Dental Radiography principals and Techniques 5th edition by Joen Iannucci-Test Bank
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Sample
Test
Chapter 03: Radiation Characteristics
Iannucci: Dental Radiography, 5th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In
dental radiography, the term ________ is used to describe the mean energy or
penetrating ability of the x-ray beam.
|
a. |
quality |
|
b. |
quantity |
|
c. |
intensity |
|
d. |
wavelength |
ANS: A
Quality is used to describe the mean energy or penetrating
ability of the x-ray beam. Quantity refers to the number of x-rays produced.
Intensity is defined as the product of the quantity and quality per unit of
area per time of exposure. Wavelength determines the energy and penetrating
power of radiation.
DIF:
Recall
REF: Page 24
OBJ: 1
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B.1. Demonstrate knowledge of the
factors affecting x-ray production
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
2. Which
of the following statements is true of
wavelength in reference to radiation?
|
a. |
X-rays with shorter
wavelength have less penetrating power. |
|
b. |
X-rays with longer
wavelength have less penetrating power. |
|
c. |
X-rays with longer
wavelength are less likely to be absorbed by matter. |
|
d. |
Milliamperage controls the
wavelength and energy of the x-ray beam. |
ANS: B
X-rays with longer wavelength have less penetrating power and
x-rays with shorter wavelengths have more penetrating power. X-rays with longer
wavelength are more likely to be absorbed by matter. Kilovoltage controls the
wavelength and energy of the x-ray beam.
DIF:
Recall
REF: Page 24
OBJ: 2
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the principles of
radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
3. ______________
is a measurement of force that refers to the potential difference between two
electrical charges.
|
a. |
Exposure time |
|
b. |
Wavelength |
|
c. |
Voltage |
|
d. |
Ampere |
ANS: C
Exposure time refers to the interval of time during which x-rays
are produced. Wavelength can be defined as the distance between the crest of
one wave and the crest of the next wave. Voltage is a measurement of force that
refers to the potential difference between two electrical charges. Ampere is
the unit of measure used to describe the number of electrons, or current,
flowing through the cathode filament.
DIF: Recall
REF: Pages 3-4 OBJ:
1
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
4. When
the kilovoltage is increased
|
a. |
electrons move from the
anode to the cathode with more speed. |
|
b. |
photons move from the anode
to the cathode with more speed. |
|
c. |
electrons move from the
cathode to the anode with more speed. |
|
d. |
photons move from the
cathode to the anode with more speed. |
ANS: C
Electrons move from the cathode to the anode. When the voltage
is increased, electrons move from the cathode to the anode with more speed,
striking the target with greater energy and force.
DIF:
Comprehension
REF: Page 24
OBJ: 2
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
5. Which
of the following statements is true of
the use of voltage in dental x-ray equipment?
|
a. |
Dental x-ray equipment
requires the use of 3 to 5 volts. |
|
b. |
Dental x-ray equipment
requires the use of less than 60 kilovolts. |
|
c. |
Dental x-ray equipment uses
more than 70 kilovolts. |
|
d. |
Dental x-ray equipment
requires the use of 60 to 70 kilovolts. |
ANS: D
The filament circuit requires 3 to 5 volts; however, an exposure
requires the use of 60 to 70 kilovolts (kV). The use of less than 60 kV does
not allow adequate penetration. Current dental x-ray equipment uses between 60
and 70 kV; requires the use of 60 to 70 kV.
DIF:
Recall
REF: Pages 24-25 OBJ: 2
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire radiographic
images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the principles of
radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
6. When
contrasted with the use of 70 kV for dental x-rays, the use of 60 kV produces
|
a. |
more penetrating dental
x-rays with longer wavelength. |
|
b. |
less penetrating dental
x-rays with longer wavelength. |
|
c. |
more penetrating dental x-rays
with shorter wavelength. |
|
d. |
less penetrating dental
x-rays with shorter wavelength. |
ANS: B
The use of 60 kV produces less penetrating dental x-rays with
longer wavelengths than 70 kV. The use of 70 kV for dental x-rays produces more
penetrating dental x-rays with shorter wavelength than the use of 60 kV.
DIF:
Comprehension
REF: Pages 24-25 OBJ: 2
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
7. The
kVp represents
|
a. |
the mean x-ray tube
voltage. |
|
b. |
the mean filament voltage. |
|
c. |
the maximum or peak voltage
of an alternating current. |
|
d. |
the maximum or peak voltage
of a direct current. |
ANS: C
The kVp represents the maximum or peak x-ray tube voltage of an alternating
current.
