Criminology Theories, Patterns and Typologies International Edition 11th Edition by Larry J. Siegel – Test Bank
To Purchase this Complete Test Bank with Answers Click the link Below
If face any problem or
Further information contact us At tbzuiqe@gmail.com
Sample Test
Siegel_CTPT_11e_TB_ch03
TEST BANK
COMPLETION
1. Criminologists
who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as
_________.
ANS:
victimologists
LO:
1
REF: p. 72
2. _________
_________ _________ _________ is a common disorder
experienced by victims of crime.
ANS: post-traumatic stress disorder
LO:
2
REF: p. 73
3. Research
indicates that both boys and girls are more likely to engage in violent
behavior if they were targets of physical abuse. This abuse-crime phenomenon is
referred to as the _________.
ANS: cycle of
violence
LO:
3
REF: p. 75
4. Individuals
who are repeatedly victimized are known as _________ or _________ victims.
ANS: chronic, repeat
LO:
4
REF: p.78
5. Areas
with elevated chances of victimization due to higher concentrations of
motivated offenders are known as _________
_________.
ANS: hot
spots
LO:
4
REF: p. 82
6. Except
for the crimes of _________ or _________ _________,
males are more likely than females to be victims of crime.
ANS: rape, sexual
assault
LO:
6
REF: p. 77
7. The _________ are
more likely to be victims of frauds and scams.
ANS: elderly
LO:
6
REF: p. 77
8. _________
_________suggests that some people may actually initiate the
confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.
ANS: Victim precipitation
LO:
6
REF: p. 80
9. People
who have _________
_________ _________such as drinking, using drugs, and engaging
in crime, have a much greater chance of victimization.
ANS: high-risk
lifestyles
LO:
6
REF: p.
10.
Concerning routine activities theory, police and homeowners
would be considered _________
_________.
ANS: capable
guardians
LO:
8
REF: p. 83
11.
According to Felson, crime rates increased due to changes in
peoples’ lifestyles after ____________.
ANS: World War II
LO:
8
REF: p. 83
12.
As defined by routine activities theory, a large number of
teenagers would be classified as _________
_________.
ANS: motivated offenders
LO:
8
REF: p. 83
13.
In _________
_________ _________, Cohen and Felson concluded that the volume
and distribution of predatory crime are closely related to the interaction of
three variables that reflect the routine activities of the typical American
lifestyle: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable
guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders.
ANS: routine activities
theory
LO:
8
REF: p. 83
14.
According to chronic victimization, _________ _________ refers
to victims who have some quality that is highly desirable to offenders.
ANS: target
gratifiability
LO:
7
REF: p. 84
15.
Local programs designed to assist victims and witnesses with
medical bills, transportation, loss of wages, counseling, and other needs
caused by the crime are called _________
_________ _________ _________.
ANS: victim-witness assistance
programs
LO: 9
REF: p. 87
MULTIPLE
CHOICE
1. Criminologists
who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as:
2. victimologists
3. sociologists
4. psychologists
5. behaviorists
ANS:
A
LO:
1
REF: p. 72
2. Although
it is difficult to estimate, criminologists estimate that a criminal costs
society approximately ________ .
3. $35,000
4. $27,000
5. $1,000,000
6. $2,000,000
ANS:
D
LO:
2
REF: p. 73
3. Victims
suffer stress and anxiety long after an incident is over. What of the following
is true about the long-term stress suffered by victims?
4. Any
stress experienced by young victims usually diminishes by the time the child
reaches adolescence.
5. Younger
victims are less prone to suffer PTSD than adult victims.
6. Childhood
trauma, including rape and molestation, is significantly associated with
visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations.
7. Unlike
spouse abuse, child abuse rarely leads to despair, depression, and
homelessness.
ANS: C
LO:
2
REF: p. 73
4. What
is known about the stress and anxiety suffered by crime victims?
5. The
stress and anxiety felt by victims lasts, on average, six months.
