Essentials of Life Span Development 2nd edition by Santrock-Test Bank

 

 

To Purchase this Complete Test Bank with Answers Click the link Below

 

https://tbzuiqe.com/product/essentials-of-life-span-development-2nd-edition-by-santrock-test-bank/

 

If face any problem or Further information contact us At tbzuiqe@gmail.com

 

Sample Test

3
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. “Baby-friendly” programs in impoverished countries encourage mothers to breast-feed their babies. One
disadvantage of these programs, however, is that:
A. the AIDS virus can be passed to the baby through the mother’s breast milk.
B. breast milk does not have the same hygienic qualities as infant formula.
C. these programs are much more expensive than bottle-feeding programs.
D. mothers who breast-feed have a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
2. Which of the following describes the cephalocaudal pattern of development?
A. development of the brain, followed by the spinal cord, and then leg nerves
B. development of the heart and lungs, followed by the brain and spinal cord
C. development of the brain, followed by the heart, lungs, and then eyes
D. development of the spinal cord, followed by the brain, and then heart and lungs
3. Baby Dewayne moves his trunk and arms, but he is unable to control his hands and fingers. This is an
example of the __________ pattern of development.
A. proximodistal
B. cephalocaudal
C. proximocaudal
D. cephalodistal
4. The average American newborn is __________ long and weighs _________.
A. 23 inches; 6½ pounds.
B. 20 inches; 7½ pounds.
C. 24 inches; 8½ pounds.
D. 18 inches; 9½ pounds.
5. Jerome weighed in at 12 pounds when he was born. Compared to other newborns (in the United States),
he is:
A. underweight.
B. about average.
C. heavy, yet still within the normal range of weight.
D. considerably heavier than most babies.
6. A nerve cell in the brain is also called a(n):
A. glial cell
B. neurotransmitter
C. oligodendrocyte
D. neuron
7. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The brain is (almost) completely developed at birth.
B. Some brain development continues after birth.
C. Extensive brain development continues after birth.
D
.
The brain is (almost) completely developed at birth for children who were born “on time.” Extensive
development continues after birth for children who were born prematurely.
8. Brian is brought into the emergency room by his parents. The doctor examines Brian and concludes that
in view of the swelling and hemorrhaging of his brain, it is likely that Brian has:
A. hemiplegia.
B. shaken baby syndrome.
C. traumatic brain injury.
D. viral meningitis.
9. By a child’s second birthday, his or her brain is approximately __________ of the weight of an adult’s
brain.
A. 70%
B. 75%
C. 72%
D. 77%
10. The specialization of function in each of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex in the brain is
called:
A. dominance.
B. mastery.
C. lateralization.
D. learning.
11. The most extensive research concerning brain lateralization has focused on
A. language
B. learning
C. memory
D. habituation
12. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the hemispheric specialization of speech in the cerebral
cortex of the brain?
A
.
Speech is completely localized in the left hemisphere for most people. Some aspects of language,
however, like the use of metaphor and humor, are localized in the right hemisphere.
B
.
Speech is completely localized in the right hemisphere for most people. Some aspects of language,
however, like the use of metaphor and humor, are localized in the left hemisphere.
C
.
For most people, speech and grammar are localized in the left hemisphere, and aspects of language like
the use of metaphor and humor are localized in the right hemisphere.
D
.
For most people, speech and grammar are localized in the right hemisphere, and aspects of language
like the use of metaphor and humor are localized in the left hemisphere.
13. The part of the neuron that carries signals toward the cell body is called a(n):
A. axon.
B. dendrite.
C. neurotransmitter.
D. synapse.
14. A chemical that is contained at the end of the axon whose purpose is to pass information on to another
neuron is called a(n):
A. axon.
B. dendrite.
C. neurotransmitter.
D. synapse.
15. A tiny gap that is found between two or more neurons is called a(n):
A. axon.
B. dendrite.
C. neurotransmitter.
D. synapse.
16. Axon is to _________ as dendrite is to _________.
A. carrying signals away from the cell body; carrying signals to the cell body.
B. carrying signals to the cell body; carrying signals away from the cell body.
C. lateralization; myelination.
D. myelination; lateralization.
17. What is the name of the fatty substance that speeds up transmission of impulses and surrounds the axon
of a neuron?
