CORRECTIONS 21ST CENTURY 8Th Edition By Frank Schmalleger – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 03 Sentencing: To Punish or to Reform? Answer Key

 

Multiple Choice Questions

1.	Punishment as vengeance is also called: A. revenge.   B. incapacitation.   C. rehabilitation.   D. restitution.

 

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2.	A sentencing goal that involves retaliation against a criminal perpetrator is called: A. deterrence.   B. incapacitation.   C. rehabilitation.   D. retribution.

 

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3.	The expression “an eye for an eye” refers to: A. retribution.   B. incapacitation.   C. rehabilitation.   D. deterrence.

 

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4.	_____ means “paying back” the offender for what he or she has done. A. Deterrence   B. Retribution   C. Rehabilitation   D. Incapacitation

 

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5.	Which of the following punishment philosophies considers criminal offenders to be morally blameworthy and deserving of punishment? A. Deterrence   B. Incapacitation   C. Rehabilitation   D. Just deserts

 

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6.	The concept of just deserts de-emphasizes the emotional component of revenge by claiming that criminal acts are _____ of punishment. A. considerate   B. artifacts   C. precursors   D. deserving

 

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7.	The concepts of retribution and just deserts are: A. future oriented.   B. present oriented.   C. past oriented.   D. none of these.

 

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8.	The discouragement or prevention of crimes through the fear of punishment is called: A. deterrence.   B. incapacitation.   C. rehabilitation.   D. just deserts.

 

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9.	If you punish a person seeking to change that person’s behavior, it is called: A. general deterrence.   B. incapacitation.   C. specific deterrence.   D. universal deterrence.

 

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10.	The use of individual punishment to dissuade others from committing crimes is called: A. rehabilitation.   B. incapacitation.   C. retribution.   D. general deterrence.

 

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11.	The idea that actions are motivated primarily by a desire to experience pleasure and avoid pain is called: A. the happiness principle.   B. the pleasure-pain principle.   C. the satisfaction principle.   D. profit motive.

 

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12.	A punishment must be _____ in order to serve as effective deterrence. A. swift   B. certain   C. severe   D. all of these

 

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13.	The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce an offender’s capability to commit future crimes is called: A. rehabilitation.   B. incapacitation.   C. specific deterrence.   D. general deterrence.

 

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14.	The process of changing criminal lifestyles into law-abiding ones by “correcting” the behavior of offenders through treatment, education, and training is called: A. rehabilitation.   B. incapacitation.   C. specific deterrence.   D. general deterrence.

 

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15.	According to Cullen and Gendreau, rehabilitation: A. works very well only with murderers.   B. fails when it’s ill-conceived and/or not implemented as designed.   C. works well in treatment centers but not in prison.   D. produces few real changes in offender attitudes.

 

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16.	The process of making an offender a productive member of the community is called: A. retribution.   B. reintegration.   C. just deserts.   D. incapacitation.

 

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17.	Francis T. Cullen and Paul Gendreau have called for: A. a strong just deserts model.   B. a strong deterrence model.   C. a strong rehabilitation model.   D. a strong retribution model.

 

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18.	The process of returning all those involved in or affected by crime, including victims, offenders, and society, to their previous condition is called: A. rehabilitation.   B. incapacitation.   C. restoration.   D. universal deterrence.

 

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19.	Restorative justice is especially concerned with repairing the harm to : A. the offender’s family.   B. the offender.   C. the victim.   D. none of these.

 

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20.	Which of the following philosophies of punishment would be most likely to allow victim-impact statements? A. Rehabilitation   B. Incapacitation   C. Specific deterrence   D. Restorative justice

 

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21.	Payments made by a criminal offender to his or her victim as compensation for the harm caused by the offense are called: A. bail.   B. bonds.   C. fines.   D. restitution.

 

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22.	Sentences that are required by law under certain circumstances are referred to as: A. indeterminate sentences.   B. indefinite sentences.   C. mandatory sentences.   D. flat sentences.

 

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23.	Sentences that are served together are called: A. consecutive sentences.   B. concurrent sentences.   C. flat sentences.   D. unconstitutional sentences.

 

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24.	Sentences served one after the other are called: A. consecutive sentences.   B. concurrent sentences.   C. repeat time.   D. flat time.

 

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25.

When a person is convicted of multiple offenses, a judge might impose a sentence of 10 years for one offense and 20 years for the other offense, so the offender would serve 30 years. This type of sentencing is called: A. just deserts sentencing.   B. consecutive sentencing.   C. concurrent sentencing.   D. real-time sentencing.