6. Stress
and anxiety felt by child victims peaks during adolescence and ends by the time
the child reaches adulthood.
7. The
stress and anxiety suffered by both adolescent and adult victims may be
long-term, lasting long after the incident is over and the justice process has
been forgotten.
8. Children
are resilient and the stress and anxiety they experience, as a result of
victimization, is short-term.
ANS:
C
LO:
2
REF: p. 73
5. The
abuse-crime phenomenon known as the cycle of violence impacts:
6. boys
more than girls
7. girls
more than boys
8. girls
and boys equally
9. girls
and boys equally but only if they experienced abuse prior to the age of ten
ANS:
C
LO:
3
REF: p. 75
6. What
percentage of students experience a crime at school in a given year?
7. 5
percent
8. 10
percent
9. 15
percent
10.
25 percent
ANS:
A
LO:
4
REF: p. 76
7. Referring
to the relationship between marital status and victimization, who is least
likely to become a crime victim?
8. someone
who is married
9. someone
who has never married
10.
someone who is divorced
11.
someone who is a widow
ANS:
D
LO:
4
REF: p. 78
8. Referring
to victims and their criminals, victims report that substance abuse is a factor
in how many violent crime incidents?
9. one-quarter
10.
one-third
11.
one-half
12.
two-thirds
ANS:
B
LO:
4
REF: p. 78
9. Elderly
individuals are more likely than younger individuals to be victims of which
type of crime?
10.
robbery
11.
rape
12.
fraud
13.
murder
ANS:
C
LO:
4
REF: p. 78
10.
According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, which type
of household would be least likely to contain crime victims or be the target of
burglary or larceny?
11.
rural, African American-owned homes in the West
12.
urban, white-owned homes in the Southeast
13.
suburban, African American-owned homes in the Northeast
14.
rural, white-owned homes in the Northeast
ANS:
D
LO:
5
REF: p. 78
11.
Sibling homicide is known as:
12.
siblicide
13.
paracide
14.
fratracide
15.
sistercide
ANS:
A
LO:
4
REF: p. 79
12.
What is known regarding repeat victimization/chronic
victimization?
13.
Most repeat victimizations occur soon after a previous crime has
been committed.
14.
Repeat victimizations are rare because victims tend to take
defensive action once victimized.
15.
Chronic victimization refers to people, not to property or
locations.
16.
Prior victimization has little, if any, impact on an individual’s
likelihood of becoming re-victimized.
ANS:
A
LO:
7
REF: p. 78
13.
Each year, 2.5 million times, victims use guns for defensive
purposes. What did Kleck’s research indicate regarding the use of guns for defensive
purposes?
14.
Defensive gun use is associated with higher rates of victim
injuries.
15.
Defensive gun use rarely results in collateral injury and that
potential victims should be encouraged to fight back.
16.
Defensive gun use is associated with crime hot spots.
17.
Defensive gun use is associated with personal violent crime more
so than property crime.
ANS:
B
LO:
4
REF: p. 78
14.
Why are the elderly especially susceptible to fraud schemes?
15.
The elderly are not especially susceptible; teens and young
adults are as likely to fall victim to fraud schemes.
16.
Because the elderly generally live alone, are lonely, and
possess financial resources that make them attractive targets.
17.
Because the elderly are often of lower economic status making
them attractive targets.
18.
The elderly are not especially susceptible to fraud schemes
because relatives or legal guardians typically control their finances.
ANS:
B
LO:
4
REF: p. 78
15.
Which age group experiences the most violent crime?
16.
those 65 years and older
17.
those 35-49 year old
18.
those 25-35 year old
19.
those 12-24 year old
ANS:
D
LO:
4
REF: p. 77
16.
Which ethnic group reports the highest rate of violent
victimization?
17.
blacks
18.
whites
19.
Hispanics
20.
Asians
ANS:
A
LO:
4
REF: p. 78
17.
