Deviance And Social Control A Sociological Perspective 2nd Edition by Michelle L. -Test Bank
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Sample
Test
Chapter 3
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. If a
researcher is studying juvenile delinquents and would like to interview children
participating in a community service group as part of their court sentencing,
the researcher would need to obtain:
2. a)
approval from the head researcher.
3. b)
human subject research approval.
4. c)
approval from the court .
5. d) a
copy of a valid form of identification.
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. The
“gold standard” for determining causal relationships is what type of research?
3. a)
Participant observation research
4. b)
Field research
5. c)
Experimental research
6. d)
Content analysis research
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. Random
assignment is important in experimental research because:
4. a) it
assures internal validity is maintained.
5. b) it
assures external validity is maintained.
6. c) it
is a snowball sampling technique.
7. d) at
root, it is the same as random selection.
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Research
on deviance is often _____________, focused on factors associated with how
deviance is distributed across different groups or factors thought to be causes
or consequences of deviance.
5. a)
historical
6. b)
experimental
7. c)
descriptive
8. d)
quasi-experimental
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Which
of the following is true regarding the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report?
6. a)
The Uniform Crime Report was developed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) in the 1950s.
7. b)
Data from nearly 1,000 police agencies are compiled by the bureau and presented
online and in many published documents.
8. c)
Data are included on violent crimes (murder, forcible rape, robbery, and
aggravated assault) and property crimes (burglary, larceny theft, and motor
vehicle theft) known by the police.
9. d)
Data are generally not provided in terms of numbers and rates as it is
impossible to organize these by region, state, and city and for longitudinal
comparisons.
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
6. Experimental
research examines a causal relationship, which involves which two variables?
7. a)
Cause and correlation
8. b)
Correlation and effect
9. c)
Cause and effect
10. d)
None of the above
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. _______________
would require the researcher to conduct participant observation research as a
part of field research.
8. a)
Content analysis
9. b)
Quasi-experimental
10. c)
Ethnographic field research
11. d)
Electronic survey research
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Difficult
8. If a
researcher is conducting a quasi-experimental research design, he/she will use
what sampling technique?
9. a)
Random selection
10. b)
Random assignment
11. c)
Snowballing technique
12. d)
Nonrandom assignment
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Difficult
9. The
___________________________ was established after the Nuremberg Code. It is
comprised of very important committees established to review and approve
research involving human subjects.
10. a)
Drug Use Research Policy
11. b)
Institutional Review Board
12. c)
Nuremberg Violence Code
13. d)
Title IX of Educational Amendments
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. A
student conducts a study on texting behaviors among college students using closed-ended
questions where participants’ answers are provided on a five-point Likert
scale, ranging “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”. This type of research
is called _________ research.
11. a)
content analysis
12. b)
quasi-experimental
13. c)
survey
14. d)
participant observation
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
True/False
1. Quasi-experimental
research focuses less on internal validity and random assignment than
experimental research.
Ans: TRUE
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Experimental
research examines correlational relationships.
Ans: FALSE
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Difficult
3. Survey
researchers only conduct closed-ended questions in order to ensure responses
are predetermined.
Ans: FALSE
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. Participant
observation research can be covert or overt.
Ans: TRUE
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
5. If a
researcher is interested in examining graffiti artists in their natural
environment in attempt to understand the subculture of graffiti artists and the
meanings behind their work, a content analysis approach would be best for this
research.
Ans: FALSE
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Difficult
6. In order
to conduct a content analysis, the researcher must consider the systematic
coding scheme that will be used to objectively examine emerging themes.
Ans: TRUE
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. Research
on deviance is often descriptive, meaning it is focused on factors associated
with how deviance is distributed across different groups or factors thought to
be causes or consequences of deviance.
Ans: TRUE
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
8. Confidentiality,
informed consent, and anonymity are no longer important to research on deviance
and crime because of the Institutional Review Board’s political agenda.
Ans: FALSE
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. Field
research includes a range of observations, from pure observer to participant
observation.
Ans: TRUE
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
10. Primary
data sources include data that are already collected and readily available for
the researcher to analyze.
Ans: FALSE
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
Short Answer
1. List
the characteristics of survey research as discussed in the book.
