Criminal Investigation Charles Swanson 12th Edition-Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Criminal Investigation, 12e (Swanson)

Chapter 3   Investigators, the Investigative Process, and the Crime Scene

 

1) A felony is an act usually punishable by imprisonment for:

1.   A) one or more years and/or a $500 fine.

2.   B) six months and/or a $1,000 fine.

3.   C) a term of one or more years, or death.

4.   D) six months and/or a $500 fine.

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 43

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2) A misdemeanor is a lesser offense that may be punishable by:

500.             A) a fine, ordinarily not to exceed $500.

501.             B) imprisonment for no more than a year.

502.             C) more than one year in prison.

503.             D) a fine, ordinarily not to exceed $500 and/or imprisonment for no more than a year.

 

Answer:  D

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3) After interviewing the victim of a crime and two witnesses and examining the crime scene and the physical evidence, you use all of this information as a basis for developing a unifying and internally consistent explanation of the event. You have ________.

1.   A) used inductive reasoning

2.   B) committed Locard’s Fallacy

3.   C) used deductive reasoning

4.   D) proceeded in an unobjective manner

 

Answer:  A

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4) Identify a true statement about successful investigators.

1.   A) They know that investigation is a systematic method of inquiry that is more science than art.

2.   B) They refrain from self-monitoring and rely on inductive and deductive reasoning because these methods are difficult to be distorted.

3.   C) They realize that successful investigations are always produced by rote application of the appropriate steps.

4.   D) They sometimes use illegal and unethical methods that are used to solve a case.

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 44

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5) The actions taken by the first officer to arrive at the scene of a crime after its detection and reporting are collectively termed the “________.”

1.   A) essential part of police work

2.   B) follow-up investigation

3.   C) cold search

4.   D) preliminary investigation

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 46

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6) A(n) ________ is the police effort expended after the initial incident report is completed until the case is ready for prosecution.

1.   A) advanced investigation

2.   B) cold investigation

3.   C) collateral investigation

4.   D) follow-up investigation

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 46

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7) If there is a chance the victim may die, the investigator should always get ________.

1.   A) the name of the suspect

2.   B) a dying declaration

3.   C) the address of the victim

4.   D) victim’s next of kin

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 50

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8) Which of the following is a step involved in a preliminary investigation?

1.   A) Reviewing the offense/incident report

2.   B) Securing the crime scene and evidence

3.   C) Re-interviewing the witnesses

4.   D) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 50

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9) Which of the following terms is defined as a systematic approach to interviewing residents, merchants, and others who were in the immediate vicinity of a crime and may have useful information?

1.   A) Cross-examination

2.   B) Neighborhood canvass

3.   C) Redirect examination

4.   D) Vehicle canvass

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 54

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10) Identify the three major functions to be executed at the scene of a crime.

1.   A) Overall coordination, forensic services, investigative services

2.   B) Arrest, search, seizure

3.   C) Coordination, arrest, interrogation

4.   D) Observation, supervision, technical assistance

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 60

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11) Which type of evidence serves to substantiate the distinct set of elements whose commission or omission must be demonstrated to have occurred in order to prove a criminal offense?

1.   A) Crime scene documentation

2.   B) Associative evidence

3.   C) The rule of detail

4.   D) Corpus delicti evidence

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 67

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12) ________ is bidirectional in that it connects the perpetrator to the scene or victim, or connects the scene or victim to the suspect.

1.   A) Corpus delecti evidence

2.   B) Associative evidence

3.   C) Tracing evidence

4.   D) May be any of the preceding depending on the facts of the case

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 67

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13) Which of the following types of trace evidence may react (fluoresce) from an alternate light system?

1.   A) Fingerprints and bodily fluids

2.   B) Hairs, fibers, and drugs

3.   C) Bite marks, bruises, and human bone fragments

4.   D) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 70

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14) The rule of ________ requires that standard samples and elimination prints always be obtained when appropriate.

1.   A) caution

2.   B) conceptualization

3.   C) acceptance

4.   D) inclusiveness

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 71

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15) Which of the following statements defines an administrative log?

1.   A) It is a written record of lifted-prints evidence that contains the same type of information as that listed in the evidence recovery log.