A. insulation
B. synapse
C. myelin
D. neurotransmitter
18. The spreading of neural pathways is a result of the:
A. myelination of the axons.
B. expansion of dendritic connections.
C. myelination of the dendrites.
D. expansion of the axonic connections.
19. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Following birth, the number of synaptic connections between the neurons always increases.
B. Following birth, the number of synaptic connections between the neurons always decreases.
C. Following birth, some synaptic connections strengthen, whereas other unused ones are pruned.
D. Following birth, about 90% of the synaptic connections survive, whereas about 10% disappear.
20. The __________ has the most prolonged development of any region of the brain.
A. prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe
B. visual cortex of the occipital lobe
C. primary sensory cortex of the parietal lobe
D. auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
21. The peak of synaptic overproduction in the prefrontal cortex takes place at around __________ of
age.
A. 1 month
B. 3 months
C. 1 year
D. 3 years
22. The adult density of synapses in the prefrontal cortex is achieved around _________.
A. early to middle childhood
B. middle childhood to early adolescence
C. early to middle adolescence
D. middle to late adolescence
23. What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain?
A. heredity and environment
B. environment and education
C. education and activity
D. activity and experience
24. At age 4½, Michael Rehbein began to experience uncontrollable seizures. To stop this, doctors removed
portions of the left hemisphere of his brain where the seizures were occurring when he was 7 years old,
and again when he was 10 years old. This case study has shown that the brain:
A. is very adaptive.
B. is fixed and unchanging.
C. adapts for certain functions only.
D. can adapt and function only when whole.
25. Tatsuya would like his daughter to grow up and develop to her full potential. He can do his part by:
A. sending her to preschool.
B. not allowing her to be placed in day care.
C. providing a stimulating home environment.
D. teaching her to read at an early age.
26. Melissa is 2 weeks old. She sleeps about 16 hours a day. She:
A. Is sleeping longer than most 2-week-old babies do.
B. is not sleeping as much as most babies her age do.
C. is typical of 2-week-old babies in her sleeping patterns.
D. sleeps more like a premature baby than a full-term baby.
27. Tameka and Roy have just had a baby. Every night, their baby is up for several hours, and she often
sleeps during the day. How long will these parents have to wait until their child has established a pattern
of sleeping mostly at night?
A. 1 month
B. 4 months
C. 7 months
D. 12 months
28. Approximately what percentage of an infant’s sleep is REM sleep?
A. 50%
B. 45%
C. 55%
D. 60%
29. The acronym “SIDS” stands for:
A. “severe infant deformity syndrome.”
B. “sudden infant death syndrome.”
C. “severe infant Down syndrome.”
D. “sudden infant damage syndrome.”
30. All of the following are risk factors for SIDS, EXCEPT:
A. low birth weight.
B. being African-American.
C. being male.
D. sleeping in soft bedding.
31. Of the following infants, who is MOST at risk for SIDS?
A. Aimee; her mother smokes
B. Grace; she was born weighing more than most babies
C. Kyoko; her parents are Japanese
D. Sylvia; she sleeps in firm bedding
32. The risk of SIDS is highest in which of the following age groups?
A. birth to 4 weeks
B. 2 months to 4 months
C. 6 months to 1 year
D. 1 year to 1½ years
33. There has been quite a bit of controversy regarding the differential effects of breast-feeding and bottlefeeding.
Recent research indicates that:
A. breast-feeding is better for the baby’s health.
B. bottle-feeding is better for the baby’s health.
C. breast-feeding is better for bonding between mother and infant, whereas bottle-feeding is better for the
baby’s health.
