Essentials of Oceanography 7th Edition by Tom S. Garrison – Test Bank

 

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 03   Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

 

1. Transform faults are never found at mid-ocean ridges.   a. True   b. False

 

2. There are two types of plate divergences: divergent oceanic crust and divergent continental crust.   a. True   b. False

 

3. Convection within the inner core facilitates continental drift.   a. True   b. False

 

4. Subduction zones are areas where new seafloor is created.   a. True   b. False

 

5. The asthenosphere is cooler than the lithosphere.   a. True   b. False

 

6. Density is a measure of relative heaviness and is defined as mass per unit volume.   a. True   b. False

 

7. The oceanic crust is primarily made of basalt.   a. True   b. False

 

8. One piece of evidence that suggests the existence of Pangaea is the discovery of Mesosaurus fossils in Argentina and Africa, but nowhere else.   a. True   b. False

 

9. The Hawaiian Islands were formed within the last 2 million years above a hot spot that is now inactive.   a. True   b. False

 

10. Alfred Wegener was a polar explorer who suggested that at one time, Earth’s landmasses were joined into a supercontinent called Pangaea.   a. True   b. False

 

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

 

11. Geologists believe that a new ocean basin is forming ____.   a. at the East African Rift Valley   b. in the Mediterranean Sea   c. along the divergent boundary between India and Asia   d. along the boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate

 

12. Earlier than 200 million years ago, the continents were joined into one supercontinent called ____.   a. Pangaea   b. Panthalassa   c. Oceanus   d. Tethys

 

13. With the development of radiometric dating, scientists discovered that the oldest rocks were typically ____.   a. in the center of the Atlantic Ocean   b. along subduction zones   c. near spreading centers   d. in the center of continents

 

14. A cross section of Earth reveals a layered structure that has different thicknesses and densities. How do geologists know this?   a. From drilling and digging down into the various layers   b. From observing the characteristics of lava and gas issuing from volcanic vents   c. From observing the transit times through Earth of waves generated by earthquakes   d. From comparisons with drill cores taken by robot spacecraft on Mars and Venus

 

15. The Himalayan Mountains were formed as a result of ____.   a. ocean-continent convergence   b. continent-continent convergence   c. ocean-continent divergence   d. continent-continent divergence

 

16. What are the primary components in Earth’s continental crust?   a. oxygen, uranium, thorium   b. oxygen, silicon, uranium   c. oxygen, silicon, aluminum   d. iron, aluminum, carbon

 

17. Japan is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire and experiences many earthquakes. Almost all of the earthquakes around Japan occur ____.   a. only on the east side of the island where the Pacific plate subducts   b. only on the west side of the island where the Eurasian plate subducts   c. near the Pacific spreading center   d. near the Mid-Atlantic ridge

 

18. One cubic meter of which of these would weigh the most?   a. ocean water   b. granite rock   c. basaltic rock   d. mantle

 

19. The rigid outer layer of Earth that comprises both continental and oceanic crust is called the ____.   a. hydrosphere   b. lithosphere   c. asthenosphere   d. outer core

 

20. The magnetic striping of the seafloor is considered evidence of seafloor spreading and ____.   a. periodic interruptions in mantle convection   b. subduction occurring in rift valleys   c. changes in Earth’s axis of rotation   d. periodic reversals in the polarity of Earth’s magnetic field

 

21. The mid-ocean ridges are ____.   a. subduction zones   b. transform or lateral plate boundaries   c. divergent plate boundaries   d. convergent plate boundaries

 

22. California’s San Andreas fault is which type of plate boundary?   a. divergent plate boundary   b. transform plate boundary   c. ocean-continent convergent plate boundary   d. continent-continent convergent plate boundary

 

23. Roughly how fast do most lithospheric plates move?   a. about 5 kilometers per year   b. about 5 kilometers per thousand years   c. about 5 centimeters per hour   d. about 5 centimeters per year

 

24. Which statement with regard to hot spots is true?   a. Hot spots are relatively stationary features.   b. Hot spots are always located along plate boundaries.   c. The Aleutian Islands in Alaska formed due to a hot spot.   d. Hot spots can only exist beneath oceanic crust.