2.   B) It is a chronological record of each item of evidence, listing who collected it, where and when it was collected, who witnessed the collection, and whether it was documented by photos or diagrams.

3.   C) It is a written record of the actions taken by the crime scene coordinator, including assignments and release of the scene.

4.   D) It is a written chronological record of all persons who enter and leave the crime scene and the times they do so, along with their reason for entering.

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 71

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16) How does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a blood-borne pathogen, spread?

1.   A) Through casual contact

2.   B) Through sweat, tears, saliva or urine

3.   C) Through toilet seats, telephones, swimming pools, or drinking fountains

4.   D) None of the answers is correct.

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 74

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17) Which of the following crime scene search patterns is usually employed in outdoor scenes and is normally executed by a single person?

1.   A) Spiral

2.   B) Strip/line

3.   C) Grid

4.   D) Zone/quadrant

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 80

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18) Identify the three basic methods of documenting a crime scene.

1.   A) Audio recording, video recording, and sketching

2.   B) Audio recording, video recording, and photography

3.   C) Digital video recording, digital still photography, and audio recording

4.   D) Videography, digital still photography, and sketching and mapping

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 82

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19) A ________ is a basic diagram of the scene showing important points, such as the locations where various pieces of physical evidence were located.

1.   A) forensic map

2.   B) strip search

3.   C) coordinate

4.   D) crime scene sketch

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 84

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20) Which of the following is not one of the four types of sketches listed in the textbook?

1.   A) Birds-eye sketch

2.   B) Elevation sketch

3.   C) Forensic mapping sketch

4.   D) Cross projection sketch

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 84-85

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21) Which search pattern has the searchers doubling back perpendicularly across the area being examined?

1.   A) Spiral

2.   B) Strip/line

3.   C) Grid

4.   D) Zone/quadrant

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 85

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22) In the context of the common methods of forensic mapping, which of the following is the best method to use with scenes having clear and specific boundaries, such as interior walls?

1.   A) Triangulation

2.   B) Baseline coordinates

3.   C) Grid system

4.   D) Rectangular coordinates

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 85

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23) The advantage of using the ________ method is that when there are multiple points of interest in several different walls, they can be displayed simultaneously in one sketch, as opposed to having to make and refer to multiple elevation sketches.

1.   A) elevation view

2.   B) triangulation

3.   C) cross-projection

4.   D) perspective sketch

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 85

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24) In the context of the common methods of forensic mapping, which of the following was used by archaeologists for many years to record where artifacts and other notable discoveries were made?

1.   A) Grid system

2.   B) Triangulation

3.   C) Baseline coordinates

4.   D) Rectangular coordinates

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 87

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25) Which of the following would constitute a basis for assigning a “cleared by exceptional means” classification to a case?

1.   A) The suspect is known to the police, but they can’t find him/her to serve a warrant.

2.   B) The suspect is in custody, but invokes his/her rights under the Miranda ruling after being formally charged.

3.   C) The suspect attends the local college as an exchange student.

4.   D) The suspect is known to the police, but the victim refuses to cooperate with the prosecution.

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 91

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26) Misdemeanors are lesser offenses that may be punishable by a fine, ordinarily not to exceed $500, and/or imprisonment for no more than one year.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 43

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27) At a crime scene, if there are no satisfactory options in causing or allowing the contamination or destruction of evidence, saving the victim’s life has a higher value than preserving physical evidence.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 49

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28) In defining a crime scene, officers must make sure that they also identify possible or actual lines of approach to, and flight from, the scene and protect them also.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 50

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29) The chain of custody is the witnessed, unbroken, written chronological history of who had the evidence when.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 57

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30) The investigator assigned to a call must prepare an incident/offense report so the district attorney will have all the facts of the case.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Page Ref: 57

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31) The primary crime scene is the location where the initial offense was committed, whereas the locations of all subsequent connected events are secondary scenes.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 59

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32) Forensic services is the responsibility of the senior representative of the department’s central crime laboratory or a crime scene processing unit.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 61

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33) Crime scene coordination includes interviewing witnesses, conducting and documenting the neighborhood canvass, and a field interrogation of the suspect if he/she is in custody.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Page Ref: 66

