Essentials of Life-Span Development 3rd Edition by John Santrock test bank
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Sample Test
CHAPTER 3: PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The
cephalocaudal pattern is the sequence in which the earliest growth always
occurs at the:
2. center
of the body and then moves toward the extremities
3. spinal
cord and then expands out to the limbs and head
4. top—the
head—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working
their way down from top to bottom
5. bottom—the
feet—with physical growth and differentiation of features gradually working
their way up till the head
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 72
2. Infants
can see objects before they can control their torso, and they can use their
hands long before they can crawl or walk. This would indicate that they have a
_____ pattern of growth.
3. proximodistal
4. proximocaudal
5. cephalodistal
6. cephalocaudal
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 72
3. The
_____ pattern of growth is the sequence in which growth starts at the center of
the body and moves toward the extremities.
4. proximodistal
5. proximocaudal
6. cephalocaudal
7. cephalodistal
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 72-73
4. Infants
control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and
fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several
fingers. This indicates a _____ pattern of growth.
5. proximodistal
6. cephalocaudal
7. proximocaudal
8. cephalodistal
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 73
5. In
the first several days of life, most newborns lose _____ percent of their body
weight before they adjust to feeding by sucking, swallowing, and digesting.
6. 5 to
7
7. 15 to
20
8. 1 to
2
9. 35 to
40
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 73
6. Jerome
weighed in at 4.5 pounds when he was born. Compared to other newborns in North
America, his weight is:
7. less
than the average.
8. average.
9. about
average.
10. higher
than the average.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 73
7. Infants
usually double their birth weight by the age of:
8. one
month.
9. one
year.
10. four
months.
11. eight
months.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 73
8. Infants
would nearly have tripled their birth weight by the age of:
9. two
years.
10. one
year.
11. four
months.
12. six
months
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 73
9. By
two years of age, children have reached about _____ of their adult weight and
about _____ of their adult height.
10. one-half;
one-fourth
11. one-fifth;
one-half
12. one-third;
two-third
13. one-fourth;
one-fourth
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 73
10. Which
of the following statements is true about brain development?
11. The brain
grows exponentially from conception to birth causing the brain to be completely
developed at birth.
12. The
process of brain development continues through the first year after birth and
then stops.
13. Extensive
brain development continues after birth, through infancy and later.
14. Brain
development continues after birth only among premature babies.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 73
11. Shaken
baby syndrome may cause several symptoms including:
12. brain
swelling and hemorrhaging.
13. brain
tumors.
14. cardiac
arrest.
15. swelling
of the arms and legs.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 73
12. At
birth, the newborn’s brain is about _____ percent of its adult weight.
13. 10
14. 25
15. 50
16. 75
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 74
13. By
the second birthday, a toddler’s brain is about _____ percent of its adult
weight.
14. 25
15. 50
16. 75
17. 95
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 74
14. The
portion farthest from the spinal cord is known as the _____.
15. hindbrain
16. forebrain
17. midbrain
18. topbrain
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 74
15. The
_____ includes the cerebral cortex and several structures beneath it.
16. forebrain
17. hindbrain
18. midbrain
19. topbrain
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 74
16. The
cerebral cortex has two _____, each of which is further divided into four
_____.
17. neurons;
divisions
18. divisions;
neurons
19. hemispheres;
lobes
20. lobes;
systems
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 74
17. Your ability
to process language in the left hemisphere and spatial thinking in the right
hemisphere is due to _____.
18. linearity
19. mastery
20. lateralization
21. learning
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 74
18. Which
of the following statements is true about specialization of function in a
hemisphere of the cerebral cortex?
19. Complex
thinking is mostly carried out by the right hemisphere while the left
hemisphere typically deals with motor control.
20. Logical
thinkers are usually “left-brained.”
21. Creative
thinkers are usually “right-brained.”
22. Complex
thinking in normal people is the outcome of communication between both
hemispheres of the brain.
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 74
19. The
fiber that carries signals away from the neuron’s cell body is called a(n):
20. axon.
21. dendrite.
22. neurotransmitter.
23. synapse.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 74
20. The
fiber that carries signals toward the neuron’s cell body is called a(n):
21. axon.
22. dendrite.
23. neurotransmitter.
24. synapse.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 74
21. A(n)
_____ is a layer of fat cells that encases and insulates many axons and helps
electrical signals travel faster down the axon.