Some people may actually initiate the confrontation that
eventually leads to their injury or death. This is
termed:
18.
lifestyle theory
19.
high-risk lifestyle
20.
deviant place theory
21.
victim precipitation theory
ANS:
D
LO:
6
REF: p. 80
18.
When victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words,
or even attack first, it is known as:
19.
passive precipitation
20.
active precipitation
21.
aggressive precipitation
22.
reactive precipitation
ANS:
B
LO:
6
REF: p. 80
19.
When the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that
unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker it is known as:
20.
passive precipitation
21.
active precipitation
22.
aggressive precipitation
23.
reactive precipitation
ANS:
A
LO:
6
REF: p. 80
20.
Not being able to find a job, Jane Smith becomes increasingly
frustrated as she visits her unemployment office each month. On Jane’s most
recent visit, she became verbally abusive and threatening to the unemployment
representative. Continuing her abusive tirade, Jane stood up and leaned
over the representative’s desk. In fear and frustration, the unemployment
representative hit Jane with a stapler that was on the desk. Jane’s
victimization in this case might be termed:
21.
passive precipitation
22.
active precipitation
23.
aggressive precipitation
24.
reactive precipitation
ANS:
C
LO:
6
REF: p. 80
21.
One’s chances of victimization are reduced by:
22.
staying single
23.
spending more time with family
24.
moving to the city
25.
being out and about after 10 p.m.
ANS:
B
LO: 8
REF: p. 78
22.
William is the first person in his school to get the latest
electronic gadget. All the other kids at his high school want the gadget
and admire it. According to which type of characteristic does this
represent that could make William more likely to be a victim of a crime?
23.
target vulnerability
24.
target gratifiability
25.
target antagonism
26.
target hardening
ANS:
B
LO:
7
REF: p. 78
23.
People with high-risk lifestyles have a much greater chance of
victimization. One element of a high-risk lifestyle is carrying a weapon. Males
who carry weapons are three times more likely to be victimized than males who
do not carry weapons. Why?
24.
Because carrying a weapon is associated with gang involvement,
whether a person is actually involved with a gang or not. This puts the person
at greater risk of victimization from those who actually are involved with
gangs.
25.
Because carrying a weapon emboldens a person and encourages them
to become involved in risk-taking behavior that they would not have otherwise
attempted.
26.
Because carrying a weapon is associated with snap-decision
making and lack of a rational thought process.
27.
Because carrying a weapon angers and instigates attacks from
those who are most likely to victimize another person.
ANS:
B
LO:
6
REF: p. 78
24.
The Smith’s home is burglarized. After the burglary, the
Smiths install a new security system and add additional locks to their doors
and windows. They are never a victim of a burglary again. What is
this an example of?
25.
target vulnerability
26.
target gratifiability
27.
target antagonism
28.
target hardening
ANS:
D
LO:
8
REF: p. 78
25.
The fact that some people’s activities and behaviors increase
their risk of victimization by increasing their potential to become
“opportunities” for criminal
offenders is the basis
of what theory?
26.
victim precipitation theory
27.
lifestyle theory
28.
routine activities theory
29.
deviant place theory
ANS:
B
LO:
8
REF: p. 81
26.
In routine activities theory, police and homeowners would be an
example of:
27.
suitable targets
28.
motivated offenders
29.
capable guardians
30.
protective sentinels
ANS:
C
LO:
6
REF: p. 83
27.
In routine activities theory, a large number of unemployed
teenagers would be an example of:
28.
suitable targets
29.
motivated offenders
30.
capable guardians
31.
protective sentinels
ANS:
B
LO:
8
REF: p. 83
28.
According to Felson’s research on the development of the
divergent metropolis, why did crime increase from 1960 to 1990?
29.
due to economic constraints that resulted in fewer police
officers on the streets
30.
due to a demographic bulge of young males in the suburban
population
31.
due to structural changes in American society
32.
due to the increasing existence of malls
ANS:
C
LO:
8
REF: p. 84
29.
