Criminal Justice in Action 7th Edition by Larry K. Gaines – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 3: Test Bank

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1.   Rates of arrest have risen much more quickly for women than for men over the past decade.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   89                  OBJ:   9

 

2.   The UCR presents the most comprehensive representation of victim data in the United States.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   75                  OBJ:   3

 

3.   Criminological research supports the claim that poverty causes crime.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   86                  OBJ:   8

 

4.   Murder is an example of an offense classified as mala prohibita.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   72                  OBJ:   2

 

5.   Proceedings in civil court are generally initiated by the state on behalf of the plaintiff.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   69                  OBJ:   1

 

6.   Part Two offenses include both felonies and misdemeanors.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   76-77             OBJ:   4

 

7.   The maximum penalty for capital offenses is death.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   70                  OBJ:   1

 

8.   The NCVS is a national survey focusing on the self-reported data of offenders.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   80                  OBJ:   6

 

 

9.   The National Incident-Based Reporting System presents a more complete picture of crime than the UCR.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   78-79             OBJ:   5

 

10.                Criminal behavior peaks during the teenage years.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   82                  OBJ:   7

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1.   Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for the high rate of offending by adolescent populations?

a.	Peer pressure
b.	Socialization with other juvenile delinquents
c.	Hormone levels
d.	Poverty

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   82-83             OBJ:   7

 

2.   The Model Penal Code provides for ____ degrees of felony.

a.	two
b.	three
c.	four
d.	five

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   70                  OBJ:   1

 

3.   Civil law involves all of the following except

a.	beyond a reasonable doubt
b.	a plaintiff.
c.	a defendant.
d.	damages.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   69-70             OBJ:   1

 

4.   Civil law is concerned with disputes between entities and

a.	defendants.
b.	lawyers.
c.	governments.
d.	private individuals.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   69                  OBJ:   1

 

5.   In the UCR, the FBI presents crime data in all of the following ways except

a.	rate per 100,000 people.
b.	percentage change from a previous period.
c.	in rank order by occurrence.
d.	aggregate (total) number of crimes.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   75                  OBJ:   3

 

6.   Part II offenses include

a.	all crimes recorded by the FBI that do not fall into the Part I category.
b.	crimes identified by INTERPOL as significant threats.
c.	all misdemeanors that do not fall into the Part I category.
d.	they vary from year to year, there is no set list.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   76                  OBJ:   4

7.   The acronym NIBRS stands for

a.	National Individualized Basic Record System.
b.	National Incident-Based Reporting System.
c.	National Intelligence Bureau Record System.
d.	National Intelligence Bureau Reporting System.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   78                  OBJ:   5

 

 

8.   Data for the NCVS is collected by

a.	the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
b.	the Census Bureau.
c.	the Department of Homeland Security.
d.	university researchers.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   80                  OBJ:   6

 

9.   Self-report survey data are collected by all of the listed except

a.	by questionnaire.
b.	by telephone.
c.	by personal interview.
d.	the census.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   80                  OBJ:   6

 

10.                A term used to describe the actual amount of crime that takes place is ______________

a.	the crime rate.
b.	the hidden figure of crime.
c.	the dark figure of crime.
d.	the official record of crime.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   89                  OBJ:   6

 

11.                The strongest statistical determinant of criminal behavior appears to be

a.	neighborhood.
b.	age.
c.	parents.
d.	peers.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   82                  OBJ:   7

 

12.                Flaws in the UCR cited in the text include all of the following except

a.	lack of full citizen reporting.
b.	police underreporting.
c.	differential interpretations.
d.	lack of political support.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   77-78             OBJ:   5

 

 

 

13.                Part II offenses do not include

a.	DUI.
b.	vagrancy.
c.	gambling.
d.	arson.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   76                  OBJ:   4

 

14.                Self-reported surveys collect crime data from

a.	victims
b.	law enforcement
c.	offenders
d.	criminologists

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   80                  OBJ:   6

 

15.                Which group are the most likely to be victims of homicide?

a.	Caucasians
b.	African Americans
c.	Hispanics
d.	Native Americans

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   85-86             OBJ:   8

 

16.                Which of the following is an advantage of the NCVS?

a.	It measures only crimes reported to the police and ending in criminal conviction
b.	It represents data collected directly from offenders, regardless of whether an arrest was made
c.	It collects data on the victimization of minor children under the age of 12
d.	It represents victimization rates, including those crimes not reported to police