 

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26.	A sentence that specifies a given amount of time to be served in custody and allows little or no variation from the time specified is called a(n): A. indeterminate sentence.   B. indefinite sentence.   C. mandatory sentence.   D. flat sentence.

 

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27.	A sentence in which a judge specifies a maximum length and a minimum length and an administrative agency determines the actual time of release is called a(n) _____. A. indeterminate sentence   B. mandatory sentence   C. flat sentence   D. presumptive sentence

 

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28.	A sentence of exactly five years in prison is an example of a(n): A. indeterminate sentence.   B. mandatory sentence.   C. flat sentence.   D. presumptive sentence.

 

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29.	The number of days or months prison authorities deduct from a sentence for good behavior is called: A. free days.   B. out days.   C. good time.   D. free time.

 

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30.	A sentence with a fixed term of incarceration that can be reduced by good time is called a(n): A. indeterminate sentence.   B. mandatory sentence.   C. determinate sentence.   D. presumptive sentence.

 

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31.	Legislatively approved provisions that mandate longer prison terms for specific criminal offenses committed under certain circumstances are called _____. A. presumptive sentences   B. judicial sentences   C. sentencing enhancements   D. intermediate sanctions

 

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32.	The imposition of sentences required by statute for those convicted of a particular crime or a particular crime with special circumstances is called: A. voluntary sentencing.   B. indeterminate sentencing.   C. presumptive sentencing.   D. mandatory minimum sentencing.

 

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33.

The _____ is a law that allows a person’s criminal history to be considered at sentencing or makes it possible for a person convicted of a given offense and previously convicted of another specified offense to receive a more severe penalty than that for the current offense alone. A. Fair Sentencing Clarification Act (FSCA)   B. Federal Fair Sentencing Act (FSA)   C. Determinate sentencing law (DSL)   D. Habitual offender statute

 

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34.

The control of offenders in the community under strict conditions, by means of frequent reporting to a probation officer whose caseload is generally limited to 30 offenders, is called _____. A. mandatory minimum sentencing   B. truth-in-sentencing   C. intensive supervision probation   D. remote-location monitoring

 

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35.	Sentences that judges are expected to follow unless they document reasons for departing from the guidelines are known as _____. A. mandatory sentences   B. presumptive sentences   C. indeterminate sentences   D. flat sentences

 

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36.

When a judge delays a defendant’s serving of a sentence after he or she has been convicted or found guilty in order to allow the defendant to perform a period of community supervision, it is referred to as a(n) _____. A. straight sentence   B. suspended sentence   C. sentencing enhancement   D. intermediate sanction

 

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37.

Statutes that impose mandatory prison sentences, generally a life sentence, on those convicted of an offense if they have been previously convicted of two prior serious criminal offenses are called _____. A. three-strikes laws   B. sentencing enhancements   C. sentencing commissions   D. intermediate sanctions

 

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True / False Questions

38.	Punishment as vengeance is also called revenge. TRUE

 

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39.	A sentencing goal that involves retaliation against a criminal perpetrator is called rehabilitation. FALSE

 

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40.	The expression “an eye for an eye” refers to deterrence. FALSE

 

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41.	Retribution literally means “paying back” the offender for what he or she has done. TRUE

 

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42.	Andrew von Hirsch is famous for his belief in rehabilitation. FALSE

 

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43.	The concepts of retribution and just deserts are future oriented. FALSE

 

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44.	The discouragement or prevention of crimes through the fear of punishment is called just deserts. FALSE

 

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45.	The philosophy of deterrence holds that offenders are morally blameworthy. FALSE

 

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46.	If you punish a person seeking to change that person’s behavior, it is called specific deterrence. TRUE

 

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47.	The use of individual punishment to dissuade others from committing crimes is called general deterrence. TRUE

 

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48.	The idea that actions are motivated primarily by a desire to experience pleasure and avoid pain is called general deterrence. FALSE

 

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49.	According to the text, for punishment to be effective as a deterrent, it must be swift, certain, and severe. TRUE

 

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50.	The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce an offender’s capability to commit future crimes is called incapacitation. TRUE

 

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51.	Criminals are incarcerated to teach them the consequences of their actions, not to bring them under such an environment where they are not able to engage in crime. FALSE

 

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52.	Restorative justice is especially concerned with repairing the harm to the offender. FALSE

 

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53.	Fines are paid to the victim, and restitution is usually paid to the government. FALSE