DIF:
Recall
REF: Page 24
OBJ: 1 | 2
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
8. When
kilovolt is increased, a
|
a. |
lower energy x-ray beam
with increased penetrating ability results. |
|
b. |
lower energy x-ray beam
with decreased penetrating ability results. |
|
c. |
higher energy x-ray beam
with increased penetrating ability results. |
|
d. |
higher energy x-ray beam
with decreased penetrating ability results. |
ANS: C
A higher energy x-ray beam with increased penetrating ability
results. When kilovolt peak is increased, a higher energy x-ray beam with
increased penetrating ability results.
DIF:
Recall
REF: Page 24
OBJ: 2
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
9. (1) Density is
the overall darkness or blackness of a dental image. (2) When the kilovoltage
is increased while other exposure factors remain constant, the resultant image
exhibits a decreased density and appears lighter.
|
a. |
Both statements are true. |
|
b. |
Both statements are false. |
|
c. |
The first statement is
true; the second statement is false. |
|
d. |
The first statement is
false; the second statement is true. |
ANS: C
The first statement is true; however, when the kilovolt is
increased while other exposure factors remain constant, the resultant image
exhibits an increased density and appears darker. Both statements are true.
Density is the overall darkness or blackness of a dental image. The first statement
is true; however, the second statement is false.
DIF:
Recall
REF: Page 25
OBJ: 1 | 3
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
10. When
lower kilovoltage settings are used, an image with ____ will result.
|
a. |
high contrast |
|
b. |
low contrast |
|
c. |
many shades of gray |
|
d. |
there is no change in
contrast |
ANS: A
When low kilovoltage settings are used, an image with high
contrast will result; an image with few shades of gray will result (high
contrast).
DIF:
Recall
REF: Page 25
OBJ: 3
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
11. An
image with “low” contrast
|
a. |
is useful for the detection
of periodontal or periapical disease and has many shades of gray. |
|
b. |
is useful for the detection
and progression of dental caries and has many shades of gray. |
|
c. |
is useful for the detection
of periodontal or periapical disease and has many black and white areas. |
|
d. |
is useful for the detection
and progression of dental caries and has many black and white areas. |
ANS: A
An image with low contrast has many shades of gray and is useful
for the detection of periodontal or periapical disease. An image with high
contrast has many black and white areas and is useful for the detection and
progression of dental caries. An image with low contrast is useful for the
detection of periodontal or periapical disease, but it has many shades of gray.
DIF:
Recall
REF: Page 25
OBJ: 3
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
12. Exposure
time is measured in
|
a. |
kV. |
|
b. |
milliamperage. |
|
c. |
density. |
|
d. |
impulses. |
ANS: D
kV is a measure of voltage. Milliamperage is a measure of the
number of electrons flowing through the cathode filament. Density is a measure
of the darkness of the film. Exposure time is measured in impulses; one impulse
occurs every 1/60 of a second on older machines and every 1/100 of a second on
newer machines.
DIF:
Recall
REF: Page 26
OBJ: 1 | 5
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
13. The
quantity of the x-rays produced is controlled by
|
a. |
voltage. |
|
b. |
kilovoltage. |
|
c. |
kilovoltage peak. |
|
d. |
milliamperage. |
ANS: D
Voltage controls the maximum penetrating power of the electrons.
Kilovoltage is the term for 1000 volts as dental exposures require large
amounts of voltage. Kilovoltage peak represents the maximum voltage available
and is only found with alternating current machines. The quantity of the x-rays
produced is controlled by milliamperage.
DIF:
Recall
REF: Page 26
OBJ: 1 | 4
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
14. Milliamperage
regulates the _________ of electrons produced at the cathode filament.
|
a. |
quality |
|
b. |
quantity |
|
c. |
speed |
|
d. |
power |
ANS: B
Voltage regulates the quality (speed or power) of electrons
produced at the cathode filament. Milliamperage regulates the quantity of
electrons produced at the cathode filament.
DIF:
Comprehension
REF: Page 26
OBJ: 4
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
15. In
regard to increasing density
|
a. |
an increase in either kV or
mA will increase density. |
|
b. |
an increase in kV will
increase density, but an increase in mA will not increase density. |
|
c. |
an increase in mA will
increase density, but an increase in kV will not increase density. |
|
d. |
neither an increase in kV
nor an increase in mA will increase density. |
ANS: A
In regard to increasing density, an increase in either kV or mA
will increase density.
DIF: Comprehension
REF: Pages 25, 27 OBJ: 3 | 5
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
16. Which
of the following changes will increase x-ray beam intensity?
|
a. |
Decreasing the kilovoltage |
|
b. |
Decreasing the
milliamperage |
|
c. |
Decreasing the exposure
time |
|
d. |
Decreasing the
source-to-film distance |
ANS: D
Decreasing the kilovoltage will decrease x-ray beam intensity.