Places containing elevated numbers of motivated offenders result
in an elevated chance of being victimized. Such places are termed:
30.
hot targets
31.
hot spots
32.
suitable targets
33.
chronic spots
ANS:
B
LO:
8
REF: p. 84
30.
According to routine activities theory, homes that contained
easily sellable objects such as laptop computers, stereos, and
television sets would be classified as:
31.
hot targets
32.
hot spots
33.
suitable targets
34.
chronic spots
ANS:
C
LO:
8
REF: p. 84
31.
Cohen and Felson argue that crime rates _______ between
1960-1980 because the
number of adult caretakers at home during the day decreased as a
result of increased female participation in the workforce.
1. decreased
2. skyrocketed
3. remained
stable
4. increased
ANS:
D
LO:
8
REF: p. 84
32.
Skyrocketing drug use in the _____ created an excess of
motivated offenders and the rates of some crimes, such as robbery, increased
dramatically.
33.
1960s
34.
1980s
35.
1990s
36.
2000s
ANS: B
LO:
8
REF: p. 85
33.
A local program to assist victims and witnesses with applying
for compensation, transportation, crisis
intervention, and other needs caused by a crime is known as:
34.
social services
35.
a victim-witness assistance program
36.
a crime crisis center
37.
a guardian ad
litem program
ANS:
B
LO:
1
REF: p. 89
34.
Which of the following is not typically covered by victim
compensation programs?
35.
replacement costs for stolen property
36.
loss of wages
37.
counseling expenses
38.
medical expenses
ANS:
A
LO:
9
REF: p. 90
35.
Which type of expense receives the largest coverage by victim
compensation
programs?
36.
medical expenses
37.
support for lost wages
38.
funeral expenses
39.
mental health counseling
ANS:
A
LO:
9
REF: p. 90
36.
Programs that are aimed at constructing restitution agreements
between the victim and the offender are:
37.
restitution agreement programs
38.
agreement programs
39.
compensation programs
40.
victim-offender reconciliation programs
ANS:
D
LO:
9
REF: p. 87
37.
The victim’s ability to address the sentencing judge and tell of
his or her experiences as a result of the victimization is known as a:
38.
victim’s compensation statement
39.
victims’ reconciliation statement
40.
victims’ restitution statement
41.
victims’ impact statement
ANS:
D
LO:
9
REF: p. 89
38.
According to Routine Activities theory, if a person is
intoxicated to the point where s/he is disoriented and walking home alone, s/he
may be viewed as a more ________ than a person walking with a non-intoxicated
person walking with a group.
39.
suitable target
40.
capable guardian
41.
motivated offender
42.
potential mark
ANS:
A
LO:
8
REF: p. 83
39.
Individuals who fight for victims’ rights are called:
40.
victim supporters
41.
victim arguers
42.
victim lawyers
43.
victim advocates
ANS:
D
LO:
9
REF: p. 88
40.
Which of the following rights in not generally contained within
states’ victims’ rights legislation?
41.
the right to be present at criminal justice proceedings
42.
the right to be protected from media coverage
43.
the right to be notified of proceedings and the status of the
defendant
44.
the right to make a statement at sentencing, and to receive
restitution from a convicted offender
ANS:
B
LO:
10 REF:
p. 89
TRUE/FALSE
1. Juvenile
violent crime alone costs the United States 160 billion every year.
ANS:
T
LO:
1
REF: p. 73
2. Research
shows that boys are more likely than girls to engage in violent behavior if
they are the victims of physical abuse.
ANS:
F
LO:
3
REF: p. 77
3. According
to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), about 23 million criminal
victimizations occur each year.
ANS:
T
LO:
1
REF: p. 73
4. Females
are more likely than men to be victims of sexual assaults.
