justice model of corrections? What
factors were associated with its emergence in the 1970s?
ANS: In the 1970s, individualism, rehabilitation,
sentence indeterminacy, and parole all seemed to fall from grace and appeared
to be on their way out. A national commission stated, “One of the movements we
are currently witnessing in the criminal justice field is the trend toward the
establishment of determinate or ‘fixed’ sentencing of criminal offenders” (National
Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals 1973). The
correctional system’s failure to reduce the steadily increasing crime rate and
its inability to reduce recidivism, rehabilitate offenders, or make predictive
judgments about offenders’ future behavior brought about public
disillusionment, disappointment, and resentment. Concern also arose that wide
and unfair disparities existed in sentencing based on the offender’s race,
socioeconomic status, and place of conviction (Petersilia, 2000b). The pendulum
began to swing, and by the late 1970s it seemed to have moved 180 degrees from
the rehabilitative ideal to the “just deserts” approach to criminal correction.
In contrast to the rehabilitative ideal, the just
deserts or justice model changes the focus of the system from the offender to
the offense. Liberals and conservatives alike embraced determinate sentencing
and the abolition of parole, but for different reasons (Cullen and Gilbert,
1982). The Vietnam War, the Kent State shootings, and the Attica prison
uprising convinced many liberals that the state could not be trusted to
administer rehabilitation in a just and humane manner. The indeterminate
sentence was too vague and without due process protections to limit discretion.
The just deserts approach was perceived as providing fair punishment. For
conservatives, the 1974 publication by Robert Martinson was interpreted that
few correctional treatment programs worked and the indeterminate sentence,
parole, and treatment programs were too “soft” on crime. Determinate sentencing
and the just deserts approach was seen as a return to a punishment oriented
correctional system. (Cullen and Gilbert, 1982).
REF: p.
48-49
LO: 4
6.
Differentiate between mandatory release and
discretionary release and explain the role of parole.
ANS: There are two types of post-prison
supervision: discretionary and mandatory release. Individuals on mandatory
release enter the community automatically at the expiration of their maximum
term minus credited time off for good behavior. Mandatory release is decided by
legislative statute or good-time laws. In contrast to mandatory release,
individuals released on discretionary release enter the community because
members of a parole board have decided that the prisoner has earned the
privilege of being released from prison while still remaining under supervision
of an indeterminate sentence.
Parole is the conditional release of a convicted
offender from a correctional institution, under the continued custody of the
state, to serve the remainder of his or her sentence in the community under
supervision. Historically, parole referred only to discretionary release. But
as laws and release methods changed, “parolees” became a more general concept
that has incorporated mandatory supervision. Parole is a broad concept
that refers to post-prison supervision of both mandatory and discretionary
released offenders. Parolees on both mandatory release and discretionary
release are supervised by a parole officer and adhere to similar conditions. If
these conditions are not followed, either type of parolee (mandatory or
discretionary) can be returned to prison for the remainder of the sentence.
REF: p.
42-43
LO: 4
7.
Explain the concept of medical parole and discuss
the pros and cons releasing offenders due to medical conditions.
ANS: Medical parole, also known as
compassionate release, is an option for some elderly prisoners or prisoners
with terminal illnesses who are no longer viewed as a risk to public safety if
released to the community. Due to the high costs of health care and the
increased age of prisoners in America, there has been an increase in the
discussion surrounding medical parole. To be eligible for medical parole,
prisoners must have a medical condition that is terminal, permanently limits
them from movement, or a medical condition that could be treated less
expensively in a community treatment facility instead of a prison.
Medical parole is not the widely used, despite the
arguments showing it to be a more cost-effective and humane approach to hospice
care for inmates and their families. Two-thirds of prison systems and
nearly half of all city/county jails have a medical parole policy, but only about
300 people are released each year on medical parole (Hammett, Harmon, &
Maruschak, 1999).
Pros of medical parole include a decrease in health
care costs for prison/jail systems, as well as a more humane approach for
inmates who are suffering from terminal illnesses or who are very
elderly. Cons are that the public often does not support medical parole
due to the type of crime committed. The victim and his or her family may
also oppose medical parole. This lack of public and victim support was
evident in the Susan Atkins case. Susan Atkins was a follower of Charles
Manson and was convicted for highly publicized murders. She developed
brain cancer and was transferred to community hospice to live out her final
days, rather than being released on medical parole, because of the victim’s
family’s wishes that she remain incarcerated.
REF: 53-54
LO: 5
TEST BANK
Multiple Choice Questions
1.
Management that an officer maintains over offenders
committed to his or her custody is:
2.
punishment
3.
conditions
4.
supervision
5.
constructive custody
ANS:
C
REF: p.
93
LO: 1
2.
The first step in the supervision process is:
3.
Investigation
4.
Classification
5.
Intimidation
6.
Initial interview
ANS: B
REF: p.
