Drugs Crime And Justice Ist Edition By Steven Belenko Cassia-Spohn – Test Bank

 

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 03

 

A judge or prosecutor who accepts the disease model to explain drug addiction is more likely to:

a.seek the most punitive punishment for an offender

*b.seek to find a treatment program for an offender

c.seek mandatory sentencing

d.drop any charges against a drug offender

(46:A)

 

The underlying assumption that guides most of the criminal justice policies in the United States is:

a.that drug offenders are afflicted with a biological disease that causes drug addiction.

b.that psychological factors contribute to drug abuse and so abusers should have medical treatment in all cases.

*c.that drug offenders intentionally choose their addictive behaviors and therefore the crimes that often follow.

d.that drug offenders need to learn social skills in order to avoid further addictive behaviors.

(46:A)

 

 

This prominent addiction researcher from the University of Pennsylvania suggested that there are three factors that must interact in order for addiction to occur :

a.Samuel Hopkins Adams

b.Sally Satel

c.Robert Agnew

*d.Charles O’Brien

(47:C)

 

The three factors interacting together that result in addiction, according to Charles O’Brien, include all of the following except:

*a.money

b.agent

c.host

d.environment

(47:K)

 

In 1784, the physician Benjamin Rush was the first to explore the idea that this might actually be a disease:

a.drug abuse

*b.alcoholism

c.withdrawal

d.depression

(47-48:C)

 

This journalist wrote a three-part series for Colliers magazine in 1924 in which it was argued that narcotic addiction could not possibly be a moral or behavioral issue, but that it was a disease.

a.Sally Satel

b.Benjamin rush

*c.Samuel Hopkins Adams

d.Charles O’Brien

(48:K)

 

All of the following groups believe that addiction is a disease, except:

a.American Medical Association

*b.Drug Enforcement Agency

c.American Psychological Association

d.American Psychiatric Association

(48:K)

 

According to proponents of the moral/behavioral theories of drug abuse and addiction, an offender should be criminally culpable for his or her bad choices and once clean and sober, relapsing into addiction is:

a.likely for biological reasons

*b.not inevitable

c.unlikely

d.inevitable

(49:A)

 

From the 1930s to the 1960s, the first commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and the most influential person in federal drug control was:

a.Sally Satel

b.Charles O’Brien

*c.Harry Anslinger

d.Samuel Hopkins Adams

(49:C)

 

Psychiatrist Sally Satel, who refutes the brain disease model for drug addiction, suggests that in order to stop illegal drug use, and or relapse, an offender must

*a. receive treatment that addresses behavioral issues

b.receive treatment that considers biology
c.become methadone recipients

d.receive treatment that solely targets the brain

(50:A)

 

The belief that an inherited condition in which there is an imbalance in some brain chemistries was a key factor in the development of:

*a.methadone

b.peyote

c.mescaline

d.hydrocodone

(51:K)

 

Some of the traits that psychodynamic/personality theorists consider when studying addiction include:

a.risk taking

b.impulsivity

c.low self-esteem

*d.all of the above

 

According to the principals of Skinnerian conditioning, the drug user who feels a positive effect  within seconds of ingestion is most likely to:

*a.become an addict

b.choose another drug

c.combine drugs for a more potent effect

d.stop using drugs

(52:A)

 

Another term for the addictive behavior that results from first reinforcing positive effects to negative reinforcement of continuing abuse to avoid withdrawals symptoms is:

a.moral-behavioral theory

b.genetic theory

*c.self-derogation theory

d.social theory

(52:C)

 

The theory that external clues can prompt addicts into drug use or relapse is called the

a.social learning theory

*b.Pavlovian conditioning theory

c.differential association theory

d.Skinnerian conditioning theory

(52:K)

 

These theories consider how the environmental, socioeconomic, peer and family relationships can explain drug abuse:

*a.Sociological

b.Biological/Genetic

c.Behavioral-Moral

d.Psychological

(53:C)

 

Sutherland’s work was expanded to include the notion that both individual reinforcement from an influential other a as well as group reinforcement was important in this theory:

a.differential association theory

*b.social learning theory

c.self-derogation theory

d.problem behavior theory

(53:C)

 

In order to understand sociological theories such as the selective interaction theory and Kandel’s socialization model it is important to consider these primary means of socialization: parents, peers, media and

*a.schools

b.religious affiliation

c.grandparents

d.extended family

(54:C)

 

These two kinds of theories illustrate clearly how the relative influence of peers and parents on drug use will vary depending upon where an adolescent is developmentally.

a.subcultural theory

*b.social development theory perspectives

*c.life course theories

d.selective interaction theory

(54:A)

 

Proponents of this theory suggest that not all segments of the population have the same accessible pathways to success and so they are forced into deviant behaviors that can include drug addiction.