D
.
there are no differences in socioemotional or health outcomes between babies who are breast-fed
compared to babies who are bottle-fed.
34. All of the following are benefits of breast-feeding, EXCEPT:
A. fewer allergies
B. appropriate weight gain
C. prevention of circulatory problems
D. improved visual acuity
35. Under which of these circumstances should a mother not breast-feed?
A. if she is infected with AIDS or any disease that can be transmitted via breastmilk
B. if she has active tuberculosis
C. if she is taking any drug that may not be safe for the infant
D. All of the above are reasons for a mother to avoid breastfeeding.
36. According to a survey conducted in 2004, the most common vegetable that was fed to babies by the age
of 15 months of age was:
A. tomatoes
B. French fries
C. green beans
D. peas
37. A theory that views motor development as a means for perceiving and acting is known as:
A. dynamic systems theory
B. maturational systems theory
C. static systems theory
D. environmental systems theory
38. Which of the following terms is the best descriptor of the dynamic systems theory?
A. passive
B. active
C. static
D. constructed
39. Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern an infant’s actions are known as:
A. responses.
B. reflexes.
C. impulses.
D. urges.
40. At the fireworks show, Michael is afraid and thinks his newborn sister is sick when she suddenly flings
her arms and legs out from her body, then pulls them in tightly. Michael’s mom is not concerned because
she knows that this is just the baby’s __________ reflex.
A. Moro
B. rooting
C. grasping
D. tonic neck
41. Diane notices that sudden stimulation causes her 2-month-old to arch his back, throw back his head, fling
out his arms and legs, and then rapidly close them to the center of his body. Diane’s baby is exhibiting the
__________ reflex.
A. rooting
B. Babinski
C. tonic neck
D. Moro
42. The rooting reflex is to __________ as the Moro reflex is to _________.
A. grasping; turning
B. turning; startle
C. searching; startle
D. startle; grasping
43. Which is correct regarding the swimming reflex?
A. Infants start to display this reflex around 3 months of age.
B. Newborns display this reflex until they can learn to swim.
C. Newborns display this reflex until about 6 to 7 months.
D. Newborns display this reflex until about 3 to 4 months.
44. __________ motor skills involve large-muscle activity.
A. Fine
B. Gross
C. Practiced
D. Major
45. Shelly’s parents are worried because their daughter is 5 months old and can sit but not on her own. A
psychologist friend tells them that:
A. this is normal, because most children cannot sit on their own until around 6 or 7 months.
B. they should take their daughter to the hospital because she may have neurological damage.
C. they should not worry because their daughter is actually a little bit ahead of schedule.
D. there is no set timeline for this to occur; it will just happen naturally whenever it happens.
46. Marty is developing rapidly in her size and abilities to sit and stand. Many of the reflexes with which
she was born are fading, but she is not yet able to climb or ride on riding toys. Marty is probably in the
__________ of life.
A. first year
B. second year
C. proximodistal period
D. reflexive development phase
47. Gross motor is to __________ as fine motor is to _________.
A. uncoordinated; balance
B. balance; big movements
C. large muscles; small muscles
D. small movements; coordination
48. Rachel Clifton and her colleagues (1993) demonstrated that reaching in 4-month-old infants is guided
by:
A. sight of limb.
B. touch.
C. cues from muscles, tendons, and joints.
D. auditory cues.
49. In the “sticky mittens” research project, it was found that:
A. the infants in the mitten group developed grasping skills earlier.
B. the infants in the group without mittens developed grasping skills faster.
C. both groups developed grasping skills at the same pace.
D. the mitten group had better grasping skills, but the group without mittens developed better
manipulation skills.