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   79-80             OBJ:   6

 

17.                Proof of guilt in a criminal case requires

a.	proof without doubt.
b.	proof beyond a reasonable doubt
c.	proof beyond reasonable suspicion.
d.	proof of tort.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   69-70             OBJ:   1

 

18.                The majority of Part I offenses committed in the U.S. are

a.	violent crimes.
b.	property crimes.
c.	public order offenses.
d.	white collar crimes.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   76                  OBJ:   4

 

 

 

 

19.                Since 2000 crime rates nationwide, in the U.S. are

a.	rising steadily.
b.	dropping steadily.
c.	up and down
d.	relatively flat

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   85                  OBJ:   7

 

20.                The Uniform Crime Reports include

a.	the number of crimes cleared
b.	number of criminal convictions.
c.	number of unreported offenses.
d.	victimization data.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   75                  OBJ:   3

 

21.                Approximately what percentage of all murders involve a male victim and a male perpetrator?

a.	25
b.	45
c.	65
d.	75

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   89                  OBJ:   9

 

22.                Which of the following would be considered a mala prohibita offense?

a.	Murder
b.	Rape
c.	Bigamy
d.	Theft

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   72                  OBJ:   2

 

 

23.                  An offense which is said to go against “natural laws” is referred to as

a.	Mala in se
b.	Corpus delicti
c.	Mala prohibita
d.	Actus reus

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   72                  OBJ:   2

 

24.                The crime spike in the 1980’s and early 1990’s is thought by some to be related to the introduction of which illegal drug?

a.	Methamphetamine
b.	Crack
c.	Heroin
d.	Marijuana

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   83                  OBJ:   7

 

 

25  .  Which decade has been referred to as the “golden era” of low crime rates?

a.	1970’s
b.	1980’s
c.	1990’s
d.	2000’s

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   84                  OBJ:   7

 

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1.   In recent years, crime rates have steadily _______________.

 

ANS:  decreased                                                                                                                                                           REF:   85                  OBJ:   7

 

2.   ______________ are a method of collecting crime data that relies on participants to reveal their own criminal or deviant behavior.

 

ANS:  Self-report surveys                                                                                                  REF:   79                  OBJ:   6

 

 

3.   _____________ offenses are only crimes because a statute or legislative law declares them to be.

 

ANS:  Mala prohibita                                                                                                                              REF:   72                  OBJ:   2

 

4.   ___________________ is the type of law dealing with disputes between private individuals and between entities.

 

ANS:  Civil law                                                                                                                                                                 REF:   69                  OBJ:   1

 

5.   For crime reporting purposes, _________________ typically occurs when the arrested suspect is charged with a crime and handed over to a court for prosecution.

 

ANS:  clearance of an arrest                                                                                 REF:   78                  OBJ:   5

 

 

6.   In terms of gender, crime is an overwhelmingly                       activity.

 

ANS:  male                                                                                                                                                                                             REF:   89                  OBJ:   9

 

 

7.   Because much crime goes unreported, this amount of crime that occurs in the U.S. is referred to as the                             .

 

ANS:  dark figure of crime                                                                                           REF:   80                  OBJ:   6

 

8.   _________________ are the fastest growing group in the United States prison population.

 

ANS:  Latinos                                                                                                                                                                           REF:   89                  OBJ:   8

9.   ___________________ are those crimes that, due to their seriousness and frequency, are recorded by the FBI to give a general idea of the “crime picture.”

 

ANS:  Part I offenses                                                                                                                             REF:   76                  OBJ:   4

 

10.                The Uniform Crime Report is compiled each year by the _________________.

 

ANS:  Federal Bureau of Investigation               REF:   75                  OBJ:   3

 

ESSAY

 

1.   Discuss the primary goals of civil law and criminal law and explain how these goals are realized.

 

REF:   69-70             OBJ:   1

 

ANS:

 

• Civil law is designed to resolve disputes between individuals.  The plaintiff accused the defendant of wrongful acts in civil court in an attempt to obtain monetary damages.  Guilt determined by preponderance of the evidence.
• Criminal law exists to protect society from criminal behavior.  The state prosecutes the defendant in criminal court.  If found guilty, the defendant could be incarcerated in prison or jail.  Guilt determined beyond reasonable doubt.

