Discovering Psychology The Science of Mind 2nd Edition By John T. – Freberg – Test Bank

 

 

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Sample Test

Chapter_03_The_Evolving_Mind

 

1. Your university is hosting an interdisciplinary conference entitled “Contemporary Perspectives on Evolution.” Two leading psychologists have been invited to debate the effects of nature and nurture on human behavior. They would most likely reach the consensus that these two entities ____.   a. are not mutually exclusive   b. maintain distinct and equal functions   c. compete to influence behavior   d. have a negative correlation   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   Why Do We Say Nature and Nurture are Intertwined?

 

2. Who is credited for first describing the contrast between heredity and environment as “nature versus nurture”?   a. Charles Darwin   b. Francis Galton   c. Gregor Mendel   d. James Watson   ANSWER:   b POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   Why Do We Say Nature and Nurture are Intertwined?

 

3. As human beings, we each have a personal set of instructions, or alleles. What term best describes this set?   a. genotype   b. homotype   c. phenotype   d. heterotype   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

4. Molly, whose eyes are brown, inherited a gene for blue eyes from her mother and a gene for brown eyes from her father. Molly’s brown eyes are part of her ____.   a. phenotype   b. homotype   c. heterotype   d. allelotype   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

5. What is the relationship between a gene and DNA?   a. A gene is a helical structure, and DNA contains the regulatory elements that decode the structure.   b. A gene is the subset of “turned on” DNA.   c. A gene is a static superset of the entire DNA in a specific individual.   d. A gene is a specific segment of DNA.   ANSWER:   d POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

6. The process of gene expression involves ____.   a. replicating a cell’s genetic makeup during division   b. influencing the behavior of a segment of society   c. converting genetic instructions into a feature of a living cell   d. chromosomal recombination during gamete formation   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

7. Gene expression results in the synthesis of what component of a living cell?   a. proteins   b. nucleic acids   c. lipids   d. carbohydrates   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

8. Jang, who has Type A blood, inherited the gene for Type A blood from his mother and the gene for Type O blood from his father. What is the genotype for Jang’s blood type?   a. Type A   b. Type O   c. Type AO   d. Type AA   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

9. Each cell type in the human body has ____.   a. the same gene expression   b. a different set of genes   c. a different set of genes, but the same gene expressions   d. the same set of genes, but different gene expressions   ANSWER:   d POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Think Critically REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

10. Different versions of a single gene are known as ____.   a. alleles   b. chromosomes   c. homozygotes   d. heterozygotes   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

11. Recessive alleles determine a phenotype when an individual is ____.   a. neither homozygous nor heterozygous for a particular gene   b. either homozygous or heterozygous for a particular gene   c. only heterozygous for a particular gene   d. only homozygous for a particular gene   ANSWER:   d POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

12. Dominant alleles determine a phenotype when an individual is ____ for that particular gene.   a. neither homozygous nor heterozygous   b. either homozygous or heterozygous   c. only heterozygous   d. only homozygous   ANSWER:   b POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

13. Simon has curly hair. If he is homozygous for the gene that determines curly hair, what is true of his parents?   a. They must each have a recessive allele for straight hair.   b. They have together contributed four dominant alleles for this gene.   c. They have contributed the same type of allele for this gene.   d. One, but not both, of his parents, have contributed an allele for curly hair.   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

14. Simon has curly hair. If he is homozygous for the gene that determines curly hair, what is true of his parents?​   a. ​They must each have a recessive allele for straight hair.   b. ​One must have a recessive allele for straight hair, while the other must have a dominant allele for curly hair.   c. ​They must each have a recessive allele for curly hair.   d. ​They must both have mutated dominant genes for straight hair   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

15. Vestigial wings (very small wings) are a recessive trait of the fruit fly. For a fruit fly to have a vestigial phenotype, it must inherit the gene(s) for vestigial wings from ____.   a. both parents   b. either parent   c. the mother   d. the father   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Think Critically REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

16. The curly wing trait of the fruit fly is carried by a dominant gene. What is the minimum number of curly winged genes that a fruit fly must have to exhibit a curly wing phenotype?   a. one   b. two   c. three   d. four   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

17. Darren suffers from fragile bone X (FBX) disorder. He inherited the FBX allele from his father and the normal allele for bone development from his mother. What can we conclude?   a. FBX is a recessive allele.   b. FBX is a dominant allele.   c. Darren’s children will most likely suffer from FBX disorder.   d. Darren’s children are unlikely to suffer from FBX disorder.   ANSWER:   b POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

18. Janelle inherited the allele for muscle fiber X (MFX) disorder from her mother and the normal allele for muscle fiber formation from her father. Janelle does not suffer from any variant of MFX disorder. What can we conclude?   a. Janelle’s mother has MFX disorder.   b. MFX disorder is a sex-linked disorder.   c. The MFX gene is dominant.   d. The MFX gene is recessive.   ANSWER:   d POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

