Discovering Psychology the Science of Mind 1st Edition by Cacioppo Freberg-Test Bank

Discovering Psychology the Science of Mind 1st Edition by Cacioppo Freberg-Test Bank

August 29, 2020

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Sample Test

Chapter Three: The Evolving Mind ─

Nature and Nurture Intertwined

Learning Objective	Related Questions
Learning Objective	Multiple Choice	Essay
1. Analyze the role of genes as the building blocks of human “nature,” distinguishing among genotypes, gene expression, and phenotypes.	1-19
2. Explain how sexual reproduction increases genetic variation among individuals within a population, even among members of the same family.	20-30
3. Assess the importance of heritability estimates and epigenetic analyses in the field of behavioral genetics.	31-52	1
4. Analyze the roles played by mutation, natural selection, migration, and genetic drift as mechanisms of evolution.	53-66	2
5. Articulate the proposal that the human brain is an adaptation, and summarize the evidence supporting this proposal.	67-74
6. Evaluate the proposal that altruism is an adaptation, considering the various ways one can benefit by helping another.	75-81	3
7. Explain the mechanisms by which intrasexual and intersexual selection might influence the evolution of human behavior.	82-91
8. Explain and illustrate the epigenetic and cultural mechanisms by which nature and nurture can interact to influence human behavior.	92-100

Chapter 3: The Evolving Mind – Nature and Nurture Intertwined

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Your university is hosting an interdisciplinary conference entitled “Contemporary Perspectives on Evolution.” Two leading psychologists have been invited to debate the effects of nature and nurture on human behavior. They would most likely reach the consensus that these two entities ____.

a.	are not mutually exclusive	c.	compete to influence behavior
b.	maintain distinct and equal functions	d.	have a negative correlation

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: Why Do We Say Nature and Nurture are Intertwined? OBJ: LO1

2. Who is credited for first describing the contrast between heredity and environment as “nature versus nurture”?

a.	Charles Darwin	c.	Gregor Mendel
b.	Francis Galton	d.	James Watson

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Remember

REF: Why Do We Say Nature and Nurture are Intertwined? OBJ: LO1

3. As human beings, we each have a personal set of instructions, or alleles. What term best describes this set?

a.	genotype	c.	phenotype
b.	homotype	d.	heterotype

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Remember

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

4. Molly, whose eyes are brown, inherited a gene for blue eyes from her mother and a gene for brown eyes from her father. Molly’s brown eyes are part of her ____.

a.	phenotype	c.	heterotype
b.	homotype	d.	genotype

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

5. What is the relationship between a gene and DNA?

a.	A gene is a helical structure, and DNA contains the regulatory elements that decode the structure.
b.	A gene is the subset of “turned on” DNA.
c.	A gene is a static superset of the entire DNA in a specific individual.
d.	A gene is a specific segment of DNA.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

6. The process of gene expression involves ____.

a.	replicating a cell’s genetic makeup during division
b.	influencing the behavior of a segment of society
c.	converting genetic instructions into a feature of a living cell
d.	chromosomal recombination during gamete formation

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

7. Gene expression results in the synthesis of what component of a living cell?

a.	proteins	c.	lipids
b.	nucleic acids	d.	carbohydrates

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Remember

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

8. Jang, who has Type A blood, inherited the gene for Type A blood from his mother and the gene for Type O blood from his father. What is the genotype for Jang’s blood type?

a.	Type A	c.	Type AO
b.	Type O	d.	Type AA

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

9. Each cell type in the human body has ____.

a.	the same gene expression
b.	a different set of genes
c.	a different set of genes, but the same gene expressions
d.	the same set of genes, but different gene expressions

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

10. Variations of a single gene are known as ____.

a.	alleles	c.	homozygotes
b.	chromosomes	d.	heterozygotes

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Remember

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

11. Recessive alleles determine a phenotype when an individual is ____.

a.	neither homozygous nor heterozygous for a particular gene
b.	either homozygous or heterozygous for a particular gene
c.	only heterozygous for a particular gene
d.	only homozygous for a particular gene

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

12. Dominant alleles determine a phenotype when an individual is ____.

a.	neither homozygous nor heterozygous for a particular gene
b.	either homozygous or heterozygous for a particular gene
c.	only heterozygous for a particular gene
d.	only homozygous for a particular gene

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

13. Simon has curly hair. If he is homozygous for the gene that determines curly hair, what is true of his parents?

a.	They must each have a recessive allele for straight hair.
b.	They have together contributed four dominant alleles for this gene.
c.	They have contributed the same type of allele for this gene.
d.	One, but not both, of his parents, have contributed an allele for curly hair.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

14. Vestigial wings (very small wings) are a recessive trait of the fruit fly. For a fruit fly to have a vestigial phenotype, it must inherit the gene(s) for vestigial wings from ____.