22. myelin
sheath
23. astrocyte
24. dendrite
25. nociceptor
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 74
22. If we
were concerned with speed of electronic signals, which of the following would
help information travel faster?
23. Perception
24. Lateralization
25. Myelination
26. Habituation
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 74
23. _____
refers to the process of encasing axons with fat cells.
24. Myelination
25. Lateralization
26. Habituation
27. Transmission
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 75
24. _____
are tiny gaps, or junctions, between neurons’ fibers.
25. Neurilemma
26. Myelin
sheaths
27. Neurotransmitters
28. Synapses
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 75
25. Chemical
interactions between ____ connect axons and dendrites, allowing information to
pass from neuron to neuron.
26. nephrons
27. synapses
28. neurotransmitters
29. myelin
sheaths
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 75
26. At
the end of the axon are terminal buttons, which release chemicals called _____ into
synapses.
27. myelin
28. dendrites
29. neurotransmitters
30. neurons
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 75
27. Which
of the following statements is true of how neurons change in the first years of
life?
28. Synaptic
connections begin to develop only after birth.
29. Myelination
begins prenatally and stops at birth.
30. The
synaptic connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the
unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear.
31. The
human brain actually needs more than twice of the neural connections made in
the first years of life.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 75
28. When
babies engage in physical activity or use language, some synaptic connections
will be strengthened, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or
disappear. A neuroscientist would identify this process as “_____.”
29. pruning
30. myelination
31. paring
32. trimming
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 75
29. The
peak of synaptic overproduction in the _____ occurs at about the fourth
postnatal month.
30. spinal
cord
31. prefrontal
cortex
32. visual
cortex
33. parietal
lobe
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 75
30. The
peak of synaptic overproduction in the _____ takes place at around one year of
age.
31. prefrontal
cortex
32. spinal
cord
33. visual
cortex
34. neural
tube
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 75
31. The
_____ is the area of the brain where higher-level thinking and self-regulation
occur.
32. visual
cortex
33. myelin
sheath
34. prefrontal
cortex
35. neural
tube
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 75
32. The
_____ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and
gene expression in the brain’s development.
33. neuroconstructivist
34. dynamic
systems
35. genetic
36. ecological
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 77
33. Which
of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is true?
34. When
infants are 3 months old, the amount of time they spend in REM sleep begins to
increase.
35. Most
infants spend about 70 percent of their sleeping time in REM sleep.
36. REM
sleep might promote the brain’s development in infancy.
37. Older
adults are the only group that spends more time in REM sleep than infants.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 78
34. Amira
is concerned about putting her baby on his stomach to sleep because of the risk
that he might stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly
without an apparent cause. In other words, she is concerned about _____.
35. shaken
baby syndrome
36. sudden
infant death syndrome
37. Down
syndrome
38. marasmus
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 78
35. Which
of the following conditions is the highest cause of infant death in the United
States with nearly 3,000 infant deaths annually attributed to it?
36. Shaken
baby syndrome
37. Sudden
infant death syndrome
38. Down
syndrome
39. Marasmus
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 78
36. Since
1992, The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has recommended that _____ to
reduce the risk of SIDS.
37. parents
practice shared sleeping with their infants
38. infants
be placed to sleep on their backs
39. babies
be fed on demand instead of on schedule
40. all
fans in the room be turned off while putting a baby down to sleep
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 78
37. Who
is at the highest risk of SIDS?
38. Malachi
who is between birth and four weeks
39. Tyrell
who is between four and six weeks
40. Chaz
who is between two and four months
41. Isaiah
who is between eight and ten months
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 78
38. Of
the following infants, who is MOST at risk for SIDS?
39. Mimi;
her mother smokes
40. Grace;
she was born weighing more than most babies
41. Megumi;
she uses a pacifier when she goes to sleep
42. Sylvia;
she sleeps in firm bedding
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 78
39. For
years, debate has focused on whether breast-feeding is better for the infant
than bottle-feeding. The growing consensus is that:
40. breast
feeding is better for the baby’s health.
41. bottle
feeding is better for the baby’s health.
42. breast
feeding is better for bonding between mother and infant, whereas bottle feeding
is better for the baby’s health.
43. there
are no differences in health outcomes for babies who are breast fed and babies
who are bottle fed.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 78
40. In
which of the following circumstances is it recommended that a mother NOT
breast-feed?
