Essentials Of Physical Anthropology 3rd Edition By Clark Spencer Larsen – Test Bank
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CHAPTER 03: Genetics: Reproducing Life and Producing Variation
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Somatic
cells include all of the following EXCEPT:
|
a. |
lung cells. |
c. |
skin cells. |
|
b. |
gametes. |
d. |
neurons. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the difference between the two types of
eukaryotic cells
TOP: The
cell MSC:
Remembering
2. Prokaryotes
first appeared:
|
a. |
10,000 years ago. |
c. |
3.5 bya. |
|
b. |
1 mya. |
d. |
65 mya. |
ANS:
C
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Describe the major parts of a cell and the
function of the organelles
TOP: The
cell MSC:
Remembering
3. _______
DNA is heteroplasmic, meaning it can differ among different parts of a person’s
body.
|
a. |
Nuclear |
c. |
Ribosomal |
|
b. |
All |
d. |
Mitochondrial |
ANS:
D
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain what mtDNA is and why it is important
in research about both modern and ancient humans TOP:
The DNA
molecule
MSC:
Remembering
4. Nucleotide
bases in nuclear DNA include all of the following EXCEPT:
|
a. |
thymine. |
c. |
uracil. |
|
b. |
adenine. |
d. |
cytosine. |
ANS: C
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify the four nitrogen bases of DNA and
explain how they combine
TOP: DNA: the blueprint of
life
MSC: Remembering
5. The
following are complementary bases in DNA:
|
a. |
adenine and thymine. |
c. |
guanine and thymine. |
|
b. |
adenine and cytosine. |
d. |
guanine and uracil. |
ANS:
A
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Identify the four nitrogen bases of DNA and
explain how they combine
TOP: The DNA molecule
MSC: Remembering
6. DNA
replication produces:
|
a. |
four identical daughter
cells. |
c. |
two single strands of DNA. |
|
b. |
two identical copies of
itself. |
d. |
four single strands of DNA. |
ANS: B
DIF:
Easy
OBJ: Explain how DNA reproduces itself
TOP: The DNA
molecule
MSC: Remembering
7. In
mammals, the male parent’s gametes determine the sex of his offspring because:
|
a. |
the X chromosome originates
only from females. |
|
b. |
sperm are more powerful
than eggs. |
|
c. |
the Y chromosome is present
in males only. |
|
d. |
the X chromosome determines
sex. |
ANS:
C
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Describe the human karyotype
TOP: The cell: its role in reproducing life and
producing variation
MSC: Remembering
8. Gametes
are:
|
a. |
diploid. |
c. |
produced during mitosis. |
|
b. |
haploid. |
d. |
somatic. |
ANS:
B
DIF:
Easy
OBJ: Describe and/or draw the process of meiosis
TOP: The cell: its role in reproducing life and
producing variation
MSC: Remembering
9. Haplotypes
are:
|
a. |
not likely to recombine
during crossovers. |
|
b. |
likely to recombine during
crossovers. |
|
c. |
genes that code for similar
things. |
|
d. |
genetic material that come
from one parent only. |
ANS:
A
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Describe and/or draw the process of meiosis
TOP: Meiosis: production of
gametes MSC: Remembering
10. Down syndrome
can occur:
|
a. |
as a result of
translocation during mitosis. |
|
b. |
because of nondisjunction,
which yields an extra chromosome. |
|
c. |
most frequently in the
offspring of women under the age of 40. |
|
d. |
most frequently in the
offspring of men under the age of 40. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Describe and/or draw the process of meiosis |
Describe the human karyotype
TOP: Meiosis: production of
gametes MSC: Remembering
11. In
his work on pea plants, Mendel found that plant height was inherited
independently of the type or color of the seed coat. This finding:
|
a. |
applies only to genes on
the same chromosome. |
|
b. |
demonstrates the law of
independent assortment. |
|
c. |
explains gene linkage. |
|
d. |
explains inheritance only
in simple organisms. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Define Mendel’s law of segregation and law of
independent assortment and explain their importance to the study of
genetics
TOP: Polymorphisms: variations in specific genes
MSC: Remembering
12. DNA
is important for protein synthesis because it:
|
a. |
is the biological code for
the production of hormones and enzymes. |
|
b. |
serves as a template to
which amino acids are attached in protein production. |
