Criminal Justice in Action The Core, International Edition , 7th Edition by Larry K. Gaines – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

CHAPTER 3— Test Bank

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1.   The ____________________ is the supreme law of the land, and as such is the basis of all law in the United States.

a.	Declaration of Independence
b.	U.S. Penal Code
c.	U.S. Constitution
d.	Case law of the United States Supreme Court

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 67                OBJ:    LO 1

 

2.   Statutes enacted by legislative bodies at any level of government make up a source of law, which is generally referred to as:

a.	Administrative law
b.	Case law
c.	Constitutional law
d.	Statutory law

 

 

ANS:    D         REF:    p. 67                OBJ:    LO 1

 

3.   The term “judge-made” law is synonymous with:

a.	Administrative law
b.	Case law
c.	Constitutional law
d.	Statutory law

 

 

ANS:    B          REF:    p. 69                OBJ:    LO 1

 

4.   The rules, orders, and decisions of regulatory agencies make up:

a.	Administrative law
b.	Case law
c.	Constitutional law
d.	Statutory law

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 69                OBJ:    LO 1

 

5.   Court decisions that provide guidance in interpreting the law are called:

a.	Procedural guidelines
b.	Benchmarks
c.	Precedents
d.	Baselines

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 69                OBJ:    LO 1

 

 

6.   The social function of the law includes the concepts of:

a.	Protecting individual rights and teaching societal boundaries
b.	Protecting individual rights and punishing offenders
c.	Expressing public morality and teaching societal boundaries
d.	Expressing public morality and punishing offenders

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 70-71           OBJ:    LO 2

 

7.   Law may be broken down according to various classifications. Which of the following is

not one of these classifications?

a.	Civil law and criminal law
b.	Felonies and misdemeanors
c.	Mala in se and Mala prohibita
d.	Tort crimes and civil crimes

 

 

ANS:    D         REF:    p. 71                OBJ:    LO 3

 

8.   The remedy for a violation of civil law is:

a.	Monetary damages awarded to the plaintiff
b.	Probation up to five years
c.	A fine paid to the state or county
d.	Incarceration up to 1 year

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 73                OBJ:    LO 3

 

9.   What is the burden of proof necessary to win a civil trial?

a.	Clear and convincing evidence
b.	Probable cause
c.	Preponderance of evidence
d.	Proof beyond a reasonable doubt

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 73                OBJ:    LO 3

 

10.                In a criminal case, the burden of proof is:

a.	Beyond a reasonable doubt
b.	Preponderance of the evidence
c.	Beyond a shadow of doubt
d.	By clear and convincing evidence

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 73                OBJ:    LO 3

 

11.                In a civil case, the injured party is called the ____.

a.	Plaintiff
b.	Defendant
c.	Prosecutor
d.	State

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 72-73           OBJ:    LO 3

 

 

12.                Crimes punishable by death or imprisonment in a federal or state penitentiary for 1 year or longer are called:

a.	Felonies
b.	Gross misdemeanors
c.	Misdemeanors
d.	Petty misdemeanors

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 74                OBJ:    LO 3

 

13.                What degree of felony carries the maximum penalty of death?

a.	Capital offense
b.	First degree felonies
c.	Second degree felonies
d.	Third degree felonies

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 74                OBJ:    LO 3

 

14.                As a circumstance of murder, ____ means that the offender considered the crime beforehand.

a.	Deliberation
b.	Malice aforethought
c.	Premeditation
d.	Spontaneity

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 74                OBJ:    LO 3

 

15.                Which category of murder occurs when the victim provoked the offender to act violently?

a.	First degree murder
b.	Second degree murder
c.	Voluntary manslaughter
d.	Involuntary manslaughter

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 74                OBJ:    LO 3

 

16.                A homicide that results from the offender’s carelessness, but occurs when the offender lacks intent is classified as:

a.	First degree murder
b.	Second degree murder
c.	Voluntary manslaughter
d.	Involuntary manslaughter

 

 