 

2.   Explain the differences between mala in se and mala prohibita crimes.

 

REF:   72                  OBJ:   2

 

ANS:

 

 

• An act is mala in se if it is inherently wrong, or goes against “natural law.”
• An act is mala prohibita if it is prohibited by “man’s law”, or the law of a particular society.

 

3.   Discuss the Uniform Crime Report.  List the two main ways in which the UCR presents crime data.

 

REF:   75                  OBJ:   3

 

ANS:

 

• The Federal Bureau of Investigation releases the Uniform Crime Report Annually.
• The UCR presents crime data gathered from approximately 17,500 law enforcement agencies.
• The crime data is presented as (1) a rate per 100,000 people and (2) a percentage change from the previous year.

 

4.   Distinguish between Part I and Part II offenses as defined in the Uniform Crime Report.

 

REF:   76-77             OBJ:   4

 

ANS:

 

 

• Part I offenses are felonies.  There are four violent crimes included – murder, forcible rape, robbery, and assault, and four non-violent crimes – burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
• Part II offenses include all the other offenses recorded by the UCR.  The Part II offenses include both felonies and misdemeanors.

 

5.   Describe some of the shortcomings of the UCR as a crime-measuring tool.

 

REF:   77-78             OBJ:   5

 

ANS:

 

 

• The UCR includes only those crimes which are reported to the police.  Crimes that are not reported by citizens are not included in the data.
• The UCR depends on law enforcement agencies to report the data accurately and consistently, which does not always occur.
• Only the most serious crime of an event is reported.
• Interpretation of offenses.

 

6.   Distinguish between the National Crime Victimization Survey and self-reported surveys. What do these data collection tools tell us about the dark figure of crime?

 

 

REF:   79-81             OBJ:   6

 

ANS:

 

 

• The National Crime Victimization Survey involves an annual survey of more than 40,000 households.  Subjects are asked detailed questions about the crimes committed against them (victimization).
• Self-reported surveys involve asking subjects about the criminal activities in which they have been involved.
• Both the NCVS and self-reported data suggest that crime rates may be much higher than what is reflected annually in the UCR.

 

 

 

 

7.   Identify and explain two of the three factors that criminologists use to explain increases and decreases in the crime rate.

 

REF:   82                  OBJ:   7

 

ANS:

 

• Answers may vary, but should include discussions of (1) incarceration rates, (2) the size of the youth population, and (3) the economy.

 

8.   Explain why issues of race and ethnicity tend to be overstated when it comes to crime trends.

 

REF:   86-87             OBJ:   8

 

ANS:

 

• While it appears as though rates of criminal offending and victimization are correlated with race and ethnicity, criminologists have found that low family earning power and the absence of a parent are more consistent indicators of criminality.  In addition, failure to earn a high school diploma is related to offending.
• Finally, some believe that high arrest rates in low-income minority neighborhoods can be attributed to a willingness of the police to arrest this population and the court system to convict them.

 

9.   Discuss two of the explanations for the rising number of women incarcerated in the United States.

 

REF:   89                  OBJ:   9

 

ANS:

 

• Two possible explanations for the rising number of women incarcerated in the United States are (1) the changing life circumstances of women  over the past forty years, and (2) the criminal justice system’s changing attitude towards women over that time period.

 

Chapter 5: Test Bank

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1.   Intelligence-led policing is an effective tool for police agencies, but is very expensive to implement.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   142                OBJ:   4

 

2.   Female police officers often face the problem of tokenism, or the belief that they have not earned their positions.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   148                OBJ:   6

 

3.   The Internal Revenue Service has been transferred from the Department of the Treasury to the Department of Homeland Security.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   159                OBJ:   7

 

4.   Of the three levels of law enforcement, municipal police have the broadest authority to apprehend suspects, maintain order, and provide services to the community.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   152                OBJ:   7

 

5.   Most agencies require police officers to meet height and weight requirements,

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   145                OBJ:   5

 

6.   The primary purpose of private security is to investigate criminal offenses.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   160                OBJ:   9

 

7.   The patronage system is associated with bringing technical and training advances to law enforcement.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   139                OBJ:   2

 

8.   The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 had a significant influence on American policing.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   138                OBJ:   2

 

9.   The U.S. Marshals Service is the oldest federal law enforcement agency.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   159                OBJ:   7

 

 

 

 

10.                During the reform era, law enforcement officers were encouraged to develop close, positive working relationships with members of the community.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   139                OBJ:   3

 

11.                Terrorism is one of the investigative priorities of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   157                OBJ:   8

 

12.                The first U.S. Police department was established in 1801 in Boston.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:    139               OBJ:   1

 

13.                In the eyes of the law, a private security guard is the same as any other private person when it comes to police powers.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   160                OBJ:   9

 

14.                The FBI provides support service functions such as database access and crime lab services to other law enforcement agencies.