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34) The identification and location of the suspect are the goals of tracing evidence; corpus delicti and associative evidence may also serve these purposes.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 67

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35) Human behavior is rich in its variety; in reconstructing a crime, investigators must be alert to the danger of imparting their own probable motives or actions to the perpetrator unless there are solid grounds for doing so.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 69

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36) Elimination prints are useful in determining whether a latent fingerprint found at a crime scene belongs to the suspect.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 71

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37) Blood-splattered wall and bullet holes in windows are examples of a cross-projection sketch.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Page Ref: 84-85

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38) A perspective sketch is the easiest to make because it requires drawing an object of interest in only one dimension.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Page Ref: 85

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39) Often ________ is located using alternative light systems (ALSs).

 

Answer:  trace evidence

Page Ref: 70

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40) Portable ________ are quite useful in locating very small items of evidence. These units are particularly effective in gathering hairs, fibers, and certain types of drug evidence.

 

Answer:  trace-evidence vacuums

Page Ref: 70

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41) ________ is defined as a written chronological record of all persons who enter and leave the crime scene and the times they do so, along with their reason for entering.

 

Answer:  Crime scene entry log sheet

Page Ref: 71

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42) A list of each item of evidence; the names of the collector and witnesses; and the location, date, and time of the collection are contained in the ________ log and in the lifted prints log.

 

Answer:  evidence recovery

Page Ref: 72

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43) The ________ is a blood-borne pathogen that is also present in many other body fluids and most commonly spread through vaginal and anal intercourse.

 

Answer:  human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Page Ref: 74

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44) ________ is a chronic bacterial infection that is spread by air and is accountable for more deaths worldwide than any other infectious disease.

 

Answer:  Tuberculosis (TB)

Page Ref: 79

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45) The ________ search entails dividing an area into a number of pie-shaped sections that are then searched, usually though a variation of the strip method.

 

Answer:  pie/wheel

Page Ref: 80

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46) Using ________ to document a crime scene offers several advantages: cameras are relatively inexpensive, they incorporate audio, their use can be quickly learned, and the motion holds the attention of viewers.

 

Answer:  digital videography

Page Ref: 83

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47) A basic diagram of the scene showing important points, such as the locations where various pieces of physical evidence were located is the ________.

 

Answer:  crime scene sketch

Page Ref: 84

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48) ________ is the process of taking and recording the precise measurements of items of evidence to be drawn or “fixed” on a sketch.

 

Answer:  Forensic mapping

Page Ref: 84

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49) ________ are the sketches that are made in the field and/or at the crime scene.

 

Answer:  Rough sketches

Page Ref: 84

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50) The textbook refers to five major forensic mapping methods. These include: rectangular coordinates, triangulation, ________, polar coordinates, and the grid system.

 

Answer:  baseline coordinates

Page Ref: 85

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51) Define felony, misdemeanor, and violation.

 

Answer:  In most states, a felony is an act punishable by imprisonment for a term of one or more years, or by death. Generally, violations of the criminal code that are not felonies are designated as misdemeanors, lesser offenses that may be punishable by a fine, ordinarily not to exceed $500, and/or imprisonment for no more than a year. Some states have a third crime category called violation (for example, criminal littering), which is punishable only by a fine, usually no more than $250.

Page Ref: 43

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52) Contrast inductive and deductive reasoning.

 

Answer:  An investigator may use both inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning moves from the specific details to a general view. It uses the factual situation of a case to form a unifying and logically consistent explanation of the crime. In contrast, deductive reasoning creates a hypothesis about the crime. The explanation is tested against the factual situation. If the fit is not good, the hypothesis is reformulated and tested again. The process is repeated until everything “fits together.”

Page Ref: 44

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53) What are the preliminary and follow-up investigations?

 

Answer:  The actions taken by the first officer arriving at the crime scene after its detection and reporting is termed preliminary investigation. Normally the preliminary investigation is conducted by a uniformed officer from the Patrol Division and consists of the following seven major steps:

 

1.   Receipt of information and initial response,

2.   emergency care,

3.   secure crime scene and control persons and evidence,

4.   issue a be-on-the-lookout,

5.   conduct neighborhood and vehicle canvas,

6.   administrative procedures for processing crime scenes, and,

7.   the incident/offense report.