 

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54.	Like a suspended sentence, a deferred sentence remains on a defendant’s criminal record permanently. FALSE

 

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55.	The Charles Colson Task Force on Federal Corrections recommended that, at sentencing, the federal system should reserve prison beds for those convicted of the most serious federal crimes. TRUE

 

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56.	The Charles Colson Task Force on Federal Corrections found that punitive mandatory minimum sentences for burglary represent “the primary driver” of prison overcrowding. FALSE

 

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57.	The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 increased the disparity in sentencing between crack and powder cocaine offenses. FALSE

 

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Fill in the Blank Questions

58.	Punishment as vengeance is also called _____. revenge

 

59.	A sentencing goal that involves retaliation against a criminal perpetrator is called _____. retribution

 

60.	The expression “an eye for an eye” refers to the goal of criminal sentencing called _____. retribution

 

61.	_____ literally means “paying back” the offender for what he or she has done. Retribution

 

62.	The punishment philosophy that holds that criminal offenders are morally blameworthy and deserving of punishment is called _____. just deserts

 

63.	The concept of just deserts de-emphasizes the _____ component of revenge. emotional

 

64.	The discouragement or prevention of crimes through the fear of punishment is called _____. deterrence

 

65.	The concept of deterrence is _____ oriented. future

 

66.	If you punish a person seeking to change that person’s behavior, it is called _____. specific deterrence

 

67.	The use of individual punishment to dissuade others from committing crimes is called _____. general deterrence

 

68.	The idea that actions are motivated primarily by a desire to experience pleasure and avoid pain is called _____. the pleasure-pain principle

 

69.	According to the text, for punishment to be effective as a deterrent, it must be _____, _____, and _____. swift; certain; severe

 

70.	The use of imprisonment or other means to reduce an offender’s capability to commit future crimes is called _____. incapacitation

 

71.	The process of changing criminal lifestyles into law-abiding ones by “correcting” the behavior of offenders through treatment, education, and training is called _____. rehabilitation

 

72.	The process of making an offender a productive member of the community is called _____. reintegration

 

73.	Robert Martinson evaluated rehabilitation programs nationwide and concluded that _____. only few of these programs, if any, produced real changes in offender attitudes

 

74.	Francis T. Cullen and Paul Gendreau have called for _____. reaffirming rehabilitation

 

75.	The process of returning to their previous condition all those involved in or affected by crime, including victims, offenders, and society, is called _____. restoration

 

76.	Restorative justice is especially concerned with repairing the harm to the _____. victim

 

77.	Payments made by a criminal offender to his or her victim as compensation for the harm caused by the offense are called _____. restitution

 

78.	Sentences that are required by law under certain circumstances are referred to as _____. mandatory sentences

 

79.	New punishment options developed to fill the gap between traditional probation and traditional jail or prison sentences and to better match the severity of punishment to the seriousness of the crime are known as _____. intermediate sanctions

 

80.	The conditional release of a prisoner, prior to completion of the imposed sentence, under the supervision of a parole officer is called _____. parole

 

81.	A group assigned to create a schedule of sentences that reflect the gravity of the offenses committed and the prior record of the criminal offender is called a(n) _____. sentencing commission

 

82.	The sentencing principle that requires an offender to serve a substantial portion of the sentence (usually 85 percent) and reduces the discrepancy between the sentence imposed and actual time spent in prison is called _____. truth-in-sentencing

 

83.	A sentence to serve a specified number of hours working in unpaid positions with nonprofit or tax supported agencies is referred to as _____. community service

 

84.	A sentence of exactly five years in prison is an example of a(n) _____. flat sentence

 

85.	Fines are paid to the _____; restitution is usually paid to the _____. government; victim

 

Chapter 05 Intermediate Sanctions: Between Probation and Incarceration Answer Key

 

Multiple Choice Questions

1.

New punishment options developed to fill the gap between traditional probation and traditional jail or prison sentences and to better match the severity of punishment to the seriousness of the crime are called: A. terminal endorsements.   B. intermediate sanctions.   C. forcible closures.   D. incarcerations.

 

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2.

Which of the following statements is true of intermediate sanctions? A. They are most often used for high-risk offenders.   B. They tend to be more restrictive than prison.   C. They are generally used as a way to reduce the correctional population.   D. They are never used as alternatives to incarceration at initial sentencing.

 

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3.	An intermediate sanction that involves regular payments to crime victims or to the courts is called a: A. restitution.   B. deposition.   C. petition.   D. ratification.