50. When information is received by specialized receptors in the body, a person is experiencing:
A. sensation.
B. perception.
C. reception.
D. transduction.
51. The interpreting of sensory information is called:
A. sensation.
B. reception.
C. perception.
D. transduction.
52. The theory stating that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us is:
A. ethological.
B. ecological.
C. evolution.
D. exoportional.
53. The ecological view of perception states that perception:
A. puts us in contact with the world, so we are based in reality.
B. is sometimes faulty, which leads to the development of psychosis.
C. brings us into contact with the environment so that we can adapt to it.
D. lets us know which behaviors are adaptive and which are not.
54. Robert Fantz, during his work with infants in the “looking chamber,” discovered that 2-day-old infants
prefer to look at:
A. faces (only).
B. patterned stimuli (only).
C. both faces and patterned stimuli.
D. neither faces nor patterned stimuli.
55. The __________ method of studying whether an infant can distinguish between two objects is done by
measuring the length of time the infant looks at an object.
A. visual cue
B. visual preference
C. visual availability
D. visual timing
56. Dr. Dzindolet would like to know whether children born prematurely can tell the difference between a
face and a spiral. What method would best suit this experiment?
A. visual preference method
B. visual cuing method
C. visual availability method
D. visual timing method
57. Baby Jane, 3 days old, is shown four drawings. One is a bright blue square, one is a white oval, one is a
drawing of a face, and the last is a black-and-white bull’s-eye. In view of Fantz’s work, which will she
probably prefer to look at?
A. the oval
B. the face
C. the square
D. the bull’s-eye
58. Sheena would like to hang one picture above her baby’s crib. Which of the following would attract the
most attention from the infant?
A. a bright red circle
B. a drawing of a face
C. red and white stripes
D. a drawing of concentric circles similar to a bulls-eye
59. Habituation __________ responsiveness to stimuli.
A. decreases
B. increases
C. inhibits
D. excites
60. Newborn infants can habituate to repeated:
A. sight (only).
B. sounds (only).
C. smells and touches (only).
D. sights, sounds, smells, and touches.
61. Abdiel is a newborn. He found one of his toys to be very exciting when he first received it, but now
he appears to be bored with it. After a while, Abdiel’s crib gets knocked around and the toy moves and
appears to change shape. After this event, Abdiel seems to get back his initial excitement for the toy. This
is an example of:
A. habituation-dishabituation.
B. boredom-excitement.
C. learning-remembering.
D. conditioning-extinction.
62. Not until an infant is ________ will his or her visual acuity approximate that of an adult with normal
vision.
A. 2 months old
B. 6 months old
C. 1 year old
D. 1½ years old
63. An infant’s color vision approximates that of an adult when she/he is:
A. 2 months old.
B. 4 months old.
C. 1 year old.
D. 1½ years old.
64. The “visual cliff” is used to measure:
A. size constancy.
B. shape constancy.
C. visual acuity.
D. depth perception.
65. In the visual cliff experiment by Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk (1960), most babies encouraged to
crawl onto the deep side of the visual cliff would:
A. crawl onto the cliff side.
B. not crawl onto the cliff side.
C. crawl onto the cliff side only when their mothers called them.
D. not crawl onto the cliff side but showed significant increases in heart rate indicating anxiety about the
situation.
66. DeCasper and Spense (1986) wanted to find out if babies would prefer a story after birth if their mothers
had read the story aloud to them when they were fetuses. What did they find?
A. The infants preferred the prenatal story over another story.
B. There was no noticeable preference among various stories.
C. Some children preferred the prenatal story and others did not.
D. Most infants preferred the prenatal story for a week after birth.
67. Mandy is rocking her newborn baby to sleep. Which of the following would be the easiest for her child to
hear?