 

25. New crust is being generated ____.   a. in the deep ocean trenches   b. at convergent plate boundaries   c. at divergent plate boundaries   d. at the centers of tectonic plates

 

26. The largest known mantle plume is located beneath ____.   a. Antarctica   b. Africa   c. Hawaii   d. Yellowstone National Park

 

27. What is the primary reason for the inside of Earth being hot?   a. No heat is being generated, but Earth’s outer layers have prevented the escape of heat trapped during the planet’s initial formation.   b. The decay of radioactive elements is creating heat in Earth’s inner layers.   c. A nuclear process like that found in stars is at work in Earth’s interior.   d. Huge quantities of oil and natural gas occasionally burn deep within Earth.

 

28. A boundary in which crustal plates slide laterally past one another is called a ____.   a. transform fault   b. convergent zone   c. divergent zone   d. rift valley

 

29. About how many kilometers (miles) is it from the center of Earth to the outer edge of the outer core?   a. 12,523 kilometers (7,827 miles)   b. 6,370 kilometers (3,980 miles)   c. 1,264 kilometers (790 miles)   d. 2,880 kilometers (1,800 miles)

 

30. Which statement is true with regard to subduction zones?   a. They are also referred to as “hot spots.”   b. They are sites where lithospheric plates are diverging or pulling apart.   c. They are marked by the presence of mid-ocean ridges.   d. They are zones where old seafloor descends into the crust and mantle.

 

31. Scientists believe the breakup of Pangaea occurred about ____.   a. 1 million years ago   b. 25 million years ago   c. 200 million years ago   d. 750 million years ago

 

32. Some plateaus, ocean ridges, ancient island arcs, and parts of continental crust are too buoyant to be subducted. These are, instead, squeezed and sheared onto the face of a continent, forming ____.   a. Wadati-Benioff zones   b. terranes   c. rift valleys   d. sea mounts

 

33. The youngest seafloor rocks are found ____.   a. near the edges of continents   b. near the rift valleys of mid-ocean ridges   c. beneath the deep sea trenches   d. evenly distributed over the ocean basins

 

34. The Hawaiian Islands formed as they pass over a hot spot in the middle of the ____.   a. Mid-Atlantic ridge   b. Nazca Plate   c. Mariana Trench   d. Pacific Plate

 

35. As early as the 1700s, scientists and observers noticed a remarkable coincidence of shape of the Atlantic coasts of Africa and ____.   a. North America   b. Australia   c. Asia   d. South America

 

36. Buoyancy is the ability of an object to float in a fluid by ____.   a. weighing less than the water surrounding it   b. displacing a volume of water equal in weight to its own weight   c. displacing a volume of water which weighs slightly more than its own weight   d. displacing a volume of water which weighs slightly less than its own weight

 

37. The ____ accounts for 83% of Earth’s volume.   a. mantle   b. inner core   c. crust   d. outer core

 

38. A “mystery” in our understanding of plate tectonics has been, until recently, the nature of the power source capable of moving the plates and the continents embedded within them. Recent evidence indicates the power source to be ____.   a. the readjustment of the surface to continual shrinking of the whole Earth   b. convection currents within Earth’s mantle is moving the plates   c. the action of ocean currents is dragging along the seafloor, causing the seafloor and the continents to move   d. the continual vibration from earthquakes and volcanoes slowly moves the continents equator-ward under the influence of centrifugal force

 

39. If two oceanic plates collide and one is older and cooler (therefore more dense) than the other, what will happen?   a. A deep trench will form.   b. Continental mountains will form.   c. A mid-ocean ridge will form.   d. A hot spot will form.

 

40. The hot, partially melted, slowly flowing layer of Earth is called the ____.   a. inner core   b. asthenosphere   c. lithosphere   d. outer core

 

 

41. What kind of observational evidence did Alfred Wegener use to propose his theory of continental drift, and the idea that the continents were once connected as the single landmass, Pangaea?

 

42. What is plate convergence and what types of features are produced from convergence?

 

43. How has the history of plate movement been captured in residual magnetic fields?

 

44. Using the Atlantic Ocean as an example, describe in detail how an ocean basin is formed.

 

45. Describe the mechanism that controls the formation of the Hawaiian Islands. Is this island chain still actively forming?