 

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4.

Identify a correct statement about intermediate sanctions. A. They prevent the reintegration of offenders into the community.   B. They are a more expensive correctional option than jail sentencing.   C. They are generally more restrictive than prison.   D. They promote rehabilitation of offenders in society.

 

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5.	Which of the following is the most inexpensive correctional option? A. Boot camp   B. Incarceration   C. Community service   D. Intensive parole supervision

 

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6.	The control of offenders in a community under strict conditions, by means of frequent reporting to a probation officer whose caseload is generally limited to 30 offenders is called a(n): A. informal probation.   B. unsupervised probation.   C. intensive supervision probation.   D. court probation.

 

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7.	Intensive supervision probation (ISP) involves: A. strict enforcement of conditions.   B. random drug and alcohol testing.   C. frequent contact between an offender and his/her probation officer.   D. all of these.

 

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8.

The primary purpose of intensive supervision probation (ISP) is to: A. manage overcrowded jails and prisons.   B. care for the destabilized families of prisoners.   C. deter an offender from breaking the law or violating the conditions of release.   D. improve offender rehabilitation by increasing probation and parole caseloads.

 

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9.	The primary purpose of intensive supervision probation is: A. to maintain high rearrest rates.   B. to increase parole caseloads to 100 or more.   C. to protect the community.   D. to decrease surveillance of activities of offenders.

 

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10.

Which of the following statements is true of drug-addicted offenders who enter deferred prosecution programs? A. They are always required to plead guilty to the charges against them.   B. They are diverted into the drug court system before being convicted.   C. They are prosecuted, irrespective of whether they complete the program or not.   D. Their offenses are expunged from their records the moment they enroll for the programs.

 

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11.

Which of the following statements is true of drug courts? A. The aims of drug courts are much more punitive than the aims of other types of courts.   B. Drug courts are less cost-effective compared to probation and/or incarceration.   C. The aims of drug courts are nonadversarial and more healing and restorative in nature than the aims of other types of courts.   D. Drug courts award punishments that are more severe than punishments awarded during incarceration.

 

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12.

Evidence-based studies that examined the effectiveness of drug courts show that: A. drug courts can reduce recidivism by an average of 8 to 14 percent.   B. drug courts are less cost-effective than probation owing to increased victimization costs.   C. drug courts award punishments that are more severe than incarceration.   D. drug courts have significantly increased the rate of rearrests among drug offenders.

 

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13.	Which of the following is a key component of drug courts? A. Ongoing schedules of judicial status hearings   B. Daily health checkups by physicians   C. Monthly drug testing   D. Rare but strict monitoring and evaluation measures

 

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14.	_____ programs require participants to plead guilty to the charges against them and have their sentences deferred or suspended while they are in the program. A. Postplea   B. Pretrial diversion   C. Preplea   D. Perennial diversion

 

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15.

In the United States, fines are rarely regarded as a tough criminal sanction: A. because judicial and legislative attitudes always allow the use of fines for several major felonies.   B. because judges always have enough reliable information on an offender’s personal wealth to impose a just fine.   C. because, in practice, it is a criminal justice tool that often neglects to punish ordinance violations and minor misdemeanors.   D. because many believe that fines work a hardship on the poor, while affluent offenders often feel no sting.

 

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16.	A financial penalty scaled both to the defendant’s ability to pay and the seriousness of the offense is called a: A. bond.   B. bail.   C. parole.   D. day fine.

 

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17.	The first step in the process of setting a day fine is: A. to create a valuation table.   B. to determine the number of fine units to be imposed.   C. to increase recidivism rates.   D. to establish the dollar amount per unit for a given offender.

 

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18.	A sentence to serve a specified number of hours working in unpaid positions with nonprofit or tax-supported agencies is called: A. community service.   B. a workhouse.   C. a day fine.   D. intensive supervision probation.

 

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19.	Community service as a criminal sanction began in the United States in 1966 in: A. Ohio.   B. Florida.   C. California.   D. New York.

 

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20.	Nonresidential facilities that are used as a form of intermediate sanction for offenders as a condition of probation or service delivery for offenders released from prison are called: A. halfway houses.   B. residential treatment centers.   C. workhouses.   D. day reporting centers.

 

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21.

Day reporting centers differ from other intermediate sanctions by: A. a marked concentration on rehabilitation of offenders.   B. the lack of treatment and referral programs to assist offenders.   C. a restriction on participants to return home in the evenings.   D. correctional options that are more inhibiting than incarceration.

 

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