41. If
the mother plans to return to full-time work soon
42. If
the mother has active tuberculosis
43. If
the mother is 40 or older
44. If
the baby is overweight
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 79
41. In
which of the following circumstances should the mother NOT breast feed her
baby?
42. If
she has AIDS
43. If
she is suffering from postpartum depression
44. If
the baby has low birth weight
45. If
the baby is overweight
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 79
42. A
national study of more than 3,000 randomly selected 4- to 24-month-olds
documented that:
43. many
U.S. parents are feeding their babies too many fruits and not enough
vegetables.
44. U.S.
parents are feeding their babies fruits and vegetables, and very little junk
food.
45. by 1
year, bananas were the most common fruit that babies ate.
46. by 15
months, French fries were the most common vegetable that babies ate.
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 80
43. The
view of development that sees motor skills developing as a solution to an
infant’s problems is known as _____ systems theory.
44. dynamic
45. maturational
46. static
47. environmental
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 80
44. Kyle
and Amy want their baby to walk early, so they take the baby’s favorite toy and
place it where the child cannot reach it from a crawling position. Kyle and Amy
believe that this will motivate the baby to stand upright to retrieve the toy
and will thus result in him walking sooner. Their belief is most consistent
with the _____ systems view of development.
45. maturational
46. evolutionary
47. static
48. dynamic
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 80
45. _____
are built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern the newborn’s movements, which
are automatic and beyond the newborn’s control.
46. Instincts
47. Reflexes
48. Impulses
49. Urges
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 81
46. When
Martha wants to feed her newborn son, she gently brushes her nipple against his
cheek and, in a _____ reflex, he turns his head toward the side that was
touched and immediately latches on to her breast.
47. Moro
48. sucking
49. rooting
50. grasping
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 81
47. Whenever
baby Beth hears a loud noise, she responds with a _____ reflex where she arches
her back, throws back her head, flings out her arms and legs, and then rapidly
closes her arms and legs.
48. Moro
49. rooting
50. grasping
51. fencing
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 81
48. _____
motor skills are skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as moving
one’s arms and walking.
49. Fine
50. Gross
51. Learned
52. Major
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 82
49. What
is the foundation needed for gross motor skills to develop?
50. A
developed muscular system
51. Cognitive
skills
52. Postural
control
53. Reflexive
behavior
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 83
50. Nadine’s
doctor is assessing her fine motor skills, thus they are going to look at her
ability to:
51. coordinate
large muscle activity like walking.
52. maintain
fine balance on a beam.
53. perform
finely tuned movements like using a pencil.
54. perform
reflexive behavior like stepping.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 85
51. When
four-year old Melanie ties shoelaces on her own and skillfully uses fork and
spoon, she is demonstrating her:
52. rooting
reflex.
53. fine
motor skills.
54. Moro
reflex.
55. gross
motor skills.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 85
52. Reaching
in four-month-old infants is guided by:
53. keeping
their limbs in sight.
54. touch.
55. cues
from muscles, tendons, and joints.
56. auditory
cues.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 85
53. Jake,
age 11 months, is able to pick up cereal and bits of fruit off the tray of his
high chair by grasping them with his thumb and forefinger. Jake has developed
the:
54. palmer
grasp.
55. pincer
grip.
56. Moro
reflex.
57. fencing
reflex.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 85
54. In
the “sticky mittens” research project, it was found that:
55. the
infants in the mitten group developed grasping skills earlier.
56. the
infants in the group without mittens developed grasping skills faster.
57. both
groups developed grasping skills at the same pace.
58. the
group without mittens developed better object manipulation skills.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 85
55. _____
occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors—the eyes, ears,
tongue, nostrils, and skin.
56. Sensation
57. Perception
58. Reception
59. Transition
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 86
56. The
interpretation of sensory information is called _____.
57. sensation
58. reception
59. perception
60. transition
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 86
57. Franz
believes that we directly perceive information that exists in the world around
us and that perception is designed for action. He is most likely holding an
_____ perspective.
58. ethological
59. ecological
60. evolutionary
61. genetic
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 86
58. The
theorists who developed the ecological view of perceptual development in
infancy are:
59. Arnold
Gesell and Jean Piaget.
60. Virginia
Satir and Jay Haley.
61. Eleanor
and James Gibson.