ANS:    D         REF:    p. 74                OBJ:    LO 3

 

17.                Misdemeanors are punishable by a fine or by confinement up to:

a.	1 year
b.	5 years
c.	10 years
d.	Life imprisonment

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    75                    OBJ:    LO 3

 

 

18.                ____ are offenses punishable by 30 days to a year in jail.

a.	Gross misdemeanors
b.	Third degree felonies
c.	Violations
d.	Petty misdemeanors

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 75                OBJ:    LO 3

 

19.                The term mala prohibita refers to:

a.	An act that would be wrong even if no law prohibited it
b.	A violation of natural law
c.	A “human-made” law
d.	An act that goes against the public morality

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 75                OBJ:    LO 4

 

20.                Murder, rape, and theft are examples of ____ crimes.

a.	Mala in se
b.	Mala prohibita
c.	Premeditated
d.	Deliberate

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 75-76           OBJ:    LO 4

 

21.                Which of the following is NOT a basic element of corpus delicti?

a.	Actus reus
b.	Mala in se
c.	Mens rea
d.	Concurrence, or coming together of the criminal act and guilty mind

 

 

ANS:    B          REF:    p. 77                OBJ:    LO 5

 

22.                A wrongful mental state, or intent, is known as:

a.	Actus reus
b.	Mala in se
c.	Mens rea
d.	Concurrence

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 77                OBJ:    LO 5

 

23.                The guilty act in a criminal offense is referred to as:

a.	Actus reus
b.	Mens rea
c.	Corpus delicti
d.	Habeus corpus

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 77                OBJ:    LO 5

 

 

24.                As discussed in the textbook, Corpus delicti refers to:

a.	The dead body at the scene of a crime
b.	The element of criminal intent
c.	The basic elements of a crime
d.	The criminal act

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 77                OBJ:    LO 5

 

25.                Strict liability is inconsistent with the general principles of criminal law, because ____ is lacking.

a.	Mens rea
b.	Actus reus
c.	Causation
d.	Concurrence

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 79                OBJ:    LO 5

 

26.                A crime in which the defendant is guilty regardless of his or her state of mind at the time of the act is known as:

a.	Tort
b.	First degree homicide
c.	Strict liability
d.	Manslaughter

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 79                OBJ:    LO 5

 

27.                What is the term that means that the guilty act and the guilty intent occur together?

a.	Causation
b.	Attendant circumstances
c.	Concurrence
d.	Harm

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 80                OBJ:    LO 5

 

28.                The facts surrounding an underlying crime are referred to as:

a.	Causation
b.	Attendant circumstances
c.	Concurrence
d.	Harm

 

 

ANS:    B          REF:    p. 81                OBJ:    LO 5

 

29.                What is the defense for criminal ability that is used to assert a lack of criminal responsibility because according to law, a person cannot have the requisite state of mind to commit a crime?

a.	Duress
b.	Insanity
c.	Entrapment
d.	Mistake

 

 

ANS:    B          REF:    p. 83                OBJ:    LO 6

 

 

30.                A common law test of criminal responsibility that relies on the defendant’s inability to distinguish right from wrong is the:

a.	Durham Rule
b.	Irresistible-Impulse Test
c.	M’Naughten Rule
d.	Substantial Capacity Test

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 83-84           OBJ:    LO 6

 

31.                A defense for criminal liability in which the defendant claims that the taking of intoxicants rendered him or her unable to form the requisite intent to commit a criminal act is:

a.	Never accepted in court
b.	A good defense if the intoxication was voluntary
c.	A good defense if the intoxication was involuntary
d.	Not allowed in felony court but is sometimes allowed in misdemeanor trials

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 85                OBJ:    LO 6

 

32.                When the wrongful threat of one person induces another person to perform an act that he or she would otherwise not perform, ____ exists.

a.	Duress
b.	Entrapment
c.	Necessity
d.	Self-defense

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 86                OBJ:    LO 7

 

33.                Which of the following is NOT an excuse defense?

a.	Mistake
b.	Infancy
c.	Insanity
d.	Necessity

 

