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Drugs, Society, & Behavior, 17e (Hart)

Chapter 3   Drug Policy

 

1) In the early 1800s, ________ was the medical doctor’s most reliable and effective medicine that was used for a variety of conditions, but mainly for pain relief.

1.   A) alcohol

2.   B) marijuana

3.   C) barbiturate

4.   D) opium

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 49

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2) One concern that led to the initial passage of federal drug-control legislation in 1906 was:

1.   A) amphetamine abuse.

2.   B) marijuana smoking.

3.   C) heroin use.

4.   D) patent medicines.

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 50

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3) In the early 1900s in the United States, fears about opium and cocaine were closely linked to:

1.   A) large numbers of drug-related deaths.

2.   B) gang-related violence.

3.   C) minority racial groups.

4.   D) public use in saloons and night clubs.

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 50

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4) The 1906 U.S. law that prohibited interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs was called the ________.

1.   A) Controlled Substances Act

2.   B) Pure Food and Drugs Act

3.   C) Prescription Drug Act

4.   D) Patent Medicines Act

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 51

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5) Which of the following acts provided the rootstock on which all the modern U.S. laws regulating pharmaceuticals have been grafted?

1.   A) The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act

2.   B) The Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act

3.   C) The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

4.   D) The Pure Food and Drugs Act

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 51

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6) The Harrison Act of 1914:

1.   A) required pharmacists and physicians to register and pay a tax to dispense certain drugs.

2.   B) made it a crime to prescribe heroin to dependent users.

3.   C) regulated all over-the-counter medicines.

4.   D) regulated peyote and marijuana.

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 52

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7) The Pure Food and Drugs Act and the Harrison Act were originally administered by the U.S. ________.

1.   A) Department of Health

2.   B) Agriculture and Treasury Departments

3.   C) Drug Enforcement Administration

4.   D) Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 52-53

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8) When the Pure Food and Drugs Act was first passed, drugs were legally required to be:

1.   A) safe.

2.   B) effective.

3.   C) pure and accurately labeled.

4.   D) all of these answers are correct.

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 53

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9) Important changes to the regulation of drugs by the Food and Drug Administration occurred in 1938 and 1962, largely in response to:

1.   A) testimony by medical doctors.

2.   B) pressure from the drug manufacturers.

3.   C) the Elixir Sulfanilamide poisonings and birth defects from thalidomide.

4.   D) increased smuggling.

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 54-55

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10) Before the FDA approves an IND for human testing of a new drug:

1.   A) several hundred volunteers have been exposed to the drug.

2.   B) the drug has been tested in at least two species of nonhuman animals.

3.   C) the drug’s effectiveness has been proven.

4.   D) the drug must be marketed in another country.

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 55

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11) Before a new drug is released to the market, the FDA requires:

1.   A) a pricing comparison with competing drugs.

2.   B) proof that no adverse reactions will occur.

3.   C) three phases of clinical testing, with each phase involving more people.

4.   D) personal testimony from patients who have tried the drug.

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 56

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12) Which of the following statements is true of phase one of clinical investigations after the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorizes the testing of a drug in humans?

1.   A) It involves a few hundred patients who are chosen because the new agent might help them.

2.   B) It encompasses studies with relatively low doses of the drug on a limited number of healthy people.

3.   C) It involves patients who have the condition the candidate drug is designed to treat.

4.   D) It administers the drug to larger numbers of individuals (typically, 1,000 to 5,000) with the disease or symptom for which the drug is intended.

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 56

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13) In the context of marketing a new drug, which of the following is the significance of the 1997 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Modernization Act?

1.   A) It required advertisements for prescription drugs (mostly in medical journals) to contain a summary of information about adverse reactions to the drug.

2.   B) It included the requirement that companies seek approval of any testing to be done with humans before clinical trials are conducted.

3.   C) It included the guidelines for annual postmarketing reporting by the companies of adverse reactions to some medications.

4.   D) It tightened the procedures whereby drug company salespeople could provide free samples to physicians.

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 56

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14) The single most important legislation that has shaped the federal government’s approach to controlled substances was:

1.   A) alcohol prohibition (the 18thAmendment).

2.   B) the Pure Food and Drugs Act.

3.   C) the Marijuana Tax Act.

4.   D) the Dangerous Drugs Act.

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 58

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15) The Marijuana Tax Act was passed in:

1874.         A) 1874.

1875.         B) 1906.

1876.         C) 1937.

1877.         D) 1978.

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 60

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16) According to the text, which of the following most accurately describes the recent drug laws in Portugal?