|
c. |
provides the code to
produce proteins. |
|
d. |
transfers information from
RNA to proteins. |
ANS:
D
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Describe the process of protein synthesis and
the roles that DNA and RNA play
TOP: Producing proteins: the other function of
DNA
MSC: Remembering
13. Proteins
consist of:
|
a. |
genes. |
c. |
chains of DNA nucleotides. |
|
b. |
RNA plus mRNA. |
d. |
chains of amino acids. |
ANS:
D
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Describe the process of protein synthesis and
the roles that DNA and RNA play
TOP: Producing proteins: the other function of
DNA
MSC: Remembering
14. Transcription:
|
a. |
occurs in the nucleus. |
|
b. |
occurs in the ribosome. |
|
c. |
results in the production
of proteins. |
|
d. |
results in the
transformation of mitochondria. |
ANS:
A
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Describe the process of protein synthesis and
the roles that DNA and RNA play
TOP: Producing proteins: the other function of
DNA
MSC: Remembering
15. RNA
differs from DNA in that it uses:
|
a. |
uracil instead of adenine. |
c. |
guanine instead of uracil. |
|
b. |
uracil instead of guanine. |
d. |
uracil instead of thymine. |
ANS: D
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Describe the process of protein synthesis and
the roles that DNA and RNA play
TOP: Producing proteins: the other function of
DNA
MSC: Remembering
16. Transfer
RNA:
|
a. |
seeks complementary triplet
strands of mRNA codons. |
|
b. |
contains codons that
correspond to specific amino acids. |
|
c. |
brings amino acids together
to form polypeptide chains. |
|
d. |
all of the above |
ANS:
D
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Describe the process of protein synthesis and
the roles that DNA and RNA play
TOP: Producing proteins: the other function of
DNA
MSC: Remembering
17. The
gene responsible for lactose persistence among adults in Europe is a _______
gene.
|
a. |
structural |
c. |
regulatory |
|
b. |
dominant |
d. |
Hox |
ANS:
C
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Distinguish between the role of regulatory and
structural genes
TOP: Genes: structural and
regulatory MSC: Remembering
18. Hox genes:
|
a. |
appear to function in similar
ways across diverse groups of organisms. |
|
b. |
function only in fruit
flies. |
|
c. |
control which amino acids
get plugged into polypeptide chains. |
|
d. |
control the development of
language in humans. |
ANS:
A
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the importance of homeotic (Hox) genes
and what effects a mutation in these genes could
have
TOP:
Genes: structural and
regulatory
MSC: Remembering
19. Meiosis
results in the production of:
|
a. |
two gametes. |
c. |
a single gamete. |
|
b. |
four gametes. |
d. |
none of the above |
ANS:
B
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Describe the process of protein synthesis and
the roles that DNA and RNA play
TOP: Genes: structural and
regulatory MSC: Remembering
20. Homeotic
(Hox) genes
are:
|
a. |
structural genes. |
|
b. |
responsible for the
development and location of key body parts. |
|
c. |
responsible for determining
the sex of offspring. |
|
d. |
not used during embryonic
development. |
ANS: B
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the importance of homeotic (Hox) genes
and what effects a mutation in these genes could
have
TOP:
Meiosis: production of
gametes
MSC: Remembering
21. Human
ABO blood types are determined by:
|
a. |
regulatory genes. |
c. |
multiple genes. |
|
b. |
multiple alleles. |
d. |
homeotic genes. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain why the “one gene-one protein” model of
genetics is not completely correct
TOP: Polymorphisms: variations in specific
genes
MSC: Remembering
22. Microsatellites
are:
|
a. |
small satellite
transmitters used in genetic research. |
|
b. |
useful for determining
group but not individual identification. |
|
c. |
highly individualized
repetitive stretches of nuclear DNA. |
|
d. |
known from Watson and
Crick’s 1950’s research. |
ANS:
C
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain why the “one gene-one protein” model of
genetics is not completely correct
TOP: Polymorphisms: variations in specific
genes
MSC: Remembering
23. An
individual that is homozygous at the locus that determines ABO blood type may
have any of the following EXCEPT type _______ blood.