 

ANS:    D         REF:    p. 86-88           OBJ:    LO 7

 

34.                The Fourth Amendment protects against:

a.	Excessive bail
b.	Excessive fines
c.	Cruel and unusual punishment
d.	Unreasonable searches

 

 

ANS:    D         REF:    p. 89                OBJ:    LO 8

 

35.                This form of due process requires laws to be carried out in a fair and orderly manner.

a.	Legislative due process
b.	Procedural due process
c.	Relative due process
d.	Substantive due process

 

 

ANS:    B          REF:    p. 90                OBJ:    LO 8

 

 

 

CASES

 

Case 3-1

Johnny and Martin are in a bar drinking beer and talking.  Sharon walks in and starts talking to Johnny.  Martin gets jealous because he was engaged to be married to Sharon and they only recently broke up.  Martin gets so mad that he starts to yell at Johnny.  He then swings at Johnny and misses.  Martin falls to the ground and passes out.  Johnny gets so mad that he stabs Martin in the back and kills him.

 

36.                Martin’s family believes that Johnny should be held responsible for this crime. They request monetary damages to compensate for the wrong that has been committed.  What type of law covers this request?

37.                Administrative law

38.                Case law

39.                Civil law

40.                Criminal law

 

ANS:    C         REF:    p. 72                OBJ:    LO 3

 

37.                If the above case would make it to court which party would be the plaintiff?

38.                The bar owner

39.                Johnny

40.                Martin’s family

41.                Sharon

 

ANS:    C         REF:    p. 72                OBJ:    LO 3

 

38.                What standard of proof would be required in the above case?

39.                Beyond a reasonable doubt

40.                Preponderance of the evidence

41.                Beyond a shadow of a doubt

42.                Clear and convincing evidence

 

ANS:    B         REF:    p. 73                OBJ:    LO 3

 

39.                If state prosecutors decide to file charges against Johnny, what crime classification would the charge fall under?

40.                Felony

41.                Gross misdemeanor

42.                Petty misdemeanor

43.                Infraction

 

ANS:    A        REF:    p.75                 OBJ:    LO 3

 

40.                Prosecutors would need to prove that Johnny actually committed the guilty act of stabbing Martin.  This is known as the:

41.                Actus reus

42.                Mens rea

43.                Mala in se

44.                Mala prohibita

 

ANS:    A        REF:    p. 77                OBJ:    LO 4

Case 3-2

Mr. Thomas is a criminal defense attorney.  Peter contacts Mr. Thomas and tells him that he thinks he may have committed a crime but he is not sure.  Mr. Thomas asks Peter a few questions but, Peter refuses to answer any questions over the phone.  Mr. Thomas tells Peter to come to his office for a consultation and he will provide legal advice if Peter decides to retain Mr. Thomas as his attorney.

 

41.                Peter goes to see Mr. Thomas in his office. He explains to Mr. Thomas that he had been seeing a girl who said that she was 19.  She is really 14.   Peter is 22.  Peter explains that they had sexual relations on a few occasions.  Mr. Thomas explains to Peter that he can still be found guilty, even though he did not have intent to commit a crime.  What type of crime is this?

42.                Hate crime

43.                Negligence

44.                Strict liability

45.                Inchoate

 

ANS:    C         REF:    p. 79                OBJ:    LO 5

 

42.                What crime is Peter guilty of?

43.                Felony murder

44.                Hate crime

45.                Infanticide

46.                Statutory rape

 

ANS:    D        REF:    p. 80                OBJ:    LO 5

 

43.                After speaking with Peter for some time, Mr. Thomas believes that something is wrong with Peter. Mr. Thomas believes that Peter is either slightly mentally retarded or possibly mentally ill.  He thinks that if Peter is charged with a crime the court will need to conduct a hearing to determine whether Peter is mentally well enough to understand the charges filed against him.  What type of hearing is this?