 

ANS:  T                    REF:   157                OBJ:   8

 

15.                Female police officers often face the problem of double marginality on the job.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   150                OBJ:   6

 

16.                The Wickersham Commission was formed to investigate corruption in the Milwaukee Police Department.

 

ANS:  F                    REF:   139                OBJ:   3

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1.   The community era of policing began in  ____________.

a.	1840.
b.	1929.
c.	1968.
d.	1983.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   141                OBJ:   3

 

2.   The police professionalism model emphasizes all of the following except

a.	merit based compensation, or pay for performance.
b.	implementing technology.
c.	limiting police officer discretion through policy guidelines.
d.	centralized police organizations.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   139-140         OBJ:   3

 

3.   Historically, state police agencies were created to do all of the listed except

a.	investigate crimes that cross jurisdictional boundaries within the state.
b.	to assist local police agencies that lacked adequate resources to handle law enforcement tasks.
c.	provide law enforcement in rural and other areas that did not have local or county police service.
d.	investigate tax and welfare fraud.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   153                OBJ:   7

 

4.   The Wickersham Commission is associated with which era of policing?

a.	Spoils
b.	Turbulent 60’s
c.	Reform
d.	Community Policing

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   139                OBJ:   3

 

5.   Which of the following is not one of the three eras of American policing?

a.	The Reform Era
b.	The Metropolitan Era
c.	The Political Era
d.	The Community Era

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   139-140         OBJ:   2

 

 

6.   In the public mind, the primary role of the police is to

a.	enforce laws.
b.	provide services.
c.	prevent crime.
d.	preserve the peace.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   135                OBJ:   1

 

 

7.   Today, an estimated __________ of local police departments require a degree from a two-year college.

a.	1%
b.	9%
c.	45%
d.	82%

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   145                OBJ:   5

 

 

 

8.   Which of the following is NOT a reason for low levels of women serving as police officers?

a.	Sexual harassment.
b.	Tokenism.
c.	The perception that women are unsuited to the rigors of the job.
d.	A shortage of female applicants for policing positions.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   148                OBJ:   6

 

9.   An policing approach that evaluates past crime patterns in order to predict future crime patterns is _____________________.

a.	community policing.
b.	proactive policing.
c.	intelligence-led policing.
d.	problem-oriented policing.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   142                OBJ:   4

 

10.                Policing efforts in the first American cities were directed towards

a.	fighting crime.
b.	preventing fires and other disasters .
c.	controlling certain groups of people (such as slaves and Native Americans).
d.	providing military support against the British.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   138   OBJ:     1

 

11.                Police brutality, corruption, and political spoils were the primary focus of the

a.	Knapp Commission.
b.	National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders.
c.	Wickersham Commission.
d.	Gaines Commission.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   139                OBJ:   3

 

12.                Almost every one of the 3000 counties in the U.S. have a sheriff except those in

a.	New Mexico.
b.	Hawaii.
c.	Alaska.
d.	Rhode Island.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   152                OBJ:   7

 

13.                Which of the following is not an investigative responsibility of the FBI?

a.	Federal drug offenses
b.	Counterfeiting
c.	Anti-terrorism
d.	White-collar crime

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   157                OBJ:   8

 

14.                The Internal Revenue Service is organized under the

a.	Department of Treasury.
b.	Department of Justice.
c.	Department of Homeland Security.
d.	Department of the Interior.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   159                OBJ:   8

 

 

15.                Enforcement of the federal gun control act of 1968 is the responsibility of the

a.	Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.
b.	U.S. Department of the Treasury.
c.	U.S. Secret Service.
d.	Federal Bureau of Investigation.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   159                OBJ:   8

 

16.                The coroner is an elected official on the ___________ level.

a.	municipal
b.	county
c.	state
d.	federal.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   153                OBJ:   7

 

 