a.	both parents	c.	the mother
b.	either parent	d.	the father

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

15. The curly wing trait of the fruit fly is carried by a dominant gene. What is the minimum number of curly winged genes that a fruit fly must have to exhibit a curly wing phenotype?

a.	one	c.	three
b.	two	d.	four

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

16. Darren suffers from fragile bone X (FBX) disorder. He inherited the FBX allele from his father and the normal allele for bone development from his mother. What can we conclude?

a.	FBX is a recessive allele.
b.	FBX is a dominant allele.
c.	Darren’s children will most likely suffer from FBX disorder.
d.	Darren’s children are unlikely to suffer from FBX disorder.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

17. Janelle inherited the allele for muscle fiber X (MFX) disorder from her mother and the normal allele for muscle fiber formation from her father. Janelle does not suffer from any variant of MFX disorder. What can we conclude?

a.	Janelle’s mother has MFX disorder.
b.	MFX disorder is a sex-linked disorder.
c.	The MFX gene is dominant.
d.	The MFX gene is recessive.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

18. Scott suffers from metabolic insufficiency X (MIX) disorder. His mother also has MIX disorder, but his father does not. What can we conclude?

a.	The MIX gene must be recessive.
b.	The MIX gene must be dominant.
c.	Scott may or may not pass down the gene for MIX disorder to his children.
d.	Scott will pass down the MIX disorder to his children, but they may not get the disease.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

19. Researchers found that specific combinations of serotonin transporter alleles affected how students reacted to being bullied. Students with the SS alleles had the strongest reaction, those with the LL alleles the mildest reaction, and those with the heterozygous SL alleles reacted somewhere in between. What do these results suggest?

a.	The L allele is the dominant allele.
b.	The S allele is the recessive allele.
c.	The S allele is the dominant allele.
d.	The L and S alleles do not have a dominant/recessive relationship.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO1

20. When a parent’s cell divides to make an egg or sperm cell, each resulting cell contains ____.

a.	11 chromosomes	c.	46 chromosomes
b.	23 chromosomes	d.	92 chromosomes

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Remember

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO2

21. Tara and Boris, expectant parents, wonder about the endless possibility of traits their unborn son might inherit from them (e.g., Tara’s red hair and allergies; Boris’s tall frame and poor eyesight). As a genetics expert, what can you share with them about the number of chromosomal combinations that are possible when a parental cell divides to make an egg or sperm cell?

a.	After cell division, the egg or sperm contain 23 chromosomes; thus, a male or female can produce 2²³ different combinations of his or her chromosomes.
b.	After cell division, the egg or sperm contain 23 chromosomes; thus, a male or female can produce 23² different combinations of his or her chromosomes.
c.	After cell division, the egg or sperm contain 46 chromosomes; thus, a male or female can produce 2⁴⁶ different combinations of his or her chromosomes.
d.	After cell division, the egg or sperm contain 46 chromosomes; thus, a male or female can produce 46² different combinations of his or her chromosomes.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO2

22. Harry would like to take a paternity test to determine if he is Maia’s father. He asks Maia’s mother, Julia, to provide DNA samples for both her and Maia. Which technique will most likely be used to compare the three DNA samples?

a.	high performance liquid chromatography
b.	immunocytochemistry
c.	western blots
d.	autoradiographs

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO2

23. The probability that two people share the same allele from a common ancestor is referred to as ____.

a.	familiality	c.	gene lineage
b.	degree of origin	d.	relatedness

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Remember

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO2

24. You are attending a family reunion of your dad’s extended family. You often wonder how you could be related to any of them based on their physical and behavioral characteristics. What is the chance you share an allele with your first cousins?

a.	one sixteenth	c.	one fourth
b.	one eighth	d.	one half

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO2

25. Your sister-in-law frequently comments on how many traits you seem to have in common with your eight-year-old niece. You share your extensive knowledge on genetics and explain that the chance you share an allele with your niece is ____.

a.	one sixteenth	c.	one fourth
b.	one eighth	d.	one half

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO2

26. What is the likelihood of your sharing an allele with a parent or with a sibling?

a.	The chance that you share an allele with either a parent or a sibling is one fourth.
b.	The chance that you share an allele with either a parent or a sibling is one half.
c.	The chance that you share an allele with a parent is one-half and with a sibling, one fourth.
d.	The chance that you share an allele with a parent is one-fourth and with a sibling, one eighth.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO2

27. Evolutionary psychologists suggest that sacrificing yourself for others is much more likely when the “others” are ___.

a.	members of the same sex	c.	genetically related relatives
b.	members of the opposite sex	d.	genetically diverse individuals