44.                Arraignment

45.                Competency

46.                Preliminary

47.                Sentencing

 

ANS:    B         REF:    p. 85                OBJ:    LO 6

 

44.                Peter believes that his crime was justified because his girlfriend deceived him when she told him she was 19. What legal justification defense does Peter possibly have?

45.                Duress

46.                Entrapment

47.                Necessity

48.                None of these

 

ANS:    D        REF:    p.. 86-88                      OBJ:    LO 7

 

 

45.                Peter wants to hire Mr. Thomas but does not have any money. Mr. Thomas explains to Peter that if he is arrested and charged with a crime he has a right to a lawyer at various stages of criminal proceedings.  Which amendment gives Peter this protection?

46.                4^th Amendment

47.                5^th Amendment

48.                6^th Amendment

49.                8^th Amendment

 

ANS:    C         REF:    p.. 89               OBJ:    LO 8

 

 

TRUE/FALSE

 

1.   The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land and as such, it is the basis of all law in the United States.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 67                OBJ:    LO 1

 

2.   A state statute applies only within that state’s borders.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 67                OBJ:    LO 1

 

3.   State law prevails whenever it is in conflict with federal law.

 

ANS:    F         REF:    68                   OBJ:    LO 1

 

4.   Case law relies on how courts interpret a statute.

 

ANS:    T         REF:    69                   OBJ:    LO 1

 

5.   Criminal law has one primary function: to express public morality.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 70-71           OBJ:    LO 2

 

6.   Society’s views on morality, which are reflected as laws, are stable and unchanging over time.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 70                OBJ:    LO 2

 

7.   Proceedings in civil court are normally initiated by the plaintiff.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 72                OBJ:    LO 3

 

8.   Most criminal cases involve a request for monetary damages in recognition that a wrong has been committed.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 72-73           OBJ:    LO 3

 

9.   The accused party in both criminal and civil cases is known as the defendant.

 

ANS:    T         REF:    p. 73                OBJ:    LO 3

10.                Criminal law concerns offenses that are against the society as a whole.

 

ANS:    T         REF:    p. 73                OBJ:    LO 3

 

11.                Third degree felonies are punishable by a maximum penalty of life imprisonment.

 

ANS:    F         REF:    74                   OBJ:    LO 3

 

12.                Murder is a mala in se offense.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 75                OBJ:    LO 4

 

13.                Actus reus refers to guilty intent as an element of a crime.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 77                OBJ:    LO 5

 

14.                An inchoate offense is an attempted or incomplete offense.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 82                OBJ:    LO 5

 

15.                Defendants who are found “guilty but mentally ill” do not serve criminal sentences.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 84                OBJ:    LO 6

 

16.                Involuntary intoxication is a valid criminal defense.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 85                OBJ:    LO 6

 

17.                Duress, self-defense, entrapment, and necessity are examples of excuse defenses.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 86-88           OBJ:    LO 7

 

18.                Entrapment is a justification defense in which the offender claims that he or she was induced to commit the crime by a public official.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 88                OBJ:    LO 7

 

19.                Procedural criminal law defines the acts that the government will punish.

 

ANS:    F          REF:    p. 90                OBJ:    LO 8

 

20.                Due process is addressed in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution.

 

ANS:    T          REF:    p. 89                OBJ:    LO 8

 

 

COMPLETION

 

1.   _______________ is the body of law enacted by legislative bodies.

 

ANS:    Statutory law                           REF:    p. 67                OBJ:    LO 1

2.   Thanks to the _______________ of the Constitution, federal law will almost always prevail.

 

ANS:    Supremacy Clause                  REF:    p. 68                OBJ:    LO 1

 

3.   _______________ are the rules, orders, and decisions of regulatory agencies.

 

ANS:    Administrative law                  REF:    p. 69                OBJ:    LO 1

 

4.   All law can be divided into two categories: civil law and ____________________.

 

ANS:    Criminal law                           REF:    p. 71                OBJ:    LO 3

 

5.   __________ is/are private wrongs:

 

ANS:    Torts                                       REF:    p. 72                OBJ:    LO 3

 

6.   The burden of proof in the American criminal court system is ___________________.

 

ANS:    Beyond a reasonable doubt                     REF:    p. 73                OBJ:    LO 3

 

7.   _______________have a maximum penalty of death.