Decreasing the milliamperage will decrease x-ray beam intensity. Decreasing the
exposure time will decrease x-ray beam intensity. Decreasing the source-to-film
distance will increase x-ray beam intensity.
DIF:
Comprehension
REF: Pages 27, 28 OBJ: 6
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
17. According
to the inverse square law, the intensity of radiation is __________
proportional to the ______________ from the source of radiation.
|
a. |
directly; distance |
|
b. |
directly; square of the
distance |
|
c. |
inversely; distance |
|
d. |
inversely; square of the
distance |
ANS: D
The intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance from the source of radiation.
DIF: Comprehension
REF: Page 27
OBJ: 1 | 7
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
18. According
to the inverse square law, if the length of the PID is halved, the resultant
beam is ___________ as intense.
|
a. |
four times |
|
b. |
twice |
|
c. |
half |
|
d. |
one quarter |
ANS: D
According to the inverse square law, if the length of the PID is
halved, the resultant beam is four times as intense.
DIF: Comprehension
REF: Pages 27, 29 OBJ: 7
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
19. Aluminum
filters are used to remove _______-energy, ________ wavelength x-rays.
|
a. |
low; longer |
|
b. |
high; longer |
|
c. |
low; shorter |
|
d. |
high; shorter |
ANS: A
Aluminum filters are used to remove low-energy, longer
wavelength x-rays.
DIF:
Recall
REF: Page 29
OBJ: 8
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire radiographic
images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the principles of
radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
20. Aluminum
filters
|
a. |
remove more penetrating
x-rays from the beam. |
|
b. |
decrease the mean
penetrating ability of the x-ray beam. |
|
c. |
remove high-energy x-rays
from the beam. |
|
d. |
reduce the intensity of the
x-ray beam. |
ANS: D
Aluminum filters remove less penetrating x-rays from the beam.
Aluminum filters increase the mean penetrating ability of the x-ray beam.
Aluminum filters remove low-energy x-rays from the beam. Aluminum filters
reduce the intensity of the x-ray beam.
DIF:
Comprehension
REF: Page 29
OBJ: 8
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
21. You
have been using a dental x-ray machine that has a 4-inch PID. Your new machine
has an 8-inch PID. Given that all exposure factors remain the same, according
to the inverse square law, the resultant beam would be ___________ as intense.
|
a. |
four times |
|
b. |
twice |
|
c. |
half |
|
d. |
one quarter |
ANS: D
According to the inverse square law, if the length of the PID is
doubled, the resultant beam is one quarter as intense.
DIF: Application
REF: Page 29
OBJ: 8
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
22. (1)
As kilovoltage, milliamperage, and time increase, x-ray beam intensity
decreases. (2) As distance and filtration increase, the intensity of the x-ray
beam increases.
|
a. |
Both statements are true. |
|
b. |
Both statements are false. |
|
c. |
The first statement is
true; the second statement is false. |
|
d. |
The first statement is
false; the second statement is true. |
ANS: B
Both statements are false; 1. An increase in kilovoltage,
milliamperage, and/or time will increase the intensity of the x-ray beam. 2. An
increase in distance and/or filtration will decrease the intensity of the x-ray
beam.
DIF:
Comprehension
REF: Page 27
OBJ: 8
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
23. You
have taken your first dental image on your patient. The contrast is high and
you are looking for periodontal disease. You are using a DC machine and you
have control of your settings. You have a 60- to 70-kV range and a 6- to 8-mA
range. You had the kV set at 60, the mA set at 7, and the impulses set at 6/100.
While leaving all other settings the same, which setting would you adjust to
create better contrast for detecting periodontal disease?
|
a. |
Increase kV to 70. |
|
b. |
Increase mA to 8. |
|
c. |
Decrease mA to 6. |
|
d. |
Increase time to 7/100. |
ANS: A
The only factor that affects contrast is kV. kV affects the
penetrating ability of the x-ray beam. A higher kV creates a lower contrast
image (more shades of gray) while a lower kV creates a higher contrast image
(more black and white). A low-contrast image is preferred for detecting
periodontal and periapical diseases. A high-contrast image is preferred for
detecting caries. Increasing mA affects density, not contrast. Decreasing mA
affects density, not contrast. Increasing and decreasing time affect density,
not contrast.
DIF: Application
REF: Page 25
OBJ: 2 | 5
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
24. You
are going to take dental images on your patient. He is larger than average.