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO2

28. Which of the following statements is true of sex-linked disorders?

a.	Childbirth and the stress of raising children contributes to the prevalence of sex-linked disorders in women.
b.	Hormonal fluctuations lead to a great prevalence of sex-linked disorders in women than men.
c.	Sex-linked disorders, which are more prevalent in males, are typically caused by recessive diseased alleles found on the X chromosome.
d.	Sex-linked disorders are caused by genetic mutations on the X chromosome for females and on the Y chromosome for males.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO2

29. The gene for nerve deterioration X (NDX) disorder is located on the X chromosome. What can we conclude?

a.	It is more prevalent in females.
b.	It is more prevalent in males.
c.	Only mothers can pass down the gene for NDX.
d.	Only fathers can pass down the gene for NDX.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO2

30. Why is hemophilia more prevalent in males?

a.	Fathers can only pass the diseased allele along to their sons.
b.	The Y chromosome activates the diseased allele on the X chromosome.
c.	There is no other X chromosome to offset the diseased gene.
d.	The diseased gene is located on the Y chromosome.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO2

31. The study of gene-environment interactions in the production of phenotype is called ____.

a.	genospherics	c.	biogenics
b.	epigenetics	d.	phenomics

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Remember

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO3

32. Leena and Leia are identical twins. Which of the following is true of their genetic makeup?

a.	They have identical genotypes and identical phenotypes.
b.	They have identical genotypes but not identical phenotypes.
c.	They have identical phenotypes but not identical genotypes.
d.	They have neither identical phenotypes nor genotypes.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO3

33. Which example best illustrates the concept of epigenetics?

a.	Josh and Jason are identical twins; Josh is two inches taller than Jason.
b.	Fareed and Asha are fraternal twins; they are often mistaken for identical twins.
c.	Toby has Huntington’s disease; his son has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease.
d.	Joe and Elaine have brown eyes; their youngest daughter has blue eyes.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO3

34. In one study, rats licked frequently during infancy by their mothers were calmer than rats licked infrequently when faced with stress later in life. What is the most likely explanation for this?

a.	The rat pups that were frequently licked learned to engage in the licking behavior as a coping strategy during times of stress.
b.	Because mothers who chose to lick their pups had a calmer demeanor, their pups were raised in less stressful environments.
c.	By licking their pups, these mothers had influenced the expression of genes that influenced responses to a stress hormone.
d.	The “licking” prone mothers only cared for the calmest pups of the litter, causing the more aggressive pups to die prematurely.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze

REF: What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior? OBJ: LO3

35. What do humans share that allows them to be so similar to one another, but different from other animals?

a.	alleles	c.	number of chromosomes
b.	genes	d.	structure of DNA

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: What Is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

36. What allows for variation within the human species?

a.	alleles	c.	number of chromosomes
b.	genes	d.	structure of DNA

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: What Is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

37. You are trying to convince your classmates to register for Professor Engle’s genetics class. Since she is a behavioral geneticist, which of the following would you describe as her primary interest?

a.	The discovery of single genes that drive behavior
b.	Evolutionary pressures that shape behavior
c.	Genes that make us different from other species
d.	Genes we share with other species

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

38. Which gene is thought to play a major role in the development of language?

a.	Sp1	c.	FoxP2
b.	Nrf2	d.	HIF-1a

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Remember

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

39. Humans share what percent of their genes with mice?

a.	18%	c.	44%
b.	26%	d.	92%

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Remember

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

40. Humans share what percent of their genes with fruit flies?

a.	18%	c.	44%
b.	26%	d.	92%

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Remember

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

41. The statistical likelihood that variations observed in a population are due to genetics is referred to as ____.

a.	inheritance	c.	covariation
b.	selectability	d.	heritability

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Remember

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

42. Which statement best illustrates the concept of heritability?

a.	Dara is outgoing, just like her father and older sisters.
b.	Mario is the first person in his family in three generations to have blue eyes.
c.	Naomi inherited the mutated BRCA1 gene, increasing her risk for certain cancers.
d.	Selma has a 50% chance of passing the gene for curly hair to her children.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

43. If genes play no part in producing phenotypical differences between individuals, heritability is ____.

a.	0.0	c.	0.5
b.	0.25	d.	1.0

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: What Is the Field of Behavioral Genetics OBJ: LO3

44. Why does Huntington’s disease have a heritability ratio of 1.0?

a.	The gene that causes Huntington’s disease is dominant.
b.	In families where Huntington’s disease is prevalent, it tends to appear at least once every generation.
c.	If someone inherits the gene for Huntington’s disease, it is inevitable that he/she will acquire the disease.
d.	Because of environmental influences, it is difficult to predict if someone will acquire the disease despite having the diseased allele.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