17.                Which of the following is NOT one of the basic requirements for a career as a police officer?

a.	Be a U.S. citizen.
b.	Be at least twenty-one years of age.
c.	Meet height requirements.
d.	Meet eyesight requirements.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   145                OBJ:   5

 

18.                According to the text, all of the following factors have been recognized for contributing to the rapid growth of the private security industry except

a.	high profit margins for private security companies.
b.	Increasing fear of crime.
c.	crime in the workplace.
d.	budget cuts for state and municipal police services.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   162                OBJ:   9

 

19.                Which of the following agencies is a part of the Department of Homeland Security?

a.	Federal Bureau of Investigation.
b.	The Drug Enforcement Administration.
c.	The U.S. Secret Service.
d.	The U.S. Marshals.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   155                OBJ:   7

 

20.                Which agency has the primary responsibility for protecting the U.S. against international and domestic terrorism?

a.	Federal Bureau of Investigation
b.	U.S. Marshals Service
c.	U.S. Department of Justice
d.	U.S. Department of Homeland Security

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   155                OBJ:   7

 

21.                The most controversial responsibility of the police involves

a.	enforcing laws.
b.	providing services.
c.	preserving the peace.
d.	preventing crime.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   136-137         OBJ:   1

 

22.                Problems facing the private security industry include all of the following except

a.	high employee turnover rates.
b.	college training programs are overloaded where students face long waitlists.
c.	low pay and lack of benefits.
d.	quality of personnel.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   161                OBJ:   9

 

23.                Which of the following is NOT one of Bittner’s four basic responsibilities of the police?

a.	To enforce laws.
b.	To prevent crime.
c.	To prosecute offenders.
d.	To provide services.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   135                OBJ:   1

 

24.                U.S. Marshals do not

a.	provide security at federal courts.
b.	control property that has been seized by federal court order.
c.	provide security at the U.S. Capitol.
d.	transport federal prisoners.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   159                OBJ:   8

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

25.                The suspicion that police officers of a racial or ethnic minority face from their white colleagues and from members of the minority community to which they belong is ______________.

a.	sexual harassment.
b.	the second wound.
c.	reverse discrimination.
d.	double marginality.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   150                OBJ:   6

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1.   During the ___________________ the recruit is in jeopardy of being fired without cause if he or she proves inadequate to the challenges of police work.

 

ANS:  probationary period                                                                                                                                         REF:               146     OBJ:    5

 

2.   The                                           was created in 1973 to enforce domestic drug laws.

 

ANS:  Drug Enforcement Administration                                        REF:               157     OBJ:    8

 

3.   August Vollmer and his protégé O.W. Wilson promoted a style of policing known as the _____________________            .

 

ANS:  professional model                                                                                                                                            REF:               139     OBJ:    3

 

4.   President George Washington created the _______________ to protect his attorney general.

 

ANS:  U.S. Marshals                                                                                                                                                                           REF:               159     OBJ:    8

 

5.   The Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 was supported by British Home Secretary                              .

 

ANS:  Sir Robert Peel                                                                                                                                                                    REF:               138     OBJ:    2

 

6.   Under a ______________________ the law enforcement agency often agrees to meet certain numerical goals in hiring women and members of minority groups.

 

ANS:  consent decree                                                                                                                                                                      REF:               148     OBJ:    6

 

7.   In 1838, ___________________ became the first city to form an organized police force.

 

ANS:  Boston                                                                                                                                                                                       REF:               138     OBJ:    2

 

 

8.   The FBI, the U.S. Marshals Service, ATF, and DEA are organized under the                                  .

 

ANS:  Department of Justice                                                                                                                        REF:               156-157  OBJ:           7

 

9.   The primary role of private security is to                                  .

 

ANS:  deter crime                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      REF:   160      OBJ:    9

 

 

10.                The _________________, a branch of U.S. Customs and Border Protection, has the burden of policing both the Mexican and Canadian borders between official ports of entry.

 

ANS:  U.S. Border Patrol                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      REF:   155      OBJ:    7

 

 

11.                The patronage system was also called the                   system.

 

ANS:  spoils

REF:               139     OBJ:    2

12.                The                                           was a national commission that focused on police reform in 1929.

 

ANS:  Wickersham Commission                                                                                                                                                                                            REF:   139      OBJ:    3

 

13.                During the field training period, the recruit is paired with an experienced officer known as a __________________________.