A. very soft sounds
B. slightly louder sounds
C. lower-pitched sounds
D. sounds from far away
68. What has the most recent (2007) research found relative to newborns and pain?
A. Infants are unable to feel the sensation of pain.
B. Infants are able to perceive the sensation of pain.
C. Infants’ perception of pain is underdeveloped.
D. Infants’ perception of pain cannot be assessed.
69. Your infant daughter requires surgery to correct a foot abnormality. Should she receive anesthesia?
A. Yes; recent work indicates that infants can feel pain.
B. Yes; otherwise, she will not nurse well after the surgery.
C. Yes; otherwise, she will not sleep or rest well after the surgery.
D. No; there are risks associated with giving anesthesia to infants.
70. Baby Kendra is presented with two nursing pads. One comes from her mother, and the other has not been
used. Which one will Kendra probably prefer?
A. Kendra will probably not show any preference.
B. Kendra will prefer her mother’s nursing pad.
C. Kendra will prefer the clean nursing pad.
D. Whether she shows a preference depends on Kendra’s age.
71. When saccharin was added to amniotic fluid, researchers noticed an increase in fetal:
A. growth.
B. swallowing.
C. sleep.
D. kicking.
72. The experience of our world as a smooth episode is made possible by:
A. intermodal transduction.
B. intermodal perception.
C. intermodal sensation.
D. intermodal interpretation.
73. When you integrate information from two or more sensory modes, you experience:
A. extramodal perception.
B. intermodal perception.
C. bimodal perception.
D. multimodal perception.
74. Jean Piaget believed that children:
A. actively construct their own cognitive as different cognitive abilities develop.
B. passively react to stimuli in their environments.
C. absorb their knowledge from the environment.
D. gain their view of the world from their parents.
75. According to the concept of perceptual motor coupling, which of the following statements should be
TRUE regarding the motor development of a baby who is born blind?
A
.
This baby will become most reliant on his sense of touch as he learns motor skills, to the point where
his other senses (including hearing) will be relatively useless.
B
.
This baby will be more in-tune with his or her surroundings because she will have to rely on her other
sensory systems, and thus her motor skills will develop at a faster rate.
C. Babies brains have such high plasticity that they will overcome blindness and their motor skills will
not suffer.
D.Because this baby has a reduced ability to perceive his surroundings, his motor skills should develop at
a slower rate.
76. Adjusting to new environmental demands is called:
A. accommodation.
B. assimilation.
C. adaptation.
D. organization.
77. Schemes are:
A. actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
B. the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.
C. groups of behaviors.
D. knowledge that has been adjusted to fit new experiences.
78. Classifying flowers into groups according to their color is an example of a:
A. mental scheme.
B. mental adaptation.
C. behavioral adaptation.
D. behavioral scheme.
79. Adjusting already existing schemes to fit new information and experiences is called:
A. adaptation.
B. accommodation.
C. assimilation.
D. application.
80. Two-year-old Anita has learned the word “dog” to identify the family pet Rover. Now Anita says the
word “dog” when she sees any animal. Anita has __________ these animals into her existing scheme.
A. adapted
B. accommodated
C. assimilated
D. applied
81. Baby Melissa has developed a sucking scheme. She learned that to get food, she must suck on her
mother’s breast. Now her mother has begun to introduce solid foods with a spoon. Melissa immediately
sucks on the spoon. This is an example of:
A. accommodation.
B. assimilation.
C. adaptation.
D. application.
82. Jean Piaget’s concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order system is called:
A. assimilation.
B. equilibration.
C. organization.
D. adaptation.
83. For cognitive change to occur, these two processes must work in concert as the child experiences
considerable movement between the states of cognitive equilibrium and disequilibrium.
A. equilibration and categorization
B. adaptation and organization
C. assimilation and accommodation
D. classification and modification
84. When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world, they shift from one stage
of thought to next. The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called:
A. equilibration.
B. assimilation.
C. organization.
D. adaptation.
85. Jean Piaget believed that children’s thinking in one stage is __________ that in another stage.
A. qualitatively different from
B. quantitatively different from
C. qualitatively similar to
D. quantitatively similar to
86. What makes one stage more advanced than another in Jean Piaget’s theory?
A. the child’s accumulation of knowledge
B. the child’s new way of understanding the world
C. the child’s age
D. the child’s unique perceptions of stimuli
87. Heather crawls from her room into the hallway to look for her mother after she leaves. According to Jean
Piaget, this shows that she is capable of:
A. symbolic manipulation.
B. infinite generativity.
C. telegraphic thinking.
D. object permanence.
88. Renée Baillargeon and her colleagues have found that infants display object permanence as early as age
__________ month(s).
A. 5
B. 3-4
C. 1
D. 6½
89. The focusing of mental resources on select information is called:
A. concentration.
B. attention.
C. habituation.
D. fixation.
90. Mandy watches as another little girl in the grocery store throws a screaming tantrum to get a toy. The
next week at the mall, Mandy begins screaming and crying to get some candy. Mandy is showing:
A. imitation.
B. habituation.
C. object permanence.
D. deferred imitation.
91. According to the work of Meltzoff, how much time can pass between when an infant observes an action
and imitates it?
A. just a few seconds
B. a few minutes
C. up to a few hours
D. as long as a few days
92. Implicit memory is to _________, as explicit memory is to _________.
A. education; practice
B. learned; innate
C. unconscious; conscious
D. environmental; biological
93. People remember very little about what happened in their lives before about age:
A. 6 months old to 1 year old.
B. 1 year to 1½ years old.
C. 2 years to 3 years old.
D. 5 years to 6 years old.
94. People remember very little about what happened in the early years of their lives. This is called:
A. retroactive memory interference.
B. infantile amnesia.
C. child memory loss.
D. memory trace.
95. Cases such as the “Wild Boy of Aveyron” and “Genie” cause us to wonder whether language is:
A. infinitely generative.
B. a result more of heredity or of environment.
C. based on abstract or concrete symbols.
D. more a question of phonology or syntax.
96. A form of communication that is based on a system of symbols is called:
A. syntax.
B. grammar.
C. language.
D. phonology.
97. Someone with a vocabulary of only 200 words can still recombine the words in different ways to say
thousands of different things. This aspect of language is referred to as:
A. syntax.
B. phonology.
C. morphology.
D. infinite generativity.
98. Language is made up of:
A. spoken symbols.
B. written symbols.
C. organizational rules.
D. all of these.
99. Infants begin to communicate at:
A. birth.
B. 1 month of age.
C. 2 months of age.
D. 3 months of age.
100.What is the correct sequence of language development?
A. crying, gestures, babbling, cooing
B. crying, cooing, babbling, gestures
C. babbling, crying, gestures, cooing
D. cooing, crying, gestures, babbling
101.At birth, infants communicate through:
A. cooing.
B. crying.
C. gestures.
D. babbling
102.Two-month-old Antonio is listening as his mother sings him a lullaby. He is making a gurgling sound and
seems very happy. Antonio is:
A. babbling.
B. gesturing.
C. cooing.
D. imitating.
103.Kevin loves to say, “Da, da, da, da” over and over again. This is an example of what type of
communication?
A. crying
B. cooing
C. babbling
D. gesturing
104.Every time Margarita’s mother leaves to go to work, Margarita waves to her. Margarita has begun to:
A. understand object permanence.
B. communicate through gestures.
C. display infinite generativity.
D. form an attachment.
105.Research about the ability of infants to distinguish human speech sounds indicates that:
A. young infants are capable of distinguishing only the sounds they hear in the language spoken around
them.
B. their ability to distinguish all speech sounds increases as infants grow older.
C. there are distinct stages in the ability of infants to perceive different speech sounds.
D. infants gradually come to distinguish best the speech sounds of the language spoken around them.
106.Research on the ability of infants to recognize language sounds indicates that until the age of:
A. 6 months, infants can recognize sounds in all languages.
B. 1 year, infants can recognize sounds in all languages.
C. 6 months, infants can recognize only the sounds of their native language.
D. 1 year, infants can recognize only the sounds of their native language.
107.Infants begin to say their first words between the ages of __________ and __________ months.