|
a. |
AB |
c. |
A |
|
b. |
O |
d. |
B |
ANS:
A
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain why the “one gene-one protein” model of
genetics is not completely correct
TOP: Polymorphisms: variations in specific
genes
MSC: Remembering
24. Individuals
whose blood type is A and who carry both dominant and recessive genes at this
locus have a genotype of:
|
a. |
AA. |
c. |
AB. |
|
b. |
AO. |
d. |
OO. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain why the “one gene-one protein” model of
genetics is not completely correct
TOP: Polymorphisms: variations in specific
genes
MSC: Applying
25. The
presence of a recessive allele:
|
a. |
can always be determined
from the phenotype. |
|
b. |
can be masked in the
phenotype. |
|
c. |
is expressed in the
phenotype alongside a dominant allele. |
|
d. |
can never be expressed in
the phenotype. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the difference between phenotype and
genotype
TOP: Genotypes and phenotypes: genes and their
expressions
MSC: Remembering
26. The
expression of polygenic traits is:
|
a. |
never determined by the
influence of environmental factors. |
|
b. |
determined by genes at
several loci. |
|
c. |
determined by multiple
genes at one locus. |
|
d. |
determined solely by the
influence of environmental factors. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain why the “one gene-one protein” model of
genetics is not completely correct
TOP: The complexity of
genetics
MSC: Remembering
27. A
trait’s heritability is the proportion of its variation that:
|
a. |
is genetic. |
|
b. |
cannot be explained. |
|
c. |
is the product of genes and
environment. |
|
d. |
results from the
environment alone. |
ANS:
A
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain the difference between phenotype and
genotype
TOP: The complexity of genetics
MSC: Remembering
28. In
2004, the Human Genome Project published a human genome map indicating that
_______ genes are responsible for the human body’s proteins.
|
a. |
100,000 |
c. |
20,000–25,000 |
|
b. |
50,000 |
d. |
200,000–250,000 |
ANS:
C
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Define the goals and accomplishments of the
Human Genome Project
TOP: Anthropology matters! The Human Genome Project:
a genetic revolution
MSC: Remembering
29. Polymerase
chain reaction (PCR):
|
a. |
allows us to use genetic
methods to explore the origins and movements of populations. |
|
b. |
is used to amplify tiny
sequences of DNA for study. |
|
c. |
allows us to study small
amounts of DNA available in ancient skeletons. |
|
d. |
all of the above |
ANS:
D
DIF:
Easy
OBJ: Identify methods used to study DNA
TOP: How do we know? Ancient DNA opens new windows
on the past
MSC: Remembering
30. Genetic
analysis of haplotypes and variants among living and precontact Native
Americans indicates that Native Americans:
|
a. |
underwent a huge decline in
genetic diversity after Columbus’s arrival in the New World. |
|
b. |
living today appear to be
as diverse genetically as their ancient ancestors thousands of years ago. |
|
c. |
have a genetic structure
and haplogroups that are quite recent. |
|
d. |
living today appear to be
more diverse genetically than their ancient ancestors. |
ANS: B
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Identify methods used to study DNA
TOP: How do we know? Ancient DNA opens new windows
on the past
MSC: Remembering
31. Somatic
cells are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
|
a. |
each includes a nucleus at
some stage of its development. |
|
b. |
they are used in multiple
tissues throughout the body. |
|
c. |
each contains half a copy
of an organism’s DNA. |
|
d. |
each contains a complete
copy of all of an organism’s DNA. |
ANS:
C
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the difference between the two types of
eukaryotic cells
TOP: The cell: its role in reproducing life and
producing variation
MSC: Remembering
32. Homologous
chromosomes:
|
a. |
are genetically identical. |
|
b. |
carry genetic information
that influences the same traits. |
|
c. |
are inherited only from the
mother. |
|
d. |
are members of different
pairs. |
ANS:
B
DIF:
Easy
OBJ: Explain how DNA reproduces itself
TOP: The DNA molecule: replicating the
code
MSC: Remembering
33. DNA:
|
a. |
is single stranded. |
c. |
directs cellular function. |
|
b. |
contains six different
nucleotide bases. |
d. |
contains the base uracil. |
ANS: C
DIF:
Easy
OBJ: Explain how DNA reproduces itself
TOP: The DNA molecule: replicating the
code
MSC: Remembering
34. Chromosome
number is reduced during:
|
a. |
mitosis. |
c. |
translation. |
|
b. |
recombination. |
d. |
meiosis. |
ANS:
D
DIF:
Easy
OBJ: Describe and/or draw the process of meiosis
TOP: The DNA molecule: replicating the
code
MSC: Remembering
35. Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) differs from ribonucleic acid (RNA) in that it:
|
a. |
was studied during Darwin’s