Ans:
Characteristics of Survey Research:
·
a sample of a target population
o issue
of convenience
·
questions about behaviors, attitudes, values, and beliefs
·
representative of population aiming to describe
o issues
of random sampling
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Participant
observation research is conducted in covert or overt observation strategies.
Define the difference between covert and overt. Indicate the pros and cons to
using participant observation research? Explain what sort of Application can be
gained in studying a deviant subgroup using this method.
Ans:
Participant Observation Research à observation is covert or
overt
·
Covert is acting as the deviant group would; being fully engaged
·
Overt is not participating in the acts or events of the group
being studied
This sort of research can be dangerous, emotionally and physically
draining, time consuming and very hard work
This method helps the researcher decide which questions are
relevant in broader examinations of this group, what language and meanings are
used, and what the culture is like found within deviant subgroups.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Essay
1. Compare
and contrast experimental and quasi-experimental research designs.
Ans:
The student should lay out the following about each included
below.
Experimental Research—the “gold standard” for determining causal
relationships Characteristics of Experimental Research
·
Random Assignment
o Why
is it important?
o Assures
that differences following the intervention or “experimental” stimulus must
have been caused by the intervention
o Internal
Validity through random assignment
·
Examining a causal relationship (cause à effect)
·
Examples—lab experiments observing group interactions and
comparing control groups
Quasi-experimental designs: adaptation to experimental
strategies
·
Focus less on internal validity and random assignment
·
External validity is focused on
·
Control variables still in place, but no random assignment
Example: Surveying naturally occurring events and observations
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Chapter 4
Test Bank
Multiple Choice
1. __________
is a state of normlessness, in which society fails to regulate expectations and
behaviors of its members.
2. a)
Strain
3. b) Anomie
4. c)
Disruption
5. d)
Chaos
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. Which
of the following is an assumption of anomie/strain theories?
3. a)
Social order is a product of endless conflict and temporary resolution.
4. b)
Norms are shared by society and its members.
5. c)
Laws establish social order.
6. d)
Response to deviance is for punishment.
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
3. Anomie/strain
theories assume social order is:
4. a) a
result of endless conflict and temporary resolution.
5. b)
established through laws imposed by upper classes.
6. c)
the product of a cohesive set of norms.
7. d)
impossible to attain.
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Difficult
4. Emile
Durkheim examined what phenomena in nineteenth-century Europe?
5. a)
Drug use by adults
6. b)
Community disorganization
7. c)
Social influences on suicide
8. c)
Juvenile delinquents
Ans: C
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. The
ideal body type is an example of anomie/strain because:
6. a)
the ideal body type creates an unrealistic expectation among members of society.
7. b)
the ideal body type is attained in illegal ways.
8. c)
the ideal body type is representative of the norm and lacks diversity.
9. d)
the ideal body type is too easily attained.
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Difficult
6. Robbers,
thieves, embezzlers, etc. who agree with societal goals, but lack the means to
achieve them so they resort to stealing to achieve societal goals is considered
which of Merton’s five adaptations?
7. a)
Conformity
8. b) Innovation
9. c)
Ritualism
10. d)
Retreatism
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
7. According
to Differential Opportunity Theory, _________ subcultures are considered
“double failures”, because they cannot find legitimate or illegitimate
subcultures to fit in.
8. a)
conflict
9. b)
innovative
10. c)
consensus
11. d)
retreatist
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. Merton’s
Deviance Typology examines the intersections of _____________ and
_____________.
9. a)
economic goals, institutionalized means
10. b)
cultural goals, institutionalized means
11. c)
historical means, economic means
12. d)
cultural goals, historical means
Ans: B
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Difficult
9. Cloward
and Ohlin’s theory argued that criminal and deviant behavior is learned like
other behaviors and, importantly, that not everyone has the same opportunities
to learn criminal skills and have criminal careers. This incorporated the work
of which well-known sociologist/criminologist?
10. a)
Edwin Sutherland
11. b)
Robert Merton
12. c)
James Cressey
13. d)
Roberta Agnew
Ans: A
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. The
Occupy movement is an interesting example of highly educated individuals taking
to the streets to protest what they perceive as _____________ in the corporate
suites.