 

ANS:    Capital offenses                      REF:    p. 74                OBJ:    LO 3

4

 

 

8.   ____________________ is a negligent homicide, in which the offender had no intent to kill the victim.

 

ANS:    Involuntary manslaughter       REF:    p. 74                OBJ:    LO 3

 

9.   Offenses punishable by thirty days to a year in jail are _________________________.

 

ANS:    Gross misdemeanors               REF:    p. 75                OBJ:    LO 3

 

10.                _______________ refers to acts that are considered crimes only because they have been codified as such through statute.

 

ANS:    Mala prohibita                                    REF:    p. 75                OBJ:    LO 4

 

11.                Criminal law requires that the ____________________ or “the body of the crime” be proved before a person can be convicted of wrongdoing.

 

ANS:    Corpus delicti                         REF:    p. 77                OBJ:    LO 5

 

12.                A failure to exercise the standard of care that a reasonable person would exercise would exercise in similar circumstances is ____________________.

 

ANS:    Negligence                              REF:     p. 78              OBJ:    LO 5

 

 

13.                Strict liability crimes hold the defendant to be guilty even if the __________ to commit the offense is lacking.

 

ANS:    Intent                                      REF:    p. 79                OBJ:    LO 5

 

14.                Felony-murder is a form of __________ murder that applies when a person participates in any of a list of serious felonies that results in the unlawful killing of a human being.

 

ANS:    First-degree                             REF:    p. 80                OBJ:    LO 5

 

15.                _______________ means that the guilty act and the guilty intent must occur together.

 

ANS:    Concurrence                           REF:    p. 80                OBJ:    LO 5

 

16.                Crimes motivated by bias against an individual or a group based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or age are considered ____________________.

 

ANS:    Hate crimes                             REF:    p. 81                OBJ:    LO 5

 

 

17.                Ordinarily ignorance of the law, or _______________________, is not a valid criminal defense.

 

ANS:     Mistake of law                                                                                                   REF:    p. 83                OBJ:    LO 6

 

18.                ____________________ is a defense for criminal liability that asserts a lack of criminal responsibility due to mental instability.

 

ANS:     Insanity                                   REF:    p. 83                OBJ:    LO 6

 

19.                Deadly force can be used in self-defense if there is a ____________________ that imminent death or bodily harm will otherwise result, it the attacker is using unlawful force.

 

ANS:     Reasonable belief                    REF:    p. 87                OBJ:    LO 7

 

20.                The ____________ and __________ Amendments require that no one can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

 

ANS:    Fifth, Fourteenth                                                                                       REF:    p. 87                OBJ:    LO 8

 

 

ESSAY

 

1.   Identify and discuss the four written sources of American criminal law.

 

ANS:

o	The U.S. Constitution and the constitution of the various states is Constitutional Law. The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law of the land: state constitutions are supreme within state borders to the extent that they do not violate the U. S. Constitution or a federal law.
o	Statutes, or laws, passed by Congress and by state legislatures, plus local ordinances; statutory law is laws or ordinances created by federal, state, and local legislatures and governing bodies; none of these laws can violate the U.S. Constitution or the relevant state constitution; uniform laws, when adopted by a state legislature, become statutory law in that state.
o	Regulations created by regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration comprise administrative Law. This includes the rules, orders, and decisions of federal or state government administrative agencies; federal administrative agencies are created by enabling legislation enacted by U.S. Congress. Agency functions include rulemaking, investigation and enforcement, and adjudication.
o	Case law (court decisions) and common law doctrines are judge-made laws, including interpretations of constitutional provisions, of statutes enacted by legislatures, and of regulations created by administrative agencies.