19. Scott suffers from metabolic insufficiency X (MIX) disorder. His mother also has MIX disorder, but his father does not. What can we conclude?   a. The MIX gene must be recessive.   b. The MIX gene must be dominant.   c. Scott may or may not pass down the gene for MIX disorder to his children.   d. Scott will pass down the MIX disorder to his children, but they may not get the disease.   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Think Critically REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

20. Researchers found that specific combinations of serotonin transporter alleles affected how students reacted to being bullied. Students with the SS alleles had the strongest reaction, those with the LL alleles the mildest reaction, and those with the heterozygous SL alleles reacted somewhere in between. What do these results suggest?   a. The L allele is the dominant allele.   b. The S allele is the recessive allele.   c. The S allele is the dominant allele.   d. The L and S alleles do not have a strict dominant‑recessive relationship.   ANSWER:   d POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Think Critically REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

21. When a parent’s cell divides to make an egg or sperm cell, each resulting cell contains ____.   a. 11 chromosomes   b. 23 chromosomes   c. 46 chromosomes   d. 92 chromosomes   ANSWER:   b POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

22. Tara and Boris, expectant parents, wonder about the endless possibility of traits their unborn son might inherit from them (e.g., Tara’s red hair and allergies; Boris’s tall frame and poor eyesight). As a genetics expert, you tell them that after cell division, the egg or sperm contains _____ chromosomes; thus, a male or female can produce _____ different combinations of his or her chromosomes.   a. 23; 223   b. 23; 232   c. 46; 246   d. 46; 462   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

23. Harry would like to take a paternity test to determine if he is Maia’s father. He asks Maia’s mother, Julia, to provide DNA samples for both her and Maia. Which technique will most likely be used to compare the three DNA samples?   a. high performance liquid chromatography   b. immunocytochemistry analyses   c. western blots   d. autoradiographs   ANSWER:   d POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

24. The probability that two people share the same allele from a common ancestor is referred to as ____.   a. familiality   b. degree of origin   c. gene lineage   d. relatedness   ANSWER:   d POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

25. You are attending a family reunion of your dad’s extended family. You often wonder how you could be related to any of them based on their physical and behavioral characteristics. What is the chance you share an allele with your first cousins?   a. one sixteenth   b. one eighth   c. one fourth   d. one half   ANSWER:   b POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

26. Your sister-in-law frequently comments on how many traits you seem to have in common with your eight-year-old niece. You share your extensive knowledge on genetics and explain that the chance you share an allele with your niece is ____.   a. one sixteenth   b. one eighth   c. one fourth   d. one half   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

27. What is the likelihood of your sharing an allele with a parent or with a sibling?   a. The chance that you share an allele with either a parent or a sibling is one fourth.   b. The chance that you share an allele with either a parent or a sibling is one half.   c. The chance that you share an allele with a parent is one-half and with a sibling, one fourth.   d. The chance that you share an allele with a parent is one-fourth and with a sibling, one eighth.   ANSWER:   b POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

28. Evolutionary psychologists suggest that sacrificing yourself for others is much more likely when the “others” are ___.   a. members of the same sex   b. members of the opposite sex   c. genetically related relatives   d. genetically diverse individuals   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

29. Which of the following statements is true of sex-linked disorders?   a. Childbirth and the stress of raising children contributes to the prevalence of sex-linked disorders in women.   b. Hormonal fluctuations lead to a great prevalence of sex-linked disorders in women than men.   c. Sex-linked disorders, which are more prevalent in males, are typically caused by recessive diseased alleles found on the X chromosome.   d. Sex-linked disorders are caused by genetic mutations on the X chromosome for females and on the Y chromosome for males.   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Think Critically REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

30. The gene for nerve deterioration X (NDX) disorder is located on the X chromosome. What can we conclude?   a. It is more prevalent in females.   b. It is more prevalent in males.   c. Only mothers can pass down the gene for NDX.   d. Only fathers can pass down the gene for NDX.   ANSWER:   b POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Think Critically REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

31. Why is hemophilia more prevalent in males?   a. Fathers can only pass the diseased allele along to their sons.   b. The Y chromosome activates the diseased allele on the X chromosome.   c. There is no other X chromosome to offset the diseased gene.   d. The diseased gene is located on the Y chromosome.   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Think Critically REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

32. The study of gene-environment interactions in the production of phenotype is called ____.   a. genospherics   b. epigenetics   c. biogenics   d. phenomics   ANSWER:   b POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

33. In which way does epigenetic change alter the development of a given person’s phenotype?   a. It influences gene expression, the process by which DNA forms proteins that contribute to the features of living cells.   b. It inhibits the ability of a sperm cell and an egg cell to correctly “match” each of the 23 gene pairs, leading to chromosomal distortions.   c. It enhances the “strength” of recessive or mutated genes, so that they can no longer be masked by dominant alleles of the same gene.   d. It increases the likelihood that specific genes will work in singular form to cause a specific phenotype.   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Think Critically REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

34. Which example best illustrates the concept of epigenetics?   a. Josh and Jason are identical twins; Josh is two inches taller than Jason.   b. Fareed and Asha are fraternal twins; they are often mistaken for identical twins.   c. Toby has Huntington’s disease; his son has a 50% chance of inheriting the disease.   d. Joe and Elaine have brown eyes; their youngest daughter has blue eyes.   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What Are the Building Blocks of Behavior?