 

Answer Key

1. False

 

2. True

 

3. False

 

4. False

 

5. False

 

6. True

 

7. True

 

8. True

 

9. False

 

10. True

 

11. a

 

12. a

 

13. d

 

14. c

 

15. b

 

16. c

 

17. a

 

18. d

 

19. b

 

20. d

 

21. c

 

22. b

 

23. d

 

24. a

 

25. c

 

26. b

 

27. b

 

28. a

 

29. b

 

30. d

 

31. c

 

32. b

 

33. b

 

34. d

 

35. d

 

36. b

 

37. a

 

38. b

 

39. a

 

40. b

 

41. As early as the 1600’s scientists and observers noticed that the Atlantic shorelines of continents, particularly South America and Africa, appeared as if they once fit together, like a puzzle. Sir Ernest Shackleton’s 1908 discovery of coal (the fossilized remains of tropical plants) in Antarctica suggested that the continent may have once been located in a warmer part of the world. Other observers noted that Mountain ranges in Scandinavia, Scotland, and North America, which are now separated by the Atlantic, were remarkably similar in age, composition, and structure. Finally, Eduard Suess discovered fossils of the reptile Mesosaurus in Africa and Argentina, and the seed fern Glossopteris across all of the southern hemisphere landmasses. If the continents were once joined, these mountain ranges and bands of fossils would have formed continuous chains. Wegener compiled all of this information to come up with his theory of continental drift.

 

42. Plate convergence happens when lithospheric plates come together. There are three types of convergence, and they are defined by the composition and density of plates that are coming together: (1) the convergence of oceanic crust and continental crust, (2) the convergence of oceanic crust and oceanic crust and (3) continental crust-continental crust convergence. Because of the density differences between oceanic and continental crust, different features are produced. When oceanic crust collides with continental crust, the heavier oceanic crust subducts beneath the continent, forming a deep trench. Volcanic mountains also form at these boundaries because subducting ocean crust partially melts as it plunges downward toward the mantle. The release of volatile components (such as water and carbon dioxide) from the ocean crust reduces the melting temperature of the surrounding mantle, forming a magma rich in dissolved gases. The magma then rises through overlying layers to the surface, causing volcanic eruptions. Where oceanic crust converges with oceanic crust, the denser (older and cooler) plate will subduct beneath the lighter plate forming a trench. The same processes that cause volcanoes to form along ocean-continent convergent boundaries will occur at ocean-ocean convergent boundaries as well. However, the resulting volcanoes emerge from the sea floor instead of the continent. The volcanoes appear in a curve pattern on the overriding crust. These volcanoes are called “island arcs” when they emerge above sea level. Lastly, when two plates of continental crust collide, neither plate will subduct because both plates are of approximately equal density. The colliding plates, instead, both are compressed, folded, and uplifted, to form large mountains, such as the Himalayan mountains.

 

43. A compass needle points to the magnetic north pole because of the persistent magnetic field caused by the movement of molten metal in the Earth’s outer core. As new seafloor is produced at spreading centers, the magnetic minerals (which are naturally occurring in basaltic magma) align with the Earth’s magnetic field. As the new rock cools and hardens, the orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field at that particular time is frozen and records information like a fossil does. Scientists use this information to measure spreading rates and are able to create detailed charts of the ocean floor dating back about 200 million years.

 

44. Ocean basins are formed at divergent plate boundaries where two lithospheric plates pull apart. The Atlantic Ocean basin began growing around 210 million years ago when heat from the mantle caused the asthenosphere to expand and rise. This caused the overlying lithosphere to lift and fracture, forming a rift. As the lithosphere continued to separate, magma rose to the surface and solidified, forming a new balsatic ocean floor. Over time, as the ocean basin continued to grow larger and deeper, water began to collect in the basin, eventually forming the Atlantic Ocean.

 

45. The Hawaiian Islands were formed as a result of a hot spot, the surface expression of a stationary mantle plume. As the Pacific Plate moves in a westerly- northwesterly direction over the hot spot, the high temperatures and rising magma from the plume weaken the crust and form a volcano on the ocean floor. The volcano eventually grows large enough to break the surface of the ocean, becoming a volcanic island. Because the Pacific Plate is moving, the volcanic island eventually is carried away from the source of origin, and a new island forms over the stationary hot spot. Over millions of years, a volcanic island chain is formed. The Emperor Seamounts north of Hawaii are the oldest remnants of this island chain, and the island of Hawaii is the youngest. A new island, Loihi, is currently being formed on the ocean floor, and will become the next Hawaiian island in about 30,000 years.