 

 

REF:    p. 67-69           OBJ:    LO 1

 

2.   Discuss the purposes of criminal law.

 

ANS:

• Criminal law has two main functions
• One relates to the legal requirements of society and the other pertains to society’s need to maintain and promote social values.
• The primary legal function of criminal law is to maintain social order by protecting citizens from criminal harm. This harm can be to individual’s physical safety and properly in addition to harm to society’s interests collectively.
• Criminal law also has a social function which includes reflecting the values and norms of society as well as teaching society boundaries.

 

REF:    p. 70-71           OBJ:    LO 2

 

3.   Discuss the differences between civil law and criminal law

 

ANS:

• All law can be divided into two categories, civil law and criminal law.
• They are distinguished by their goals.
• The criminal justice system is concerned with protecting society from harm by preventing and prosecuting crimes. The government is responsible for prosecuting a person who commits a criminal act.  The accused person is the party who responds.  The standard of proof is beyond a reasonable doubt and the remedy available to the victim is punishment of the offender, through a fine, incarceration or probation.
• Civil law includes all types of law other than criminal law, is concerned with disputes between private individuals and between entities.
• Civil lawsuits are initiated by an individual or corporation, who are injured by a private wrong. These individuals are called plaintiffs.  The party who responds is the person who caused the alleged harm.  The standard of proof in a civil case is preponderance of the evidence.  The remedy is usually financial compensation for the harm caused to the plaintiff.

 

REF:    p. 72-73           OBJ:    LO 3

 

 

4.   Describe felonies and misdemeanors and discuss the differences between the two.

 

ANS:

• Crimes are either classified as felonies or misdemeanors based on their seriousness.
• Felonies are serious crimes punishment by death or by imprisonment in a penitentiary for one year or longer.
• The Model Penal Code mentions four degrees of felonies that include capital offenses, first degree felonies, second degree felonies, and third degree felonies. Capital offenses may result in the penalty of death.  First degree felonies are punishable by a maximum penalties of life imprisonment.  Second degree felonies are punishable by a maximum of ten years’ imprisonment and third degree felonies by a maximum of five years’ imprisonment.
• Murder is the most well-known felony.
• Misdemeanors are crimes punishable by a fine or confinement for up to one year. The offender will serve the time in a local jail.
• Common misdemeanors are disorderly conduct and trespassing.
• Misdemeanors can also be classified as gross or petty.

 

REF:    p. 74-75           OBJ:    LO 3

 

5.   Explain the difference between crimes that are mala in se and crimes that are mala prohibita.

 

ANS:

o	Mala in se is considered wrong even if there is no law prohibiting it; this type of crime is said to go against “natural laws,” and includes acts of murder, rape, and theft.
o	Mala prohibita, refers to acts that are considered crimes only because they have been codified as such through statute – “human-made laws;” definitions of these crimes vary among societies.

 

 

REF:    p. 75-76           OBJ:    LO 4

 

6.   Explain how the doctrine of strict liability applies to criminal law.

 

ANS:

o	In certain cases, the law holds the defendant to be guilty even if criminal intent to commit the offense is lacking; this is called “strict liability.”
o	While strict liability is inconsistent with the concept of mens rea, it is designed to protect the public by eliminating the possibility that the offender may try to absolve him or herself of criminal culpability.
o	Most strict liability offenses involve endangering the public welfare in some way.

 

 

REF:    p. 79                OBJ:    LO 5

 

7.   Discuss the most important excuse defenses.

 

ANS:

• In certain circumstances, the law recognizes that society will not punish the actor because he/she does not have the requisite mental condition. Essentially, the law excuses the person for his or her behavior.
• The most important excuse defenses today are insanity, intoxication, and mistake.
• Insanity is a defense that asserts a lack of criminal responsibility due to mental instability.
• Mental disease or defect is ultimately the cause of insanity.
• There is a lack of consensus in which tests utilized by the criminal justice system accurately determines insanity. The common tests are the M’Naghten rule, the ALI/MPC test, and the irresistible-impulse test
• A more common classification used is the guilty by mentally ill statute which allows a jury to convict a defendant with mental illness and they will usually spend time in a psychiatric hospital and prison.
• The insanity defense is rarely used and when used is not very successful
• Intoxication is when the defendant claims that the taking of intoxicants rendered him or her unable to form the requisite intent to commit a criminal act. Involuntary intoxication is a viable defense because someone is forced to ingest a substance and is unaware that the substance contains drugs or alcohol.  Voluntary intoxication is not a defense but can be used to show that the defendant was negated.
• Mistake as a defense can either be a mistake of law or a mistake of fact. Mistake of law is used when someone can claim that they honestly did not know that there were breaking the law.  However, the law must not have been published or known to the public.  Also, if a person relied on an official statement of the law, there is a mistake of law.
• Mistake of fact operates as a defense if it negates the mental state necessary to commit a crime.

 

REF:    p. 83-86           OBJ:    LO 6

 

8.   Discuss the justification defenses of duress, self-defense, necessity, and entrapment. Describe a situation in which each defense may be used.

 

ANS:

o	Justification defenses are based on a defendant admitting that he or she committed the particular criminal act, but asserting that, under the circumstances, the criminal act was justified.
o	With a defense of duress, the defendant must prove that he or she performed the criminal act under the use or threat of use of unlawful force against his or her person that a reasonable person would have been unable to resist; for example, a mother assists her boyfriend in committing a burglary after he threatens to kill her children if she refuses to do so.
o	Self-defense claims that the defendant acted in a manner to defend himself or herself, others, or property, or to prevent a commission of a crime; for example, a husband awakens to find his wife standing over him, pointing a shotgun at his chest, and in the ensuing struggle, the firearm goes off, killing the wife.
o	The defense of necessity states that the criminal act the defendant committed was necessary in order to avoid a harm to himself or herself or to another that was greater than the harm caused by the act before; for example, four people physically remove a friend from her residence on the property of a religious cult, arguing that the crime of kidnapping was justified in order to remove the victim form the damaging influence of cult leaders.
o	The entrapment defense states that the defendant was encouraged by agents of the state to engage in a criminal act she or he would not have engaged in otherwise; for example, the owner of a boat marina agrees to allow three federal drug enforcement agents, posing as drug dealers, to use his dock to unload shipments of marijuana from Columbia.

 

 

REF:    p. 86-88           OBJ:    LO 7

 

 

9.   Explain the importance of the due process clause in the criminal justice system.

 

ANS:

o	The due process clause is contained in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.
o	The due process clause requires that the government not act unfairly or arbitrarily, but rather must stay within the boundaries of reason and law.
o	There are two types of due process are procedural due process and substantive due process.

 

REF:    p. 89-90           OBJ:    LO 8

 

10.                Compare substantive due process with procedural due process.

 

ANS:

• Procedural due process is a provision in the Constitution that states that the law must be carried out in a fair and orderly manner.
• Certain procedures must be followed in administering and executing a law to ensure that basic freedoms are not violated.
• An example of procedural due process is the safeguards that have been built into the imposition of capital punishment.
• Substantive due process is the constitutional requirement that laws used in accusing and convicting persons of crimes must be fair.

 

REF:    p. 90-91           OBJ:    LO 8

 

CHAPTER 5— Test Bank

 

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1.   What is the ultimate goal of a bureaucratic organization, such as a police department?

a.	Administration development
b.	Efficiency
c.	Low employee turnover
d.	Work satisfaction for the employee

 

 

ANS:    B          REF:    p. 129              OBJ:    LO 1

 

2.   A hierarchically structured administrative organization that carries out specific functions is a/an

3.   Bureaucracy

4.   Delegation

5.   Chain of command

6.   Strategy

 

ANS:    A        REF:    p. 129             OBJ:    LO 1

 

3.   This is the smallest stretch that a police officer or group of police officers regularly patrol.

4.   beats

5.   district

6.   stations

7.   zone

 

ANS:    A        REF:    p. 130             OBJ:    LO 1

 