 

35. In one study, rats licked frequently during infancy by their mothers were calmer than rats licked infrequently when faced with stress later in life. What is the most likely explanation for this?   a. The rat pups that were frequently licked learned to engage in the licking behavior as a coping strategy during times of stress.   b. Because mothers who chose to lick their pups had a calmer demeanor, their pups were raised in less stressful environments.   c. By licking their pups, these mothers had influenced the expression of genes that influenced responses to a stress hormone.   d. The “licking” prone mothers only cared for the calmest pups of the litter, causing the more aggressive pups to die prematurely.   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Think Critically REFERENCES:   What Is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?

 

36. Leena and Leia are identical twins. Which of the following is true of their genetic makeup?​   a. ​They have identical genotypes and identical phenotypes.   b. ​They have identical genotypes but not identical phenotypes.   c. ​They have identical phenotypes but not identical genotypes.   d. ​They have neither identical phenotypes nor genotypes.   ANSWER:   b POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?

 

37. What do humans share that allows them to be so similar to one another, but different from other animals?   a. alleles   b. genes   c. number of chromosomes   d. structure of DNA   ANSWER:   b POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?

 

38. What allows for variation within the human species?   a. alleles   b. genes   c. number of chromosomes   d. structure of DNA   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?

 

39. Which gene is thought to play a major role on distinctly human behaviors, including the development of language?   a. Sp1   b. Nrf2   c. FoxP2   d. HIF-1a   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?

 

40. Humans share what percent of their genes with mice?   a. 18%   b. 26%   c. 44%   d. 92%   ANSWER:   d POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?

 

41. Humans share what percent of their genes with fruit flies?   a. 18%   b. 26%   c. 44%   d. 92%   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?

 

42. The statistical likelihood that variations observed in a population are due to genetics is referred to as ____.   a. inheritance   b. selectability   c. covariation   d. heritability   ANSWER:   d POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?

 

43. Which statement best illustrates the concept of heritability?   a. Dara is outgoing, just like her father and older sisters.   b. Mario is the first person in his family in three generations to have blue eyes.   c. Naomi inherited the mutated BRCA1 gene, increasing her risk for certain cancers.   d. Selma has a 50% chance of passing the gene for curly hair to her children.   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?

 

44. If genes play no part in producing phenotypical differences between individuals, heritability is ____.   a. .0   b. .25   c. .5   d. 1.0   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What Is the Field of Behavioral Genetics

 

45. Why does Huntington’s disease have a heritability ratio of 1.0?   a. The gene that causes Huntington’s disease is dominant.   b. In families where Huntington’s disease is prevalent, it tends to appear at least once every generation.   c. If someone inherits the gene for Huntington’s disease, it is inevitable that he/she will acquire the disease.   d. Because of environmental influences, it is difficult to predict if someone will acquire the disease despite having the diseased allele.   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Think Critically REFERENCES:   What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?

 

46. Heritability of most human traits is typically in the range of ____.   a. .10 to 0.40   b. .30 to 0.60   c. .50 to 0.80   d. .70 to 1.0   ANSWER:   b POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics

 

47. The heritability ratio of having a liver is ____.   a. .0   b. .25   c. .75   d. 1.0   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Understand REFERENCES:   What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?

 

48. Heritability takes into account ____.   a. only environmental factors   b. only genetic factors   c. both environmental and genetic factors   d. neither environmental nor genetic factors   ANSWER:   c POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Think Critically REFERENCES:   What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?

 

49. What is an argument against using adoption studies for assessing the relative influences of genetics and environment on child development?   a. Adoptive parents go through a rigorous screening process, decreasing their diversity.   b. Because adoptive parents are under constant scrutiny, they tend to downplay the negative behaviors of their children.   c. Children who are adopted are more likely to feel out of place in their adopted home and community.   d. The mere knowledge of knowing they were adopted will alter the behavior of a child.   ANSWER:   a POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Think Critically REFERENCES:   What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?

 

50. Dr. Pohlson is studying the heritability of self-confidence. Because all of his research participants are upper-middle class adolescents from the same private school in New York City, the heritability of self-confidence will appear to be ____.   a. low   b. high   c. nondiscrete   d. constant   ANSWER:   b POINTS:   1 DIFFICULTY:   Apply REFERENCES:   What is the Field of Behavioral Genetics?