What machine setting adjustment should you make prior to taking dental images?
|
a. |
Increase kV. |
|
b. |
Increase mA. |
|
c. |
Increase impulses. |
|
d. |
You don’t need to make any
adjustments. |
ANS: C
Although an increase in kV will increase density, it is
recommended that the only setting you change is impulses. Although an increase
in mA will increase density, it is recommended that the only setting you change
is impulses. It is recommended that impulses be increased when taking dental
images on a patient who is larger than average. Failure to do so will result in
an image that is too light and may require retakes or an adjustment of the
enhancement software.
DIF: Application
REF: Page 26
OBJ: 6
TOP: CDA, RHS, I.B.1. Describe how to acquire
radiographic images using various techniques | CDA, RHS, III.B. Apply the
principles of radiation protection and hazards in the operation of radiographic
equipment
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology
Chapter 04: Radiation Biology
Iannucci: Dental Radiography, 5th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. (1)
All ionizing radiations cause damage to living tissues. (2) Although very
little radiation is used in dentistry, damage to the cells does occur.
|
a. |
Both statements are true. |
|
b. |
Both statements are false. |
|
c. |
The first statement is
true; the second statement is false. |
|
d. |
The first statement is
false; the second statement is true. |
ANS: A
All ionizing radiations are harmful and produce biologic changes
in living tissue. The amount of radiation used in dental radiography is small,
but biologic damage does occur. The amount of radiation used in dental radiography
is small, but biologic damage does occur. All ionizing radiations are harmful
and produce biologic changes in living tissue.
DIF:
Comprehension
REF: Page 31
OBJ: 1
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.C.2. Demonstrate understanding of
x-radiation biology
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology | NBDHE, 2.2 Principles
of radiologic health
2. What
specific mechanism of radiation injury may result in the formation of hydrogen
peroxide when x-ray energy is absorbed by patients?
|
a. |
An ejected high-speed
electron may interact with other atoms within absorbing tissues. |
|
b. |
Free radical formation
created by the ionization of water may occur. |
|
c. |
Unequal charge distribution
may result in negative electrical potential. |
|
d. |
Creation of a magnetic
field may cause polarization. |
ANS: B
This is an example of ionization; hydrogen peroxide may be
formed as a result of free radical formation. Free radical formation created by
the ionization of water may occur. Hydrogen peroxide may be formed as a result
of the recombination of free radicals created by the ionization of water.
DIF: Comprehension
REF: Page 31
OBJ: 2
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.C.2. Demonstrate understanding of
x-radiation biology
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology | NBDHE, 2.2 Principles
of radiologic health
3. Which
of the following statements is true regarding
the direct theory of radiation injury?
|
a. |
It involves absorption of
an x-ray photon by water within a cell. |
|
b. |
It involves the formation
of toxins that damage the cell. |
|
c. |
It involves damage to the
critical areas of a cell through direct contact with the x-ray photon. |
|
d. |
It involves the formation
of free radicals. |
ANS: C
The indirect theory of radiation injury involves absorption of
an x-ray photon by water within a cell. The indirect theory of radiation injury
involves the formation of toxins that damage cells. The direct theory of
radiation injury involves a direct hit to and absorption of an x-ray photon
within critical areas of a cell. The indirect theory of radiation injury
involves the formation of free radicals.
DIF:
Comprehension
REF: Page 31
OBJ: 2
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.C.2. Demonstrate understanding of
x-radiation biology
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology | NBDHE, 2.2 Principles
of radiologic health
4. The
indirect theory proposes that
|
a. |
toxins are created from the
formation of free radicals. |
|
b. |
ionizing radiation strikes
critical areas within cells. |
|
c. |
direct injuries occur more
frequently than indirect injuries. |
|
d. |
changes occur to the
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of a cell. |
ANS: A
The indirect theory proposes that free radicals combine to form
toxins. The direct theory proposes that ionizing radiation directly hits
critical areas within cells. Indirect injuries occur more frequently than
direct injuries. The direct theory proposes that the deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) of a cell is damaged during radiation exposure.
DIF:
Comprehension
REF: Page 31
OBJ: 2
TOP: CDA, RHS, III.C.2. Demonstrate understanding of
x-radiation biology
MSC: NBDHE, 2.0 Obtaining and Interpreting Radiographs |
NBDHE, 2.1 Principles of radiophysics and radiobiology | NBDHE, 2.2 Principles
of radiologic health
5. According
to the dose-response curve, when dose and damage are plotted on a graph, a
_____________________ relationship is seen.
|
a. |
nonlinear, nonthreshold |
|
b. |
linear, nonthreshold |
|
c. |
nonlinear, threshold |
|
d. |
linear, threshold |
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