1.   A) Possession for personal use of all drugs is decriminalized.

2.   B) Possession for personal use of all drugs will receive stiffer penalties.

3.   C) Possession for personal use of marijuana is decriminalized.

4.   D) Possession for personal use of marijuana will receive stiffer penalties.

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 61

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17) The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970:

1.   A) established schedules of controlled substances and moved enforcement to the Justice Department.

2.   B) was the first to distinguish prescription from over-the-counter drugs.

3.   C) established harsh penalties for first-offense possession of an illicit drug.

4.   D) included control over alcohol and tobacco products.

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 61

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18) Substances with high abuse potential and no currently accepted medical use are listed in:

1.   A) the DAWN report.

2.   B) Schedule I.

3.   C) Schedule III.

4.   D) precursors.

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 62

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19) Matthew has over 20 years of work experience in the regulation and control of pharmaceutical industries. He prepares a national drug-control strategy and allocates an annual consolidated drug-control budget for all federal agencies involved in the regulation of drugs. He also advises the National Security Council and reports directly to the president. Identify the position held by Matthew.

1.   A) Addiction counselor

2.   B) Green jobs czar

3.   C) Drug counselor

4.   D) Drug czar

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 64

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20) According to current federal law, a fine of up to $10,000 and loss of all federal privileges (including student loans and grants) can result from conviction:

1.   A) only for sale of “dealer” quantities of crack cocaine.

2.   B) for possession of small amounts of a controlled substance.

3.   C) for using a controlled substance, but this only applies to cocaine or heroin.

4.   D) for advocating the legalization of drugs.

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 64

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21) Which of the following terms is defined as chemicals that are close relatives of controlled substances but not themselves listed on one of the controlled substance schedules?

1.   A) Designer drugs

2.   B) Experimental drugs

3.   C) Investigational new drugs

4.   D) Research chemicals

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 64

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22) According to the text, what drug issue is currently at the center of a conflict between state and federal laws?

1.   A) Heroin and access to clean syringes

2.   B) Alcohol and the legal drinking age

3.   C) Drug screening in public schools

4.   D) Marijuana for medical use

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 65

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23) From the 1920s to the 1970s, about 1 out of 1,000 Americans was in prison at any point in time. By 2008, due largely to changes in drug laws and drug enforcement, that rate:

1.   A) decreased to about 0.5 per 1,000.

2.   B) increased to about 1.5 per 1,000.

3.   C) doubled to about 2 per 1,000.

4.   D) increased to about 5 per 1,000.

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 66

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24) The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that it is legal to use urine tests to screen students in public high schools for drug use:

1.   A) only if there is evidence that the individual student has used drugs.

2.   B) only with the parents’ permission.

3.   C) only after the student has been in a treatment program.

4.   D) if they are involved in extracurricular activities.

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 68

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25) Compared to urine samples, hair samples:

1.   A) can be used to test for a greater variety of drugs.

2.   B) can detect drug use for up to a week.

3.   C) can detect drug use for up to 90 days.

4.   D) are harder to obtain.

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 68

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26) Which of the following statements is true of using saliva samples as a testing method to detect drug use?

1.   A) They are capable of detecting most kinds of drugs for up to three days.

2.   B) They detect the metabolites of marijuana up to five days or more.

3.   C) They detect only fairly recent drug use, up to one day.

4.   D) They are capable of detecting drug use for up to 90 days.

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 68-69

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27) One example where the U.S. interest in international drug control has conflicted with national security issues is:

1.   A) opium growing in Afghanistan.

2.   B) coca growing in Peru.

3.   C) marijuana growing in China.

4.   D) MDMA (ecstasy) smuggling in Europe.

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 71

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28) An economic study of U.S. efforts to eradicate coca fields in South America indicated:

1.   A) a clear linkage to higher cocaine prices in the streets in the U.S.

2.   B) that fewer acres are now being planted with coca.

3.   C) that we need to double our eradication efforts to have a positive effect.

4.   D) that even if we produced massive disruption of one country’s supply, market forces would replace the supply within two years.

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 71

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29) It is estimated that ________ percent of the illegal drug supply is seized by federal agencies each year.

1.   A) 1-2

2.   B) 10-15

3.   C) 35-40

4.   D) more than 50

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 72

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30) The period between 1890 and 1920 in the U.S. was characterized partly by being a low point in race relations.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 48

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31) The 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act required drug manufacturers to prove that their drugs were an effective treatment for some diseases.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Page Ref: 51

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32) The Harrison Act of 1914 made it illegal to possess or use heroin or marijuana.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Page Ref: 52

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33) The year is 1907. A new drug has been marketed as a “blood energizer that will cure many ailments” with a label that accurately lists its ingredients. It has not been proven to be safe or effective. According to the laws of the time, this product is legal.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 51-54

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34) The FDA requires that a drug company report to them on the results of three phases of human testing before they will approve a new drug to be sold as a prescription medicine.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 56

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35) A drug that does have an approved medical use but has a high potential for abuse would be listed on Schedule II.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 62

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36) Despite their potential medical benefits, both marijuana and methamphetamine are Schedule I drugs.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Page Ref: 62

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37) Congress passed the Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement Act in 1986, saying that any drug or any chemical intended for human use that is substantially similar to a controlled substance should be excluded from the controlled substance schedules.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Page Ref: 65

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38) In the context of urine testing for detecting drug use, the higher the amount required for a positive result, the longer the detection time.