 

4.   Which of the following is NOT a purpose of police patrol listed in the text?

a.	Deterrence of crime
b.	Maintenance of public order
c.	Improvement of public attitudes towards the police
d.	Provision of services that are not crime related

 

 

ANS:    C          REF:    p. 131              OBJ:    LO 1

 

5.   The majority of a patrol officer’s time is spent on:

a.	Preventive patrol
b.	Calls for service
c.	Administrative duties
d.	Officer-initiated activities

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 132              OBJ:    LO 1

 

 

6.   Paperwork takes up to ____ of a patrol officer’s time.

a.	20%
b.	40%
c.	60%
d.	80%

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 132              OBJ:    LO 1

 

7.   After a crime has been committed and the patrol officer has gathered preliminary information from a crime scene, the responsibility of identifying the offender is delegated to the:

a.	Detective
b.	Internal affairs unit
c.	Patrol officer
d.	Police chief

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 133              OBJ:    LO 1

 

8.   The most common way for someone to become a detective is to ___________________.

a.	Attend graduate school in criminal justice
b.	Attend specialized training in the field
c.	Earn an undergraduate college degree
d.	Be promoted from patrol officer

 

 

ANS:    D         REF:    p. 133              OBJ:    LO 1

 

9.   Aggressive investigation strategies include:

a.	Crackdowns
b.	Undercover operations
c.	Roadblocks
d.	Increased patrol of hot spots

 

 

ANS:     B          REF:    p. 133              OBJ:    LO 2

 

10.                Because of __________ police officers are limited in what they can do to convince the target of an undercover operation to participate in an illegal activity.

11.                Duress

12.                Entrapment

13.                Necessity

14.                Self-defense

 

ANS:     B         REF:    p. 133             OBJ:    LO 2

 

11.                Today, most undercover officers are used to infiltrate large scale __________ operations.

12.                Burglary

13.                Car theft

14.                Narcotics

15.                Serial killer

 

ANS:     C         REF:    p. 133             OBJ:    LO 2

 

 

12.                The term “clearance rate” refers to:

a.	The percentage of reported crimes
b.	The percentage of crimes that result in arrest and prosecution
c.	The percentage of crimes that result in a criminal conviction
d.	The percentage of stolen goods that are returned to victims of crime

 

 

ANS:    B          REF:    p. 134              OBJ:    LO 2

 

13.                Which crime is investigated most thoroughly and thus results in the highest clearance rates?

14.                Burglary

15.                Computer theft

16.                Murder

17.                Stolen vehicle

 

ANS:    C         REF:    p. 134             OBJ:    LO 2

 

14.                Which is not an example of trace evidence?

A     Ballistics

1.   Blood

2.   Fingerprints

3.   Hair

 

ANS:    A        REF:    p. 134             OBJ:    LO 3

 

15.                Ballistics is the study of __________.

16.                DNA

17.                Fingerprinting

18.                Firearms

19.                Response time

 

ANS:    C         REF:    p. 135             OBJ:    LO 3

 

16.                The establishment of a connection between a suspect and a crime, often through the use of DNA evidence, in the absence of an ongoing investigation is a(n):

a.	Proactive solve
b.	Clearance rate
c.	Random hit
d.	Cold hit

 

 

ANS:    D         REF:    p. 135              OBJ:    LO 3

 

17.                A database containing the DNA of more than 4.5 million people is:

a.	CODIS
b.	AFIS
c.	IBIS
d.	NCVS

 

 

ANS:    A         REF:    p. 135-136       OBJ:    LO 3

 

 

18.                For more than a century the most important piece of trace evidence has been ____________.

a.	DNA
b.	The human fingerprint
c.	Human hair
d.	Blood evidence

 

 

ANS:    B          REF:    p. 135              OBJ:    LO 4

 

19.                Who operated the National Combined DNA Index System?

20.                ATF

21.                DEA

c      FBI

1.   ICE

 

ANS:    C         REF:    p. 136             OBJ:    LO 3