Criminology Freda Adler 9th Edition- Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 03

Schools of Thought throughout History

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

1.   The classical school of criminology is based on the assumption that
A.criminals are born, not made.
B. individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions.
C. body build is related to various mental disorders.
D. criminals are distinguishable from noncriminals by atavistic stigmata.

 

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2.   The positivist school of criminology posits that
A.human behavior is determined by forces beyond individual control.
B. individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions.
C. all human actions are determined in accordance with the felicific calculus.
D. anomie is a breakdown of social order, which causes people to commit crimes.

 

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3.   Who wrote On Crimes and Punishment?
A.Emile Durkheim
B. Cesare Lombroso
C. Jeremy Bentham
D. Cesare Beccaria

 

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4.   Who is known as the “father of modern criminology”?
A.Emile Durkheim
B. Cesare Lombroso
C. Cesare Beccaria
D. Jeremy Bentham

 

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5.   Whose work was governed by utilitarian principles?
A.Jeremy Bentham
B. Cesare Beccaria
C. Raffaele Garofalo
D. Emile Durkheim

 

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6.   What provided the next generation of criminologists with the tools they needed to challenge classical criminology?
A.Beccaria’s On Crimes and Punishment
B. Bentham’s utilitarianism
C. Lombroso’s The Criminal Man
D. Darwin’s Origin of Species

 

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7.   Physiognomy is the study of ___________ and their relation to human behavior.
A.bumps on the head
B. body types
C. facial features
D. ear types

 

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8.   ____________ posited that bumps on the head were indications of psychological propensities.
A.Physiognomy
B. Phrenology
C. Atavistic stigmata
D. The somatotypes school

 

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9.   Cesare Lombroso’s The Criminal Man replaced the concept of free will with the concept of ____________.
A.determinism
B. rationality
C. science
D. utilitarianism

 

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10.                Cesare Lombroso argued that the “born criminal” was distinguishable by
A.bumps on the head.
B. small jaws and teeth.
C. atavistic stigmata.
D. a large nose.

 

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11.                The theory of the born criminal by Cesare Lombroso defines atavistic stigmata as
A.psychological anomalies that drive an individual to commit acts that offend the basic moral sentiments of probity and piety.
B. inherited delinquent behavioral traits that are passed on in the genes.
C. physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development, before they became fully human.
D. changes in the brains that interfere with people’s ability to distinguish between right and wrong.

 

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12.                The major challenge to Lombrosian theory came from the work of
A.Emile Durkheim.
B. Enrico Ferri.
C. Charles Goring.
D. Cesare Beccaria.

 

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13.                The somatotype school of criminology differentiated three principle types of physiques. Which of the following is not one of those types?
A.the asthenic
B. the athletic
C. the pyknic
D. the ascetic

 

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14.                William Sheldon brought the somatotype school to the United States. Which one of the following is not one of the three somatotypes Sheldon formulated?
A.andromorph
B. ectomorph
C. endomorph
D. mesomorph

 

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15.                According to William Sheldon, which one of the somatotypes is most likely to be involved in illegal behavior?
A.andromorph
B. ectomorph
C. endomorph
D. mesomorph

 

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16.                After World War II, somatotyping fell into disfavor because
A.the approach was based on the grounds that genetic and environmental influences could not be separated.
B. the approach seemed too close to eugenics.
C. the approach focused exclusively on the psychological characteristics of criminals.
D. the approach contradicted the concept of moral insanity.

 

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17.                The science of controlled reproduction to improve hereditary qualities is called
A.genetics.
B. physiognomy.
C. phrenology.
D. eugenics.

 

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18.                Who is acknowledged as America’s first forensic psychiatrist?
A.Sigmund Freud
B. Philippe Pinel
C. Isaac Ray
D. Henry Maudsley

 

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19.                Who first described the concept of moral insanity?
A.Sigmund Freud
B. Philippe Pinel
C. Isaac Ray
D. Henry Maudsley

 

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20.                Among the first scholars to disclaim the free-will doctrine of the classical school of thought were
A.Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.
B. Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck.
C. Gabriel Tarde and Emile Durkheim.
D. Adolphe Quetelet and Michel Guerry.