45. Heritability of most human traits is typically in the range of ____.

a.	0.10 to 0.40	c.	0.50 to 0.80
b.	0.30 to 0.60	d.	0.70 to 1.0

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Remember

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics OBJ: LO3

46. The heritability ratio of having a liver is ____.

a.	0.0	c.	0.75
b.	0.25	d.	1.0

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

47. Heritability takes into account ____.

a.	environmental factors only
b.	genetic factors only
c.	both environmental and genetic factors
d.	neither environmental nor genetic factors

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Understand

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

48. What is an argument against using adoption studies for assessing the relative influences of genetics and environment on child development?

a.	Adoptive parents go through a rigorous screening process, decreasing their diversity.
b.	Because adoptive parents are under constant scrutiny, they tend to downplay the negative behaviors of their children.
c.	Children who are adopted are more likely to feel out of place in their adopted home and community.
d.	The mere knowledge of knowing they were adopted will alter the behavior of a child.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

49. Dr. Pohlson is studying the heritability of self-confidence. Because all of his research participants are upper-middle class adolescents from the same private school in New York City, the heritability of self-confidence will appear to be ____.

a.	low	c.	nondiscrete
b.	high	d.	constant

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

50. Dr. Mahr is studying the heritability of shyness. Because her research participants are adolescents from different socioeconomic groups across the county, the heritability of self-confidence will appear to be ____.

a.	low	c.	variable
b.	high	d.	constant

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

51. Two groups of students (Group A and Group B) participate in standardized agility tests. The results show that Group A is considerably more agile than Group B and that agility is heritable. What can we conclude?

a.	The genetic variability between the two groups is high.
b.	Genetic factors play a role in agility.
c.	The genetic variability within each group is low.
d.	Environment has no effect on agility.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Apply

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

52. Which statement regarding the role of genes on human behavior is accurate?

a.	In general, a single gene drives behavior and small differences in auxiliary genes modify that behavior.
b.	Typically, one to two particular genes drive specific patterns of human behavior.
c.	Small differences in a cluster of genes typically drive specific behaviors.
d.	Genes play a negligible role in driving human behavior.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Analyze

REF: What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics? OBJ: LO3

53. What do modern biologists describe as the “descent with modification from a common ancestor”?

a.	genetic lineage	c.	epigenetics
b.	heritability	d.	evolution

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Remember REF: How Does Evolution Occur?

OBJ: LO4

54. The process by which survival and reproduction pressures act to change the frequency of alleles in subsequent generations is referred to as ____.

a.	coercive inheritance	c.	randomized lineage
b.	natural selection	d.	genetic exclusion

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Remember REF: How Does Evolution Occur?

OBJ: LO4

55. Which scenario best illustrates the concept of natural selection?

a.	The gene for sickle cell anemia has been passed down for generations because those with sickle cell anemia are typically resistant to malaria.
b.	Farmers typically breed only their strongest animals to ensure that the offspring will retain the most desirable characteristics.
c.	The gene for brown eyes is dominant; therefore, the most common eye color in the world is brown.
d.	As identical twins age, they typically show more physical differences because of epigenetic processes.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Apply REF: How Does Evolution Occur?

OBJ: LO4

56. Which early scientist was the first to develop a method to account for variations observed in particular traits?

a.	Charles Darwin	c.	James Watson
b.	Francis Galton	d.	Gregor Mendel

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Remember REF: How Does Evolution Occur?

OBJ: LO4

57. Which early scientist described how species change in an orderly manner?

a.	Charles Darwin	c.	James Watson
b.	Francis Galton	d.	Gregor Mendel

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Remember REF: How Does Evolution Occur?

OBJ: LO4

58. An error that occurs when DNA is replicated is referred to as a ____.

a.	mutation	c.	splicing event
b.	migration	d.	genetic drift

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Remember REF: How Does Evolution Occur?

OBJ: LO4

59. A change in a population’s genes from one generation to the next due to chance or accident is referred to as a ____.

a.	mutation	c.	splicing event
b.	migration	d.	genetic drift

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Remember REF: How Does Evolution Occur?

OBJ: LO4

60. What is true of genetic mutations?

a.	They typically lead to disease.
b.	They are a rare occurrence.
c.	They typically cause no phenotypical change.
d.	They generally lead to a survival advantage.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Understand REF: How Does Evolution Occur?

OBJ: LO4

61. Which scenario best illustrates the concept of genetic drift?

a.	Twelve thousand years ago Native Americans traversed the Bering Strait to settle in the Americas, causing different genetic traits to be favored over others.
b.	The genetic mutation that causes sickle cell anemia also increases resistance to malaria, increasing the frequency of the diseased allele in the general population.
c.	The prevalence of depression is greater in populations where the serotonin transporter gene translocated to position q21 along chromosome 17.
d.	There is a higher than average rate of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in the Amish community because the diseased allele was introduced by some of the original Amish settlers.

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