A. 7; 9
B. 10; 15
C. 15; 18
D. 20; 22
108.Which of the following is MOST likely to be a child’s first word?
A. “go”
B. “eat”
C. “soft”
D. “dog”
109.Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words. Kyoko’s
__________ vocabulary is more developed than her __________ vocabulary.
A. expressive; spoken
B. spoken; receptive
C. receptive; spoken
D. spoken; expressive
110.Infants can __________ language before they can __________ language.
A. modify; interpret
B. interpret; modify
C. speak; understand
D. understand; speak
111.Which of the following is TRUE about a child’s receptive vocabulary during the first 2 years of life?
A. It does not develop very much.
B. It equals the child’s spoken vocabulary.
C. It exceeds the child’s spoken vocabulary.
D. It lags behind the child’s holophrase vocabulary.
112.Jeff has just turned 2 years old. About how many words can he use?
A. 12
B. 100
C. 200
D. 400
113.Kara is 18 months old. Kyle is 24 months old. Kara is probably able to use about __________ words;
Kyle is probably able to speak about __________ words.
A. 25; 100
B. 50; 200
C. 75; 300
D. 100; 400
114.The rapid increase in an infant’s vocabulary starting at about 18 months of age is called:
A. the secular trend.
B. telegraphic speech.
C. the vocabulary spurt.
D. phonetic advancement.
115.Shalena is 15 months old and just learning to talk. One of her first words was “car.” Anytime Shalena
sees any type of vehicle, she says “car.” This is an example of:
A. overextension.
B. underextension.
C. overgeneralization.
D. undergeneralization.
116.Whenever Dakota sees a baseball cap, he says, “hat,” but he does not say it when he sees a stocking cap.
This is an example of:
A. overextension.
B. underextension.
C. overgeneralization.
D. undergeneralization.
117.”Want ice cream,” “fall down,” and “Mommy give drink” are all examples of:
A. holophrases.
B. repetitive speech patterns.
C. telegraphic speech.
D. reflexive speech patterns.
118.It is believed that humans acquired language about __________ years ago.
A. 2,000,000
B. 1,000,000
C. 500,000
D. 100,000
119.__________ is an area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is involved in speech production.
A. Broca’s area
B. Wernike’s area
C. Morton’s area
D. Ocam’s area
120.Mariah has brain damage in the left frontal lobe of her brain. When she tries to speak, she struggles to
produce words and is unable to say them correctly. Mariah has damage to:
A. Broca’s area.
B. Wernike’s area.
C. Ocam’s area.
D. Morton’s area.
121.__________ is an area in the left temporal lobe of the brain that is involved with the comprehension of
speech.
A. Broca’s area
B. Ocam’s area
C. Morton’s area
D. Wernike’s area
122.A loss or impairment of language ability caused by brain injury is called:
A. proprioception.
B. aphasia.
C. dysnomia.
D. mutism.
123.Noam Chomsky believed that humans are biologically prewired to learn language and are born with an
endowment that enables them to detect the rules of language. This endowment is called the:
A. language acquisition device.
B. biological language center.
C. primary language center.
D. biological language device.
124.Behaviorists believe that language is:
A. learned with the learning acquisition device.
B. a special skill that has emerged with biological evolution.
C. a skill controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain.
D. a series of responses acquired through reinforcement.
125.A child’s expansive vocabulary is directly correlated with his or her parents’:
A. verbal interactions with the child.
B. IQ.
C. age.
D. vocabulary.
126.Children living in poverty tend to __________ children living in wealthier homes.
A. speak about the same as
B. speak more than
C. speak less than
D. speak more but use softer voices than
127.Child-directed speech is the:
A. ability for parents to understand their children’s holographic speech.
B. language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences.
C. continual correcting of children’s syntax by parents.
D. special way parents speak to each other in front of their children.
128.Little Nisha points to a ball and says, “Dat ball.” Her father responds with, “What color is the ball?” This
is an example of:
A. echoing.
B. recasting.
C. infant-directed speech.
D. morphology.
129.Damon asks his son to look at a picture book and name the objects he sees. Damon is using __________
to help his son learn language.