 

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21.                One of the earliest sociological theories of criminal behavior was formulated by
A.Michel Guerry.
B. Cesare Beccaria.
C. Gabriel Tarde.
D. Jeremy Bentham.

 

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22.                Gabriel Tarde formulated his theory of criminal behavior in terms of _____, principles that governed the process by which people became criminals.
A.laws of imitation
B. eugenics
C. utilitarian values
D. laws of phrenology

 

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23.                The most important of Emile Durkheim’s numerous contributions to contemporary sociology is his concept of
A.anomie.
B. moral insanity.
C. utilitarianism.
D. the laws of imitation.

 

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True / False Questions

24.                Classical criminologists argued that society can control behavior by making the pain of punishment greater than the pleasure of the criminal gains.
TRUE

 

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25.                Cesare Beccaria’s work was governed by utilitarian principles.
FALSE

 

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26.                Jeremy Bentham proposed the “felicific calculus” to explain how people decide whether to commit a crime or not.
TRUE

 

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27.                According to Lombroso, criminal women are the same as criminal men.
FALSE

 

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28.                One of Emile Durkheim’s most important contributions to contemporary criminology is the laws of imitation.
FALSE

 

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Essay Questions
 

29.                Discuss the principles of classical criminology, making reference to the works of both Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.

Answers will vary.

 

30.                Differentiate between the classical and positivist schools of thought.

Answers will vary.

 

31.                Differentiate between psychological determinism and sociological determinism, including the scholars associated with each perspective.

Answers will vary.

 

32.                Discuss the various forms that biological determinism has taken, from the earliest belief that criminals are born to the discovery of an extra sex chromosome in some criminal samples in the 1960s.

Answers will vary.

 

33.                Emile Durkheim had a powerful influence on contemporary criminology. Discuss Durkheim’s influence on criminology, making sure to discuss his most important contribution.

Answers will vary.

Chapter 05

Strain and Cultural Deviance Theories

 

 

Multiple Choice Questions

1.   Which of the following theories argues that all members of society subscribe to the cultural values of the middle class?
A.strain theory
B. conflict theory
C. social disorganization theory
D. differential association theory

 

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2.   The structural-functionalist perspective was developed by
A.Robert Agnew.
B. Robert McKay.
C. Robert K. Merton.
D. Emile Durkheim.

 

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3.   Durkheim’s concept of anomie was intended to explain
A.crime.
B. juvenile delinquency.
C. suicide.
D. status offenses.

 

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4.   Merton’s theory of anomie emphasizes
A.that anger helps justify aggressive behavior and stimulates individuals into action.
B. institutionalized means to attain the desired ends.
C. that people learn to commit crime as a result of antisocial values, attitudes, and criminal behavior patterns.
D. none of these

 

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5.   Which of the following is not one of the modes of adaptation discussed by Merton?
A.rebellion
B. conflict
C. retreatism
D. conformity

 

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6.   People who adapt by __________ reject both the cultural goals and the legitimate means to attain those goals.
A.rebellion
B. ritualism
C. retreatism
D. reformation

 

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7.   Merton and his followers believe that the greatest proportion of crime will be found
A.evenly distributed across the social classes.
B. in the upper classes.
C. in the middle classes.
D. in the lower classes.

 

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8.   In a study of 190 U.S. cities with populations of 100,000 or more, researchers found that both inequality and __________ are related to homicide rates.
A.age
B. race
C. poverty
D. gender

 

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9.   Merton’s theory has been criticized for which of the following reasons?
A.It neglects crime committed by middle- and upper-class people.
B. It assumes that the heterogeneous society in the United States has goals that everyone agrees on.
C. It cannot explain why there is so much useless, destructive behavior.
D. All of these are criticisms of Merton’s theory.