ANS:
T
LO:
5
REF: p. 77
5. Elderly
individuals are more likely to be the victims of violent crimes than younger
people
ANS:
T
LO:
5
REF: p. 77
6. African
Americans are more likely to be victims of violent crime than Whites.
ANS:
T
LO:
5
REF: p. 78
7. The
NCVS indicates that rural, white homes in the Northeast are the most likely to
contain crime victims or to be the target of theft offenses, such as burglary
or larceny.
ANS:
F
LO:
5
REF: p. 76
8. Individuals
who have been crime victims maintain a significantly higher chance of future
victimization than people who have remained nonvictims.
ANS:
T
LO:
7
REF: p. 78
9. When
speaking of the relationship between victims and their criminals, victims
report that most crimes are committed by a single offender over age 20.
ANS:
T
LO:
6
REF: p. 78
10.
Active victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some
personal characteristic that unknowingly threatens or encourages the attacker.
ANS:
F
LO:
6
REF: p. 80
11.
According to the victim precipitation view, some people may
actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or
death.
ANS:
T
LO:
1
REF: p. 80
12.
One’s risk of victimization can be reduced by staying home at
night, moving to a rural area, and getting married.
ANS:
T
LO:
8
REF: p. 78
13.
According to deviant place theory, deviant places are defined as
lightly populated, residential neighborhoods with a disproportionate number of
young males.
ANS:
F
LO:
8
REF: p. 82
14.
Victim-offender reconciliation programs (VORPs) use mediators to
facilitate face-to-face encounters between victims and their attackers.
ANS:
T
LO:
8
REF: p. 87
15.
The Omnibus Victim Witness and Protection Act required the use
of victim impact statements in federal cases.
ANS:
T
LO:
10 REF:
p. 87
ESSAY
1. Identify
and discuss the societal costs of victimization.
ANS: Although it is difficult to estimate how much
crime costs, criminologists believe the typical offender costs the United
States about 2 million a year. Violent crime by juveniles costs the United
States 160 billion per year. These estimates includes costs incurred by
federal, state, and local governments to assist victims as well as costs to the
victim.
LO:
2
REF: p. 72-73
2. Discuss
the individual costs and problems suffered by victims of crime.
ANS: In addition to societal costs, victims suffer
long-term lasses in earnings and occupational attainment. Some victims are
physically disabled as a result of physical wounds. If the victims have no
insurance, long-term health issues can also lead to more financial difficulties.
Victims also can suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental
problems.
LO:
2
REF: p. 73
3. Discuss
the fear that crime creates, the different types of fear associated with crime,
and how crime can change peoples’ behaviors.
ANS: Many people fear crime. Fear of crime is
especially prevalent among elderly individuals. Hearing about crime can cause
people to be more fearful and for them to change their lifestyles. Even if
people are not personally victimized, they may fear crime because they observe
or are exposed to violence. These observations can be either direct or
indirect.
LO:
2
REF: p. 74
4. Identify
and discuss the three characteristics that predict one’s risk of chronic
victimization.
ANS:
The three characteristics that predict victimization are target vulnerability,
target gratifiability, and target antagonism. Target vulnerability refers
to the weakness of the victim or the victim’s ability to resist crime.
Target gratifiability refers to a quality, possession, skill or attribute that
an offender wants to obtain, use, or have access to. Target antagonism is
a characteristic that increase risk because they arouse anger, jealousy or destructive
impulses.
LO:
4
REF: p. 78
5. What
is the cycle of violence? Discuss the evidence that indicate a link between
victimization and crime exists.
ANS: The cycle of violence refers to the phenomenon
that criminals and victims are often the same individuals. Research shows
that both boys and girls are more likely to engage in violent behavior if they
were victims of physical abuse and were exposed to violent behavior and
weapons. People who were physically or sexually abused are more likely to
smoke, drink, and take drugs than people who were not abused. Evidence to
indicate a link exists between victimization and crime includes findings
showing that victimization causes social problems, victimization causes stress
and anger, and that victimization prompts revenge.