 

The follow-up investigation is the effort expended by the police in gathering information subsequent to the initiation of the original report until the case is ready for prosecution or closed.

Page Ref: 46-57

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54) Define primary and secondary scenes.

 

Answer:  Criminal incidents may have more than one crime scene. The primary scene is the location where the initial offense was committed; the locations of all subsequent connected events are secondary scenes.

Page Ref: 59

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55) What are macroscopic and microscopic scenes?

 

Answer:  The macroscopic scene is the “large view” of the crime scene, such as the victim’s body, cars, and buildings. The microscopic scene is the specific objects and pieces of evidence connected to the crime, such as knives, guns, hairs, fibers, and biological fluids.

Page Ref: 59

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56) Identify and explain the three major crime scene functions.

 

Answer:  The three major crime scene functions are overall coordination, forensic services, and investigative services.

Overall Coordination: Ordinarily, this first function is vested in the senior investigator at the scene and she or he will have the final responsibility for what is done at the scene and what types of additional resources will be requested.

Forensic Services: This function is the responsibility of the ranking representative of the department’s central crime laboratory or its crime scene processing unit, along with any subordinate specialists who are assigned to the scene.

Investigative Services: Investigative services include interviewing witnesses, conducting and documenting the neighborhood canvass discussed earlier, a field interrogation of the suspect, if in custody, and carrying out and recording the results of a vehicle information canvass.

Page Ref: 60-66

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57) State and explain the three broad categories of evidence in which investigators have a particular interest.

 

Answer:  There are three broad categories of evidence in which investigators have a particular interest:

 

1) corpus delicti,

2) associative, and

3) tracing.

 

Each criminal offense contains a distinct set of elements whose commission or omission must be demonstrated to have occurred in order to prove a case; corpus delicti evidence substantiates these elements. Thus, at each crime scene the investigator must keep in mind the unique requirements of proof required and attempt to locate related evidence.

Associative evidence is bidirectional in that it connects the perpetrator to the scene or victim, or victim with the suspect.

The identification and location of the suspect are the goals of tracing evidence; corpus delicti and associative evidence may also serve these purposes.

Page Ref: 67

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58) What are the rules for crime scene investigators and what do they mean?

 

Answer:  Without control, a life might be lost, evidence destroyed, assignments overlooked, or the investigation conducted in a generally slovenly manner.

In processing the crime scene, it is necessary to keep both known facts and inferences in mind. This facilitates the reconstruction of the offense and identification of the perpetrator’s method of operation, suggests the possible existence of certain types of physical evidence, and assists in establishing appropriate lines of inquiry.

In approaching the point of focus, minute but extremely important evidence may be altered or destroyed, the area to be searched may be too rapidly defined, and other areas that might be fruitfully explored are overlooked or given only a cursory examination.

The rule of inclusiveness dictates that every available piece of evidence be obtained and, where there is a question as to whether a particular item constitutes evidence, be defined as such.

Documentation of the crime scene is a constant activity, starting with the rough, shorthand record created by field notes. In lesser offenses, a single officer may be the only representative of the police department at the scene. Thus, everything that is learned will be a result of his or her investigation. In such cases, the only documentation that may exist is the officer’s field notes and the incident/offense report.

Page Ref: 68-71

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59) There are many measures police officers can take to protect themselves at scenes from health risks from blood-borne pathogens, such as HIV/AIDS. Identify a minimum of twelve.

 

Answer:

1) Be cautious when conducting all types of searches; never put your hands where you cannot see. Instead, use a mirror or probe with a flashlight, wooden dowel, or metal rod whenever possible.

2) The single most important protective barrier against HIV infection is intact skin. Even the slightest opening in the skin can be a portal through which HIV enters the body. Skin wounds, abrasions, and openings should be protected by a 360-degree fluid-proof bandage.

3) Roughly 10 percent of AIDS patients in the United States will develop raised purple/brown/red-colored lesions, which may be present anywhere on the body. Some of these are “weeping lesions” that let out an HIV-carrying fluid.

4) If bitten by a suspect, always seek medical assistance and have an assessment made.