 

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10.                Which of the following is not a manifestation of the dominance of economic institutions according to Messner and Rosenfeld?
A.the devaluation of noneconomic rules and functions
B. the absence of economic success
C. the accommodation of other institutions to economic needs
D. the penetration of economic norms

 

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11.                Which of the following is not a strain-producing event discussed by Agnew?
A.strain caused by social disorganization
B. strain caused by the failure to achieve positively valued goals
C. strain caused by the presentation of negative stimuli
D. stress caused by the removal of positively valued stimuli from the individual

 

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12.                Which of the following programs was designed to address the disparity between goals and means in society?
A.Operation Weed and Seed
B. LEAP
C. the Chicago Area Project
D. Perry Preschool Project

 

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13.                Which of the following is true of social disorganization theory?
A.It states that different ethnic groups learn different conduct norms and that the conduct norms of one ethnic group in the slum will clash with the norms of another ethnicity in the same slum.
B. It maintains that people learn to commit crime as a result of contact with antisocial values, attitudes, and criminal behavior patterns.
C. It focuses on the development of high-crime areas in which there is a disintegration of conventional values caused by rapid industrialization, increased immigration, and urbanization.
D. It maintains that crime is most likely to occur among the lower social classes.

 

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14.                Cultural deviance theorists argue that
A.crime is most likely to occur among the lower social classes.
B. American society is made up of various groups and subgroups, each with its own standards of right and wrong.
C. people learn to commit crime as a result of contact with antisocial values, attitudes, and criminal behavior patterns.
D. crime is the result of social disorganization.

 

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15.                Park and Burgess advanced the study of social disorganization by introducing _________ into the study of human society.
A.ecological analysis
B. social class
C. statistics
D. modes of adaptation

 

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16.                Though the work of social ecologists has had a significant impact, it has been criticized for
A.its focus on how crime patterns are transmitted, not on how they start in the first place.
B. its failure in explaining how differential associations lead to crime.
C. ignoring societal heterogeneity.
D. not being able to explain all types of crime.

 

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17.                In 1939, Edwin Sutherland introduced the ___________ theory in Principles of Criminology.
A.anomie
B. social disorganization
C. cultural transmission
D. differential association

 

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18.                Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory suggests that _____.
A.lower-class persons adopt illegitimate means to achieve economic success
B. there is an inevitability about the process of becoming a criminal
C. there is no simple connection between class and crime
D. delinquency is transmitted from one generation to the next in disorganized urban areas

 

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19.                In formulating his differential association theory, Sutherland relied heavily on the findings of _______ and _______ that delinquent values are transmitted within a community or group from one generation to the next.
A.Burgess; Parks
B. Merton; Agnew
C. Shaw; McKay
D. Messner; Rosenfeld

 

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20.                If a clash occurs at the borders between neighboring cultural areas, this is an example of what type of conflict?
A.primary
B. secondary
C. class
D. race

 

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21.                According to Thorsten Sellin, the purpose of _____ is to define what is considered appropriate or normal behavior and what is inappropriate or abnormal behavior.
A.anomie
B. cultural norms
C. conduct norms
D. synnomie

 

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22.                Which type of conflict, according to Sellin, arises when a single culture evolves into a variety of cultures, each with its own conduct norms?
A.primary
B. secondary
C. class
D. race

 

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True / False Questions

23.                According to strain theory, individuals who choose the adaptation of innovation do not accept society’s goals because they do not have legitimate means to achieve those goals.
FALSE

 

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24.                Sociologists define deviance as any behavior that members of a social group define as violating their norms.
TRUE

 

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25.                Messner and Rosenfeld believe that the American dream does not encourage high crime rates.
FALSE

 

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26.                According to Sellin, primary conflict occurs when norms of two cultures clash.
TRUE

 

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Essay Questions

27.                Discuss and evaluate Merton’s theory of anomie and the five modes of adaptation.

Answers will vary.

 

 

28.                Discuss the three main types of strain-producing events according to Agnew’s general strain theory. In this discussion, also explain how Agnew revised Merton’s theory.

Answers will vary.

 

29.                Social disorganization theory is one of the three major cultural deviance theories. Explain this theory, including criticisms or limitations.

Answers will vary.

 

30.                Explain Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory, and discuss any six of the nine propositions that explain the process by which delinquent values are transmitted.

Answers will vary.

 

31.                Compare and contrast strain theories and cultural deviance theories.

Answers will vary.