lifetime. |
|
b. |
is the so-called recipe for
all biological characteristics and functions in animals. |
|
c. |
was discovered by Mendel. |
|
d. |
is stored in ribosomes. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Describe the process of protein synthesis and
the roles that DNA and RNA play
TOP: The DNA molecule: the genetic
code
MSC: Remembering
36. If
two alleles influencing the expressed phenotype for a trait are equally
expressed, this is an
example of:
|
a. |
polymorphism. |
c. |
pleiotropy. |
|
b. |
codominance. |
d. |
Mendelian inheritance. |
ANS:
B
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain why the “one gene-one protein” model of
genetics is not completely correct
TOP: The complexity of
genetics
MSC: Remembering
37. In
his experiments with garden peas, Mendel found that one physical unit is
inherited from the father and one from the mother. This provided evidence for:
|
a. |
Mendel’s law of independent
assortment. |
|
b. |
Thomas Hunt Morgan’s ideas
of mutation. |
|
c. |
Mendel’s law of
segregation. |
|
d. |
Mendel’s concept of
nondisjunction. |
ANS:
C
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Define Mendel’s law of segregation and law of
independent assortment and explain their importance to the study of
genetics
TOP: Polymorphisms: variations in specific genes
MSC: Remembering
38. A
doctor finds that the mammary glands of a woman are not functioning due to a
genetic abnormality that influences the structural design of the thoracic
cavity. This is likely the result of a mutation:
|
a. |
on the sex chromosomes. |
c. |
in HSV-1. |
|
b. |
in a Hox gene. |
d. |
none of the above |
ANS: B
DIF: Moderate
OBJ: Explain the importance of homeotic (Hox) genes
and what effects a mutation in these genes could
have
TOP:
Polymorphisms: variations in specific genes
MSC: Understanding
ESSAY
1. Use what
you know about meiosis to explain Mendel’s law of segregation and law of
independent assortment.
ANS:
Although Mendel did not know about chromosomes, he recognized
that what we now know to be alleles segregate predictably. He demonstrated with
garden peas that the father contributes one physical unit and the mother the
other; this is what is known as his law of segregation. For example, a child
with blood type AB has received the A allele from one parent and the B allele
from the other parent. This discovery was critical in explaining what Darwin
was unable to account for, namely how new variation arises with reproduction.
Mendel’s law of independent assortment refers to the discovery
that each physical unit (gene) passes from parent to offspring independently of
other genes. In the case of the pea plant, plant height was inherited
independently from the type or color of the seed coat. We now know that this
principle applies only to genes from different chromosomes; because meiosis
involves separation of homologous chromosomes, genes on the same chromosome
(especially if near each other) have a greater chance of being inherited
together. They are less subject to recombination. Gene linkage refers to a
group of genes from the same chromosome being inherited together and is an
exception to Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
DIF: Difficult
OBJ: Define Mendel’s law of segregation and law of
independent assortment and explain their importance to the study of
genetics
TOP: Meiosis: production of gametes
MSC: Analyzing
2. Describe
the steps involved in protein synthesis.
ANS:
DNA serves as a template for protein synthesis. Proteins can be
structural or regulatory, meaning they either make up tissues or serve in cell
function or repair and growth of tissues. Proteins consist of chains of amino
acids. Of the twenty amino acids, eleven are made by the body and nine (the
essential amino acids) come from particular foods. Protein synthesis is a
two-step process. Transcription is the first step; it occurs in the cell’s
nucleus. The second step, translation, takes place in the cytoplasm outside the
nucleus. Transcription starts out just like the first step of DNA replication:
a double strand of DNA unzips. But instead of producing daughter strands of DNA
identical to the original parent (as in replication), the exposed bases in the
unzipped DNA molecule serve as a template for ribonucleic acid (RNA). RNA has
the same nitrogen bases as DNA, except uracil replaces thymine. In RNA, uracil
always matches with adenine while guanine continues to pair with cytosine. The
single strand of unzipped DNA attracts free-floating RNA nucleotides. The
strand of RNA produced is called messenger RNA (mRNA). Messenger RNA splits off
from the DNA template and leaves the nucleus, moving into the cytoplasm and
attaching itself to ribosomes in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus. The mRNA is
a messenger because it carries the code for the protein being synthesized from
the nucleus to the ribosome.