LO:
3
REF: p. 75
6. Define
and discuss active and passive victim precipitation. Do you think it is just to
blame victims for their role in crime? Explain your view.
ANS: Active precipitation occurs when victims act
provocatively, use fighting words, or attack first. Passive precipitation
occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristics that unknowingly
either threatens or encourages the attacker. Passive precipitation can even
occur when the victim has never actually met the attacker.
LO:
6
REF: p. 80
7. Discuss
lifestyle theory and how it increases one’s risk of being victimized. Include
in your response how the variables of age and marital status contribute to
lifestyle theory.
ANS:
Lifestyle theory focuses on the lifestyle of the victim to determine whether
demographic makeup and lifestyle affect the occurrence of victimization.
Age factors into this because younger individuals share more demographics with
offenders and typically spend more time with friends and less time at home with
family. Marriage also affects an individual’s lifestyle, as people who
are married are more likely to stay home with family and spend less time with
non-family members.
LO:
8
REF: p. 81
8. Which
victim characteristics are most dominant among victims? Explain how each is
related to crime.
ANS: Except in the cases of rape and sexual assault,
males are more likely to be victims of crimes than females. Young people
also have a higher likelihood of victimization than older people. The
poorest Americans are the most likely to be victims of violent and property
crime. African Americans are about twice as likely as European Americans
to be victims of violent crime. Non-married individuals also have higher
rates of victimization than married individuals.
LO:
6
REF: p. 76-77
9. Explain
of the three components of Felson’s routine activities theory. Provide examples
of how each can affect crime.
ANS: Routine activities theory argues that if a
motivated offender and a suitable target converge in time and space with a lack
of a capable guardian, a crime will occur. During times when more
motivated offenders are present, crimes rates will be higher.
Additionally, when more suitable targets are present, crime will also
increase. Items are victims are considered more suitable when they
present little risks and are desirable. How suitable a target is can be
influenced by such things as its value and size. A capable guardian can
be anyone who could potentially intervene and stop a crime. Therefore, a
capable guarding can be a criminal justice official such as a police officer or
an ordinary citizen.
LO:
8
REF: p. 83-84
10.
Due to the influence of victims’ rights advocates, every state
now has a legal set of victims’ rights in its codes of law. Identify the rights
legally afforded victims within these Victims’ Bills of Rights.
ANS: The Victims’ Bills of Rights providers crime
victims with the following rights 1) the right to be reasonably protected from
the accused, 2) the right to reasonable, accurate and timely notice of public
court proceeding involving the crime, 3) the right not be excluded from such
proceedings, 4) the right to be heard in public proceedings, 5) the right to
confer with the attorney for the government, 6) the right to full and timely
restitution, 7) the right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay, 8) the
right to be treated with fairness and respect.
LO:
10
REF: p. 90-91
Siegel_CTPT_11e_TB_ch05
TEST BANK
COMPLETION
1. The
first scientific studies of criminology that applied the positivist model were
conducted by _________.
ANS:
physiognomists
LO:
1
REF: p. 141
2. Sociobiology
differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological
and genetic conditions affect how social behaviors are _________ and _________.
ANS: learned,
perceived
LO:
1
REF: p. 142
3. Lombroso
argued that born criminals were ________ whose behavior could be explained by their
primitive traits.
ANS:
atavists
LO:
1
REF: p. 142
4. _________ is a
condition that occurs when glucose (sugar) in the blood falls below levels
necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning.
ANS:
Hypoglycemia
LO:
3
REF: p. 145
5. A
number of biosocial theorists believe that abnormal levels of male sex hormones
called _________ produce
aggressive behavior and may explain gender differences in the crime rate.
ANS: androgens
LO:
2
REF: p. 146
6. The
study of brain activity is termed _________.
Some researchers believe neurological and physical abnormalities are acquired
as early as the fetal or prenatal stage and that they control behavior
throughout the life span.