*a.Anomie

b.Social Control

c.Conflict

d.Subcultural

(55:C)

 

The idea that personal failures and negative experiences such as losing family members or lack of success in school can lead a person to drug addiction is called

a.conflict theory

*b.strain theory

c.subcultural theory

d.psychological theory

(55:K)

 

These theories explain the notion that drug abuse is a consequence of societal ills, such as an imbalance of economic and political power. As a result, such disparities lead to the marginalization of some communities leaving them susceptible to drug dealing and abuse.

a.Anomie theories

b.Genetic theories

c.Behavioral-Moral theories

*d.Conflict theories

 

Dr. Thomas McLellan as well, as some other researchers, believe that drug addiction should be regarded as a type of chronic disease similar to hypertension, cancer, and diabetes.

*a.true

b.false

(48:C)

 

Studies show that although there may be a genetic component to the notion of inherited predispositions to addiction, this theory falls short in its simplistic approach to answer a complex issue.

*a.true

b.false

(51:C)

 

Edwin Sutherland proposed  that deviant behaviors are learned when groups of people normalize and reinforce bad behaviors and make them appear good in his work on differential association theory.

*a.true

b.false

(53:K)

 

Recently, the anomie theory has gained more credibility to explain drug abuse mainly because of the emphasis it places on materialism and social achievement.

a.true

*b.false

(55:A)

 

Journalist Jacob Sullum uses the drug _______ to illustrate the idea that addiction is not the result of physical dependence, and that withdrawal symptoms are exaggerated.

a.cocaine

b.marijuana

c.PCP

*d.heroin

(50:C)

 

In cases in which a parent or both parents are  drug abusers, the children are biologically predisposed to addiction although most children in these situations never become addicts because genetic factors are most likely probabilistic rather than ___________.

a.apparent

b.idealistic

*c.deterministic

d.relativistic

(52:A)

 

The General Risk Factor Theory or _______________ suggests that when character traits like delinquency, “unconventional” personality, or pleasure seeking occur simultaneously in a person, he or she is more likely to become an addict.

a.Differential Association Theory

b.Social Learning Theory

c.Self-derogation Theory

*d.Problem Behavior Theory

(53:C)

 

______________ theory contends that drug use and abuse can stem from the subcultures with which a person associates, finding motivation in the group’s support of their behaviors.

a.Social control

b.Anomie

*c.Subcultural

d.Conflict

(54:K)

 

____________ and ___________ are two examples of theories from criminology that are used to explain drug use and addiction because they consider the influence and power of bonds between families, the community, work and school.

a.Selective interaction and Socialization theories

b.Anomie and Conflict theories

c.Subcultural and Socialization theories

*d.Social Control and Self Control

(54:K)

 

Do you believe that drug addiction is a disease or a behavioral-moral issue? Choose a theory that you consider the most convincing; explain it and discuss  the theory’s implications for  the criminal justice system. (46-56)

Answers will vary but should choose from one of the several theories from pages 46-56.  Implications for CJ system should indicate that moral theories tend to produce harsher criminal penalties while disease model theories suggest a non-criminal treatment route.

 

Define and explain the relationship between the three key factors to Charles O’Brien’s theory of drug addiction. (47)

A complete answer will include the terms agent, host and environment and explain how these are related.

 

How does the term “deterministic” relate to the genetic and psychological theories of drug addiction? What is the primary criticism of these types of theories? (51-53).

Answers to this question concern mainly the shortfall of these theories in that genetic and

psychological factors may help to explain why some people who become addicts, though

a genetic or psychological predisposition does not necessarily mean that a person will become an addict.

 

 

Chapter 04

 

The Drug Use Forecasting Program (DUF), later renamed the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program (ADAM), used urinalysis of newly arrested offenders to document trends in drug use.

*a.true

b.false

(61:K)

 

If a person is arrested and tests positive for drug use, this indicates that he or she must have been using drugs at the time the crime was committed.

a.true

*b.false

(61:C)

 

When trying to understand the link between drug use and crime it is important to keep in mind that while there is a strong association between illegal drug use and criminal behavior, this does not imply a causal relationship.

*a.true

b.false

(63:C)

 

Delinquent behaviors often precede drug abuse among young adolescents.

*a.true

b.false

(70:K)

 

The predisposition model of drug use and crime is found appealing because it does not suggest that sociological and psychological theories of criminal behavior can help to explain both drug use and crime.

a.true

*b.false

(73:A)

 

Even with a war on drugs, the street prices of illegal drugs have increased dramatically over the past 20-30 years.

a.true

*b.false

(74:K)

 

Examination of the _______of drugs involved in offenses that result in arrest provides another perspective on the link between drug use and crime.

a.amount

b.purity

*c.types

d.popularity

(61:A)

 

The test of ___________ refers to statistical analysis that has ruled out the possibility that a third factor or set of factors account for the change in outcome.

a.evidence

b.association

*c.nonspuriousness

d.causation

(64:K)