 

Answer:  FALSE

Page Ref: 68

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39) According to the text, current drug laws are effective in the sense that they drive up the prices of illicit drugs.

 

Answer:  TRUE

Page Ref: 72

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40) Give a brief description of the Harrison Act of 1914, and discuss some of the issues that were brought up during debate and helped to pass this law.

 

Answer:  It was a tax law, requiring physicians and pharmacists to register and pay an annual fee to dispense opioids or cocaine. Motivations for the law included 1) compliance with an international treaty to control opium, 2) emotional appeals raising fears about cocaine use by blacks, and 3) concern about Chinese opium dens.

Page Ref: 52

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41) Give a brief description of the process required for a pharmaceutical company to test a new drug on humans and later to market a new prescription drug.

 

Answer:  Animal testing must be followed by an IND application to the FDA, then three phases of clinical testing before filing the NDA, which must also be approved by the FDA.

Page Ref: 55-56

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42) Why was the 18th Amendment prohibiting alcohol such an important influence on the federal approach to regulating opioids and cocaine?

 

Answer:  The Narcotics Division in the Treasury department had been small and focused mainly on opium smuggling. Prohibition created a larger enforcement arm within Treasury, and Narcotics was placed under that. This agency now took a “prohibition” approach to narcotics, trying to prevent users from getting them. They closed down treatment clinics and arrested many physicians and pharmacists who supplied drugs to dependent users. Bonus: This was not due to a change in drug laws, but to a restructuring of the bureaucracy.

Page Ref: 58-60

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43) Describe the criteria for listing a drug as a Schedule I controlled substance, and give some examples of drugs that are in Schedule I and Schedule II.

 

Answer:  High abuse potential and no medical use. Schedule I examples: heroin, marijuana, MDMA. Schedule II examples: morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine. Bonus: Difference between Schedules I and II based on an approved medical use.

Page Ref: 62

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Drugs, Society, & Behavior, 17e (Hart)

Chapter 5   The Actions of Drugs

 

1) Most of our drugs originally came either directly or indirectly from:

1.   A) South America.

2.   B) plants.

3.   C) petroleum.

4.   D) German chemists.

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 99

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2) The ________ of a drug specifies a particular formulation and manufacturer, and the trademark belongs to that manufacturer.

1.   A) preferred name

2.   B) generic name

3.   C) brand name

4.   D) international nonproprietary name

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 100

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3) The group of psychoactive drugs called stimulants includes:

1.   A) cocaine.

2.   B) Prozac.

3.   C) LSD.

4.   D) heroin.

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 101

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4) Among the psychoactive drugs, alcohol can be classified as a(n) ________.

1.   A) stimulant

2.   B) opioid

3.   C) hallucinogen

4.   D) depressant

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 101

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5) ________ are a group of analgesic (painkilling) drugs that produce a relaxed, dreamlike state; moderately high doses often induce sleep.

1.   A) Hallucinogens

2.   B) Opioids

3.   C) Antipsychotics

4.   D) Antidepressants

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 102

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6) Richard is a researcher in a pharmaceutical company. His company develops a new drug to treat chronic joint pain in humans. He wants to check the effect of this drug on a group of elderly people. He divides the group into an experimental group and a control group. He gives the new drug to the experimental group, while he gives a noneffective look-alike drug to the control group. Both groups give the same result. Identify the effect felt by the control group, despite not taking the drug.

1.   A) Specific effect

2.   B) Observer effect

3.   C) Nocebo effect

4.   D) Placebo effect

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 103

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7) The effects of a drug that depend on the presence of a chemical at certain concentrations in a target tissue are called ________.

1.   A) placebo effects

2.   B) observer effects

3.   C) specific effects

4.   D) nocebo effects

 

Answer:  C

Page Ref: 103

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8) When neither the person taking the drug nor the person evaluating the effects of the drug knows which people are getting the experimental drug and which people are getting the placebo, this procedure is referred to as a(n) ________.

1.   A) design flaw

2.   B) effect size

3.   C) preclinical study

4.   D) double-blind procedure

 

Answer:  D

Page Ref: 103

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9) The threshold on a dose-response curve is the:

1.   A) point at which the dose of a drug causes maximal response.

2.   B) lowest dose at which there is an observable effect of a drug.

3.   C) safe effective dose of a drug.

4.   D) therapeutic index of a drug.

 

Answer:  B

Page Ref: 104

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10) Which of the following terms is defined as the dosage difference between an acceptable level of effectiveness and the lowest toxic dose?

1.   A) Safety margin

2.   B) Therapeutic index

3.   C) Drug potency

4.   D) Cumulative effect

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 106

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11) With increasing doses of any useful drug, there is usually an increase in the number and severity of:

1.   A) side effects.

2.   B) beneficial effects.

3.   C) placebo effects.

4.   D) effects on the stomach.

 

Answer:  A

Page Ref: 106

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