94
LO: 1
3.
During classification, the highest priority is
placed on identifying _____ that would likely jeopardize public safety if not
addressed.
4.
problems
5.
needs
6.
value
7.
risks
ANS: D
REF: p.
94
LO: 1
4.
A procedure that provides a measure of the
offender’s degree of dangerousness to the public and also measures the
offender’s propensity to engage in future criminal activity is:
5.
a review of the conditions
6.
risk assessment
7.
needs analysis
8.
principles of effective treatment
ANS:
B
REF: p.
94-95
LO: 2
5.
__________ factors are variables that have already
occurred in the past and will not change, such as the number of arrests and
convictions.
6.
Quantitative
7.
Generalized
8.
Dynamic
9.
Static
ANS:
D
REF: p.
95
LO: 2
6.
__________ factors are variables that do change and
are the most valuable in measuring both negative and positive offender change
over time.
7.
Dynamic
8.
Static
9.
Inverse
10.
Quantitative
ANS:
A
REF: p.
95
LO: 2
7.
The __________ is a 54-item scale that assigns a
numerical value to many of the same factors identified in the presentence
report. It is completed by an officer who interviews the offender.
8.
LSI-R
9.
OIA
10.
MMPI
11.
COMPAS
ANS:
A
REF: p.
95
LO: 2
8.
The identification of the characteristics,
conditions, or behavioral problems that limit a probationer’s motivation or
ability to function is the process of specifying:
9.
risk factors
10.
treatment needs
11.
community restitution
12.
personality inventory
ANS:
B
REF: p.
95-98
LO: 2
9.
Which of the following is an example of a static
factor?
10.
education
11.
employment status
12.
substance abuse
13.
history of abuse
ANS:
D
REF: p.
95
LO: 2
10.
Mixing low-risk offenders with high-risk offenders
in the same program has been found to __________ (on) recidivism.
11.
decrease
12.
increase
13.
have no impact
14.
be more effective than separating offenders based
on risk level
ANS:
B
REF: p. 95 LO: 2
11.
A ________ issue is an identified problem, offender
characteristic, or pattern of conduct that requires intervention to overcome or
change.
12.
surveillance
13.
needs
14.
risk
15.
supervision
ANS:
D
REF: p.
98
LO: 2
12.
__________ is the process of determining whether probationers
and parolees are continuing to meet the conditions imposed by the court or the
parole board.
13.
supervision
14.
surveillance
15.
intensive probation
16.
investigation
ANS:
B
REF: p. 100-101 LO: 2
13.
The best predictor of future behavior is:
14.
past behavior
15.
substance abuse
16.
a history of abuse
17.
mental illness
ANS:
A
REF: p. 98 LO: 2
14.
A(n) _________ is an individualized, written
document that clarifies how each court-ordered condition is to be fulfilled by
the offender and the supervising officer in the context of the risks and needs
posed.
15.
collateral contact
16.
case plan
17.
PSI
18.
LSI-R
ANS:
B
REF: p.
98
LO: 2
15.
Verification of the probationer or parolee’s situation
and whereabouts by means of the officer speaking with a third party who knows
the offender personally such as a family member, friend or employer.
16.
collateral contact
17.
field contact
18.
office contact
19.
face-to-face contact
ANS: A
REF: p. 100 LO: 2
16.
For police to perform a warrantless search of the
home of probationer or parolee, they must have:
17.
probable cause
18.
reasonable suspicion
19.
a preponderance of the evidence
20.
proof beyond a reasonable doubt that a crime has
been committed
ANS:
B
REF: p.
100
LO: 2
17.
At the lowest level of supervision, there may be no
requirement that the probationer personally visit or contact a probation
officer. Rather, the probationer may be required to call in and leave a message
on a voice-recorded line, or mail-in a verification of address and employment.
This level of supervision is known as _________ supervision
18.
minimum
19.
medium
20.
close
21.
administrative
ANS:
D
REF: p.
101
LO: 2
18.
The number of individuals one probation officer is
responsible for is a(n):
19.
therapeutic community
20.
inpatient clinic
21.
hospital
22.
caseload
ANS:
D
REF: p. 101 LO: 4
19.
U.S. probation officers supervise approximately
__________ cases and conduct five or six presentence investigations per month.
20.
Over 100
21.
20-30
22.
50-60
23.
75-95
ANS:
C
REF: p.
102
LO: 4
20.
The American Probation and Parole Association
recommends that a workload standard of about __________ hours per month is more
reasonable than caseload size:
21.
280
22.
120
23.
75
24.
160
ANS:
B
REF: p.
102-103
LO: 4
21.
The __________ are considered the basis by which correctional
treatment programs should operate,
22.
Peter Principle
23.
Parkinson’s Law Principles
24.
Principles of Effective Correctional Intervention
25.
Medical Principles
ANS:
C
REF: p.
103
LO: 4
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