5) Bites, needle sticks, cuts, or similar incidents involving broken or punctured skin, however slight, should be washed with soap in warm water immediately for at least 30 seconds and treated medically. The soap used should be from a dispenser and not a shared bar. Some agencies recommend the use of EPA-approved germicidal wipes. There is no evidence that squeezing or “milking” wounds reduces HIV risks.

6) If splashed in the eyes or on mucous membranes (e.g., inside of the nose), flush the area for 15 minutes using water, sterile water, or a saline solution.

7) Do not attempt to recap hypodermic needles seized as evidence, and use care when seizing all other sharp items (e.g., knives, razor blades, broken glass, scissors, and metal pieces) at crime scenes. When handling sharp objects, use disposable tongs or forceps and place the objects in appropriate rigid/puncture-resistant containers.

8) The use of latex or nitrile gloves significantly reduces exposure from body fluids and may reduce the amount of blood transferred by an accidental needle stick by 50%. To prevent the possibility of piercing your gloves, remove any rings before placing them on your hands. When wearing gloves, check them frequently for wear and tear; replace them often. When you remove gloves, wash your hands and use an approved germicidal wipe on them. High risk/cut-resistant gloves further reduce chance of accidental needle sticks and other wounds.

9) In addition to gloves, other personal protection equipment (PPE) may be necessary at high-risk scenes with exposed body fluids.

10) All disposable worn PPE should be placed in a red biohazard waste bag when you have completed your work at a crime scene. When removing PPE, do so in a manner that does not contaminate your clothing. Clean your hands in the appropriate manner immediately afterward.

11) It may be necessary to have departmental equipment sanitized also, such as handcuffs, badges, whistles, and batons. They should be packaged according to departmental policy.

12) In a medical emergency where rescue breathing is needed, use medical oxygen, a bag valve mask, or portable pocket mask with a one-way valve. Avoid mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose contact.

13) Departmental policy should consider using disposable breathalyzer masks.

14) Make sure you understand federal and state confidentiality laws that pertain to disclosing suspect information about HIV and other medical conditions to others, including the news media.

Page Ref: 74-76

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Criminal Investigation, 12e (Swanson)

Chapter 5   Interviewing and Interrogation

 

1) Which of the following is not one of the four commonly recognized objectives in the interrogation process?

1.   A) To obtain valuable facts

2.   B) To identify the innocent

3.   C) To eliminate the innocent

4.   D) To obtain a confession

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 137

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2) Once witnesses have been identified, they should be separated from one another and, as much as possible, isolated from other people who may be nearby. Why?

1.   A) To prevent witnesses from seeing or hearing irrelevant matters that may taint their actual knowledge

2.   B) To prevent witnesses from leaving the area before they have been released by the police investigator

3.   C) To prevent outsiders from hearing what witnesses tell the police

4.   D) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 138

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3) As a rule, cold, sleepy, hungry, or physically uncomfortable, or intoxicated people prove to be:

1.   A) highly satisfactory witnesses because of the pressure an interviewer is able to put them under.

2.   B) somewhat satisfactory witnesses.

3.   C) unsatisfactory witnesses.

4.   D) impossible to interview.

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 138

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4) Which of the following is a good characteristic of a traditional interrogation room?

1.   A) The room should be sparsely furnished.

2.   B) A working telephone should be included.

3.   C) A large, physically imposing room should be used.

4.   D) A two-way mirror should be included.

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 139

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5) When conducting an interrogation, the interrogator should:

1.   A) ensure that few or no objects are present between them and the suspect.

2.   B) talk loudly and rudely to the suspect.

3.   C) ask leading questions to get the suspect to confess.

4.   D) All of the answers are correct.

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 139

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6) Which of the following is one of the best practices to be followed when interviewing individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing?

1.   A) Refraining from conversing in a well-lit area

2.   B) Refraining from using gestures such as a tap on the shoulder to gain attention before speaking

3.   C) Facing the person and not turning away while speaking to him or her

4.   D) Assuming that a person can hear you well if he or she is wearing a hearing aid

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 142

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7) The term ________ refers to a witness’s personal qualifications for testifying in court.

1.   A) credibility

2.   B) trustworthiness

3.   C) competency

4.   D) intelligence

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 143

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