ANS:
neurophysiology
LO:
3
REF: p. 148
7. Research
shows that those who start drinking before 14 are ________ times more likely to
become alcoholics.
ANS:
five
LO:
2
REF: p.144
8. Many
children with ADHD also suffer from _________
_________ and continually engage in aggressive and
anti-social behavior in early childhood.
ANS: conduct
disorder
LO:
7
REF: p. 150
9. It is
possible that what appears to be a genetic effect, evidenced in twin research,
is actually the effect of sibling influence on criminality referred to as
the _________
_________
ANS: contagion
effect
LO:
7
REF: p. 154
10.
According to _________
_________, over the history of the human species, aggressive
males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool.
ANS: evolutionary theory
LO:
8
REF: p. 154
11.
The _________ develops as a result of incorporating moral
standards and values within the personality.
ANS:
superego
LO:
9
REF: p. 157
12.
Psychologist John Bowlby believed that the ability to form _________– that is,
emotionally bond to another person – has important lasting psychological
implications that follow people across the life span.
ANS:
attachments
LO:
9
REF: p. 157
13.
Television violence increases the _________ _________ of
viewers and makes them more prone to act aggressively.
ANS: arousal levels
LO: 10
REF: p. 162
14.
_________ _________focuses
on the mental processes and how people perceive and mentally represent the
world around them and solve problems.
ANS: Cognitive
theory
LO:
10 REF:
p. 164
15.
_________ _________ suffer
complex behavior delusions involving wrongdoing or persecution, resulting in
the thought that everyone is out to get them.
ANS: Paranoid
schizophrenics
LO:
10 REF:
p. 159
MULTIPLE
CHOICE
1. ____
involves employing the scientific method to produce research findings that can
validate a theory.
2. Positivism
3. Classicalism
4. Utilitarianism
5. Deontology
ANS:
A
LO:
1
REF: p. 141
2. According
to William Sheldon, who believed that criminals manifest distinct
physiques, which somatotype was most likely to become criminal?
1. endomorph
2. mesomorph
3. ectomorph
4. mendomorph
ANS:
B
LO:
1
REF: p. 142
3. Which
criminologist believed that criminals could be identified by observing physical
traits of offenders?
4. Beccaria
5. Bentham
6. Lombroso
7. Durkheim
ANS:
C
LO:
1
REF: p. 142
4. Sociobiology
differs from earlier theories of behavior in that it stresses that biological
and genetic conditions affect:
5. how
cognitive processes develop from birth to adulthood
6. how
cognitive processes shape socialization and perception
7. how
social behaviors are learned and perceived (CO 1, p. 131)
8. how
social behaviors are transmitted
ANS:
B
LO: 10
REF: p. 142
5. Lombroso
believed that criminals were biological throwbacks to an earlier time. He
called these born criminals:
6. cons
7. atavists
8. criminoloids
9. primitive
offenders
ANS:
B
LO:
10 REF:
p. 142
6. The
belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when
attempting to understand human nature is known as:
7. choice
theory
8. biophobia
9. nature
theory
10.
nurture theory
ANS: B
LO:
1
REF: p. 142
7. The
belief that all humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve is
known as:
8. latent
potential
9. equipotentiality
10.
shared potential
11.
biopotentiality
ANS:
B
LO: 2
REF: p. 143
8. A
prison warden employs a biosocial theorist to develop a plan to reduce
institutional violence. What major change might the biosocial theorist
recommend?
9. allowing
inmates to receive prescriptions for Viagra
10.
increasing inmates’ testosterone levels
11.
decreasing vitamin and mineral supplements to inmates
12.
decreasing the amount of artificial colors and flavors present
in the
inmates’ food
ANS:
D
LO:
2
REF: p. 143
9. A condition
that occurs when glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for
normal and efficient brain functioning is known as:
1. glycemic
disorder
2. hypoglycemia
3. glycogen
deficiency
4. glucose
intolerance
ANS:
B
LO: 2
REF: p. 145
10.