62. Sigmund
Freud and Anna Freud.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 86
59. Your
professor says that our perception brings us into contact with the environment
in order to interact with and adapt to it. This indicates that he holds a(n)
_____ view on perceptual development.
60. ethological
61. ecological
62. evolutionary
63. genetic
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 86
60. Fantz’
research method—studying whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from
another by measuring the length of time they attend to different stimuli—is
referred to as the:
61. habituation
and dishabituation method.
62. orienting
response and tracking method.
63. visual
preference method.
64. high
amplitude sucking method.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 86
61. Baby
Jane, three days old, is shown four drawings: a bright blue square, a white
oval, a yellow circle, and a drawing of a face. In view of Fantz’ work, which
drawing would she probably prefer to look at?
62. The
white oval
63. The
face
64. The
blue square
65. The
yellow circle
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 86
62. Baby
Max watches his mother jingle her keys in front of him. After several minutes,
he looks away no longer interested. This would indicate that he has habituated
as he is showing a _____ to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the
stimulus.
63. decreased
responsiveness
64. increased
familiarity
65. increased
interest
66. decreased
anxiety
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 86
63. Sheena
would like to hang a picture above her baby’s crib. Which of the following is
likely to attract the MOST attention from the infant?
64. A
bright red circle
65. A
drawing of a normal face
66. A
drawing of a scrambled face
67. A
white circle
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 86
64. Sarah
shows her baby a colorful block several times. The baby looks carefully at the
block, at first, but then turns her attention to a different toy after seeing
the block a few times. The baby is showing _____.
65. memory
66. imitation
67. habituation
68. dishabituation
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 86
65. The
“visual cliff” experiment was used to measure:
66. size
constancy.
67. shape
constancy.
68. visual
acuity.
69. depth
perception.
Answer: d
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 89
66. In
the visual cliff experiment by Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk, most babies
encouraged to crawl onto the deep side of the visual cliff would:
67. crawl
onto the cliff side.
68. not
crawl onto the cliff side.
69. crawl
onto the cliff side only when their mothers called them.
70. not
crawl onto the cliff side but showed significant increases in heart rate
indicating anxiety about the situation.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 89
67. Which
of the following statements about perception in infants is true?
68. Infants
are not able to perceive the localization of a sound.
69. Newborns
cannot hear soft sounds quite as well as adults can.
70. Infants
are very sensitive to the pitch of a sound.
71. Infants
are not able to perceive pain.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 90
68. Amanda
is 6 days old. Which of the following statements about Amanda’s hearing is
true?
69. Amanda
is more sensitive to the pitch of sound than an adult.
70. Amanda
is more able to hear low-pitched sounds than high-pitched sounds.
71. Amanda
is more able to hear high-pitched sounds than low-pitched sounds
72. Amanda
cannot determine the general location from where a sound is coming.
Answer: c
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 90
69. Winnie
is considering the use of anesthesia during the circumcision of her newborn
son. She wants to know if newborns can feel pain. What would you tell her?
70. Yes;
recent research indicates that infants can feel pain.
71. No;
infants cannot feel pain.
72. Maybe;
research on the matter is inconclusive as of now.
73. Maybe;
the level of pain felt depends on the newborn’s resilience.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 90
70. Baby
Kendra, who is 6 days old, is presented with two breast pads. One comes from
her mother, and the other has not been used. Which one will Kendra probably
prefer?
71. Kendra
will probably not show any preference.
72. Kendra
will prefer her mother’s breast pad.
73. Kendra
will prefer the clean breast pad.
74. Whether
she shows a preference depends on whether she has been fed recently or not.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Hard
Blooms: Apply
Page(s): 90
71. Sensitivity
to taste:
72. is
present even before birth.
73. develops
two days after birth.
74. is
not seen in newborns.
75. develops
a month after birth.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 91
72. The
experience of our world as a smooth, unitary episode is made possible by
intermodal:
73. reflection.
74. perception.
75. sensation.
76. interpretation.
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Page(s): 91
73. _____
perception involves integrating information from two or more sensory
modalities.
74. Extramodal
75. Intermodal
76. Intramodal
77. Multimodal
Answer: b
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 91
74. Jean
Piaget believed that children:
75. actively
construct their own cognitive world.
76. passively
react to their environments.
77. absorb
their knowledge from the environment.
78. gain
their view of the world from their parents.
Answer: a
Difficulty Level: Easy
Blooms: Remember
Page(s): 93
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