In the second step of protein synthesis (translation), strands
of transfer RNA (tRNA), which occur as triplets (or anticodons), are built off
the mRNA template. The tRNA triplets seek complementary triplet strands of mRNA
with which to pair (for example, a triplet of AUC mRNA would pair with
complementary UAG tRNA). The three bases of the tRNA triplet represent a
specific amino acid. Amino acids are chemically linked by peptide bonds. A
chain of these peptide bonds is called a polypeptide. In most cases, multiple
polypeptides must bind together and fold into a three-dimensional structure to
form a functional protein (for example, hemoglobin is composed of two pairs of
polypeptide chains). Once the protein is formed, it breaks away from tRNA and
begins its work.
DIF: Difficult
OBJ: Describe the process of protein synthesis and
the roles that DNA and RNA play
TOP: Producing
proteins
MSC: Understanding
3. What
is the evolutionary significance of meiosis?
ANS:
Adaptation by natural selection depends on inherited
variability. If individuals were genetically identical, there could be no
evolutionary change by natural selection. Darwin was never able to pinpoint the
source of the variation or how it was inherited. This was one of the major
barriers to acceptance of natural selection by Darwin’s peers during his
lifetime. Mendel’s work and the newer science of genetics provide the missing
information. Owing to meiosis and sexual reproduction, genetic variation
increases in populations. Each gamete contains just one chromosome from a
homologous pair, and during reproduction each parent contributes only half of
his or her genetic material. The random assortment of chromosomes in cells
during the first meiotic division can result in millions of genetically
different gametes. Crossover (exchange of pieces of maternal and paternal
homologous chromosomes, or recombination) occurs during the reduction division,
further increasing variability. This provides the essential genetic diversity
required for natural selection to occur.
DIF:
Difficult OBJ:
Describe and/or draw the process of meiosis
TOP: Meiosis: production of
gametes MSC: Evaluating
4. Define
polygenic and pleiotropic traits and explain their significance for researchers’
efforts to link human genotypes to phenotypes.
ANS:
The relationship between most genes and their phenotypes is
complex and does not follow simple patterns of Mendelian inheritance (one gene
for one trait). Polygenic traits are determined by genes at two or more loci,
but the genes cannot be identified individually and the phenotypes are also
influenced by environmental factors. In humans, the many polygenic traits
include height, skin color, and eye color. Children’s skin color and eye color
may be very different from their parents’. Pleiotropy refers to the fact that a
single allele can have multiple effects and affect more than one trait. The PKU
allele affects mental abilities and the coloration of hair and skin. A person
who inherits this allele will have the disease phenylketonuria, characterized
by a missing enzyme that leads to mental retardation as well as reduced hair
and skin pigmentation. One trait can be affected by more than one gene, and
each of those genes may also affect several other traits. Most complex traits
in humans are polygenic and pleiotropic, complicating our efforts to link genes
to phenotypes.
DIF: Difficult
OBJ: Explain why the “one gene-one protein” model of
genetics is not completely correct
TOP: Polygenic variation |
Pleiotropy MSC: Evaluating
CHAPTER 04: Genes and Their Evolution: Population Genetics
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Malaria
is caused by:
|
a. |
bites from infected
mosquitoes. |
c. |
drinking bad water. |
|
b. |
a genetic mutation. |
d. |
eating spoiled food. |
ANS:
A
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Explain how abnormally formed hemoglobin and
endemic malaria illustrate natural selection in
humans
TOP:
The geography of sickle-cell anemia and the association with malaria
MSC: Remembering
2. Together,
all of the alleles contained within a group of interbreeding individuals are
known as a:
|
a. |
gene pool. |
c. |
clinal distribution. |
|
b. |
population. |
d. |
polymorphism. |
ANS:
A
DIF: Easy
OBJ: Define the term “deme” and its importance to
genetics and the study of evolution
TOP: Demes, reproductive isolation, and
species
MSC: Remembering
3. Hardy-Weinberg
equilibrium assumes:
|
a. |
strong selection pressure
on the trait(s) being studied. |
|
b. |
a significant mutation rate
from generation to generation. |
|
c. |
gene flow that is equal
both into and out of the population. |
|
d. |
no gene flow, mutation, or
natural selection. |
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