A number of environmental contaminants have been associated with
emotional and behavioral disorders. Which of the following has been linked to
aggressive behaviors on both a macro- or national level and on a micro- or
individual level?
11.
cadmium
12.
lead
13.
copper
14.
zinc
ANS:
B
LO:
2
REF: p. 147
11.
Which of the following statements pertaining to the link between
lead and crime is inaccurate?
12.
Lead ingestion is linked to lower IQ scores, a factor linked to
aggressive behavior.
13.
Criminologists have reported that areas with the highest
concentration of lead also reported the highest levels of homicide.
14.
Lead exposure is linked to mental illnesses, which have been
linked to antisocial behaviors.
15.
The average blood lead level has increased over the past decade.
ANS:
D
LO: 2
REF: p. 147
12.
Biosocial theorists have evaluated the association between
violent behavior episodes and hormone levels. Their findings suggest that
abnormal levels of these male sex hormones influence the neocortex and have
been linked to aggressive behavior.
13.
androgens
14.
glycogens
15.
endorphins
16.
endogens
ANS:
A
LO:
2
REF: p. 146
13.
It has been argued that declining levels of what hormone cause
the aging-out process?
14.
estrogen
15.
serotonin
16.
testosterone
17.
progesterone
ANS:
B
LO:
2
REF: p. 146
14.
The onset of the menstrual cycle triggers excessive amounts of
female sex hormones that affect antisocial, aggressive behavior. This condition
is commonly referred to as:
15.
premenstrual syndrome
16.
paranoia
17.
postpartum depression
18.
bipolar disorder
ANS:
A
LO:
2
REF: p. 146
15.
Neurological deficits may interact with another trait or social
condition to produce antisocial behaviors. Research conducted by Raine found
that children who had experienced birth complications and who then experienced
______ were more likely to engage in criminal offending than children who did
not experience these factors.
16.
paternal rejection
17.
maternal rejection
18.
bullying at school
19.
peer pressure
ANS:
B
LO:
3
REF: p. 149
16.
____ cause an excessive reaction in the brain, whereas ____
affect the nervous system. Both are linked to mental, emotional, and behavioral
problems.
17.
Endo-allergies; neuroallergies
18.
Neuroallergies; cerebral allergies
19.
Cerebral allergies; neuroallergies
20.
Neuroallergies; endo-allergies
ANS:
C
LO: 3
REF: p. 147
17.
Explosive rage disorder is considered an important cause of
spouse and child abuse, suicide, aggressiveness, and motiveless homicide. This
disorder is a type of:
18.
cerebral allergy
19.
minimal brain dysfunction
20.
hormonal imbalance
21.
neurotransmitter disorder
ANS:
B
LO:
3
REF: p. 149
18.
Why are left-handers disproportionately represented in the
criminal population?
19.
due to high levels of serotonin in the brain
20.
due to rightward shifts in brain functioning resulting from high
levels of androgens
21.
due to the increased propensity for brain tumors found in
left-handers that causes antisocial behavior
22.
due to high levels of testosterone in the brain
ANS:
B
LO:
3
REF: p. 152
19.
A disorder in which a child shows a developmentally
inappropriate lack of attention and an excess of impulsivity is known as:
20.
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
21.
oppositional defiance disorder
22.
impulse dysfunctional disorder
23.
conduct disorder
ANS:
A
LO:
3
REF: p. 159
20.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often
accompanied by which disorder?
21.
rule disorder
22.
low testosterone
23.
high testosterone
24.
conduct disorder
ANS:
D
LO: 3
REF: p. 159
21.
The notion that some individuals may engage in crime due to the
attraction of
“getting away with it” is known as:
1. risk
theory
2. arousal
theory
3. thrill-seeking
theory
4. conduct
disorder
ANS:
B
LO:
3
REF: p. 152
Comments
Post a Comment