 

ANS: field training officer                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   REF:   146      OBJ:    5

 

14.                _______________ are responsible for maintaining the county jail, keeping order in the county courthouse,  collecting taxes, and enforcing orders of the court.

 

ANS:  County Sheriff’s Departments                                                                                                                                                            REF:   152      OBJ:    7

 

15.                Predictive policing, or _____________________ is an approach which relied on data concerning past crimes to predict future crime patterns.

 

ANS:  intelligence-led policing                                                                                                                                                                                                     REF:   142      OBJ:    4

 

 

ESSAY

 

1.   List the four basic responsibilities of the police.

 

REF:   135                OBJ:   1

 

ANS:

 

 

• Bittner’s four responsibilities of the police include (1) to enforce laws, (2) to provide services, (3) to prevent crime, and (4) to preserve the police.

 

2.   Discuss how the patronage system affected policing.

 

REF:   139                OBJ:   2

 

ANS:

• Under the patronage system police officers were often hired not because of their qualification, but because of their political connections with those in power.
• The patronage system was a form corruption in which the political party in power hired and promoted police officer, and then received job-related “favors” in return.
• During the political era police officers took an active role in providing social services for their bosses’ constituents.  In many instances these favors took precedence over enforcing the law.

 

 

3.   Discuss the most important result of the Wickersham Commission.

 

REF:   139                OBJ:   3

 

ANS:

 

• The Wickersham Commission was appointed  by President Herbert Hoover in 1929 to assess the American criminal justice system.
• The Commission focused on two areas of American policing were reform was needed: (1) police brutality and (2) the corrupting influence of politics.
• Reformers of the time took the commission’s findings as a call for the professionalism of the American police and initiated the reform era in American policing.

 

4.   Explain how intelligence-led policing works and how it benefits modern police departments.

 

REF:   142                OBJ:   4

 

ANS:

 

• Intelligence-led policing is an approach that measures the risk of criminal behavior associated with certain individuals or locations so as to predict when and where such criminal behavior is most likely to occur in the future.
• Intelligence led policing has a number of benefits.  It helps police better deter crime and use their resources as efficiently and effectively as possible.

 

5.   Identify the differences between the police academy and field training as learning tools for recruits.

 

REF:   146-147         OBJ:   5

 

ANS:

 

 

• The police academy, run by either the state or a police agency,  provides recruits with a controlled, militarized environment in which they are taught the laws of search, seizure, arrest and interrogation; how and where to use weapons; the procedures of securing a crime scene and interviewing witnesses; first aid; self-defense; and other essentials of police work.
• Field training takes place outside the police academy and under the supervision of an experienced police officer known as a field training officer.  The purpose of field training is to help an officer apply what he or she has learned at the academy “to the streets.”

 

6.   Describe the challenges facing women who choose law enforcement as a career.

 

 

REF:   159-160         OBJ:   6

 

ANS:

 

• Female officers have few female superiors who might be able to mentor them.
• Women must deal with an added layer of scrutiny as male officers may feel that they are unsuited to the job or should be protected while working.
• Women also face the problem of tokenism, or the belief that they have been hired or promoted to fulfill diversity requirements and have not earned their positions.
• Unfortunately, some female officers must deal with sexual harassment on the job.

 

7.   List three of the most visible law enforcement agencies under the control of the new Department of Homeland Security.

 

REF:   155-156         OBJ:   7

 

ANS:

 

 

• Answers may vary, but should include three of the following:  The Transportation Security Administration, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and the U.S. Secret Service.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

8.   Identify the investigative priorities of the FBI as described in the text.

 

REF:   157                OBJ:   8

 

 

 

• The FBI has jurisdiction over nearly two hundred federal offenses, including white collar crimes, espionage, kidnapping, extortion, interstate commerce, back robbery, interstate gambling, and civil rights violations.
• The FBI is also uniquely positioned to combat worldwide criminal activity such as terrorism.

 

9.   Analyze the importance of private security today.

 

REF:   171-172         OBJ:   8

 

ANS:

 

 

• Local, state, and federal law enforcement officers do not have the ability to prevent every crime.  Recognizing this, many businesses and citizens hire private security to protect their properties and homes.
• Private security is intended to deter crime, rather than to stop it.
• Private security continues to grow as fear of crime increases, security products continue to advance, and budget cuts limit the scope of services provided by law enforcement.