A. echoing
B. encoding
C. labeling
D. listing
130.Germain says, “Ball fall.” His father replies, “Yes, the ball fell down the stairs.” This is an example
of:
A. recasting.
B. expanding.
C. labeling.
D. child-directed speech.
131.This person has been described as “America’s best-known pediatrician.” He/she takes a family-centered
approach to child development issues and communicates with parents in easy-to-understand ways. He/she
founded the Child Development Unit at Boston Children’s Hospital and created a widely used measure of
a newborn’s health and well-being.
132.This theorist is renowned for using the “visual cliff” to study vision in infants.
133.This theorist developed a well-respected theory of cognitive development. This theorist suggested that
development was universal and occurred in a fixed stagelike sequence. He proposed that infants were in
the stage of “sensorimotor development.”
134.This theorist has studied the ability of infants to imitate facial expressions. This theorist argues that
infants’ imitative abilities are biologically based, and the skill is apparent within the first few days after
birth.
135.This linguist proposed that humans are biologically prewired to learn language. He has proposed that
infants are born into the world with a language acquisition device that enables the child to detect certain
features and rules of language.
136.The sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top—the head—with physical growth in
size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom.
137.The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the boy and moves toward the extremes.
138.A nerve cell that handles information processing in the brain.
139.The specialization of function in each of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex in the brain.
140.The part of the neuron that carries signals away from the cell body.
141.The part of the neuron that carries signals toward the cell body.
142.A layer of cells that insulates many axons and helps electrical signals travel faster down the axon.
143.Chemicals contained at the end of the axon that pass information to another neuron.
144.Tiny gaps found between two or more neurons.
145.Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn’s movements. These reactions are automatic and
beyond the newborn’s control.
146.A reflex that occurs when the infant’s cheek is stroked. The infant turns his/her head toward the side that
was touched in an apparent effort to find something to suck.
147.A reflex that occurs in response to a sudden, intense noise or movement. The newborn arches her/his
back, throws back her/his head, and flings out her/his arms and legs. Then the newborn rapidly closes its
arms and legs to the center of the body.
148.Skills that involve large-muscle activities such as walking and running.
149.Skills that involve finely tuned movements such as drawing or painting.
150.The interpretation of the information that has been sensed.
151.A decreased responsiveness to a stimulus that has been repeatedly presented.
152.According to Jean Piaget, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge.
153.According to Jean Piaget, the process by which children use their existing schemes to deal with new
experiences. New information is incorporated into existing schemes.
154.According to Jean Piaget, the process by which children adjust their current schemes to take in new
information or experiences.
155.Jean Piaget’s concept of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher-order cognitive system.
156.Jean Piaget’s concept to describe the cognitive conflict that occurs when information in the environment
is inconsistent with the child’s current schemes. This conflict is the motivation to modify schemes or
develop new schemes that are more consistent with the outside world.
157.According to Jean Piaget, this is the stage of infant cognitive development. Children construct an
understanding of their world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical, motoric actions.
158.According to Jean Piaget, the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen,
heard, or touched.
159.The increase in responsiveness to a stimulus after a change in stimulation.
160.Memory without conscious recollection. This includes memories of skills and routine procedures (e.g.,
crawling) that are performed automatically.
161.Memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state (e.g., the capital of the
United States).
162.Most adults remember little or nothing from the first 3 years of their own life. This is called ___.
163.The basic unit of sound in a language; the smallest unit of sound that affects meaning.
164.Long vowel sounds (e.g., oooh, aaaah) that babies make at about 1 to 2 months of age. They are usually
gurgling sounds that are made in the back of the throat and express pleasure.
165.Strings of consonant-vowel combinations (e.g., da-da-da-da) that babies make at about 6 months of
age.