11. a)
antifeminists
12. b)
saints
13. c)
armed militia
14. d)
deviance
Ans: D
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
True/False
1. Anomie
and strain theories are concerned with social structures and how such
structures constrain behavior of individuals and cause deviance.
Ans: TRUE
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
2. According
to anomie theories, it is not society that has failed to regulate expectations
of its members, but the individual who has failed to regulate his/her own
expectations of behavior.
Ans: FALSE
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
3. The
“American Dream” as it applies to anomie/strain theories refers to strain
between society’s idea of wealth as success and anything is possible, and
illegitimate means to obtaining success.
Ans: TRUE
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
4. According
to Merton (1938), Social Structure & Anomie argues the goals of success,
especially economic success, are viewed as legitimate expectations and norms
for everyone.
Ans: TRUE
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
5. Differential
opportunity theories argue motivations and availability of opportunities to
learn about and participate in deviancy must be considered in the study of
deviance.
Ans: TRUE
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
6. Agnew
argues that strain frustration may lead to the collective solution of forming a
delinquent subculture in which middle-class norms and values are replaced with
their antithesis—or the opposite ideals.
Ans: FALSE
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
7. According
to differential opportunity theory, criminal subcultures and the neighborhoods
in which they reside can perpetuate crime through generations with the use of
their own forms of icons and role models (legitimate or not).
Ans: TRUE
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
8. According
to Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory, some people are predisposed to crime,
while others are not.
Ans: TRUE
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
9. According
to Cloward and Ohlin, retreatist subcultures develop in disorganized
communities where illegitimate opportunities are largely absent and those that
exist are closed to adolescents.
Ans: FALSE
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
10. Emile
Durkheim suggested deviance is a result of a lack of regulation of goals and
unlimited desires/needs.
Ans: TRUE
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
Short Answer
1. Cloward
and Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity Theory is applied to understanding gangs
and gang behavior, as read in the text. According to the application of this
theory to gang research, what must be considered in understanding criminal
learning environments of gangs? Provide a short explanation.
Ans:
Cloward and Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity Theory & Gangs
·
Criminal learning environments for gangs
o neighborhood
(types of illegitimate opportunities vary from poor to rich)
o opportunity
to learn (lack of legitimate opportunity to attain wealth and success)
o opportunity
to practice (gang life promotes practice of illegitimate)
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy
2. According
to Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory, strain leads to anger and frustration
that leads to deviant behavior, but not all individuals respond to strain with
crime and deviance. What types of strain are most likely to lead to deviant
behavior and/or crime?
Ans:
Types of strain most likely to lead to deviant behavior and/or
crime
·
High amounts of strain
·
Strain that is perceived as unjust
·
Strain associated with low self-control
Strain creates more pressure or incentive for criminal coping
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium
ESSAY
3. Cloward
and Ohlin argued that the different kinds of illegitimate opportunities
available in poor urban neighborhoods lead to three types of criminal
subcultures. List the three types of criminal subcultures and provide 2-3
sentences description of each.
Ans:
Three types of criminal subcultures: criminal, conflict, and
retreatist. Criminal subcultures develop among lower-class adolescent boys in
neighborhoods with open illegitimate opportunity structures. These
neighborhoods are characterized by systematic, organized crime, and they
provide an outlet in illegal employment for youths to attain wealth and “get
paid” via illegitimate means. Conflict subcultures develop in disorganized
communities where illegitimate opportunities are largely absent and those that
exist are closed to adolescents. Such neighborhoods are characterized by social
instability, and youth growing up in these conditions are deprived of both
conventional (legitimate) and criminal (illegitimate) opportunities. Retreatist
subcultures are associated with drug use and the drug culture among some
lower-class adolescents. Cloward and Ohlin characterized adolescents in
retreatist subcultures as “double failures” who cannot find a place for
themselves in either criminal or conflict subcultures. While this is closely
related to Merton’s concept of retreatists, Cloward and Ohlin directed
attention to the social environment and the conditions that help to explain the
formation of each type of deviant subculture.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Conceptions of Deviance
Difficulty Level: Difficult
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