Essentials of Psychology 6th Edition by Douglas Bernstein – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Chapter 3 Sensation and Perception

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1.   Vision is considered a sense because it

a.	translates information from the environment so that the nervous system can be affected by it.
b.	provides information to the endocrine system.
c.	is empirical, or data based.
d.	involves information from the environment.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  F

 

2.   A __________ is a system that translates data from outside the nervous system into neural activity, thus giving the brain information about the world.

a.	perception
b.	stimulus
c.	receptive field
d.	sense

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

3.   Sensation consists of __________, and perception consists of __________.

a.	responding to changes in stimuli; adapting to a non-changing stimulus
b.	adapting to a non-changing stimulus; responding to changes in stimuli
c.	collecting raw information about the environment; interpreting environmental information
d.	interpreting environmental information; collecting raw information about the environment

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

4.   Mr. Wizard introduces the children on his TV show to accessory structures of our sensory systems. He tells them these structures are responsible for

a.	modifying physical energy from the outside world.
b.	converting physical energy into neural activity.
c.	carrying information from receptors to the brain.
d.	interpreting physical energy in a meaningful way.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

5.   Imagine that humans can taste a new sensation, called “highlight,” that allows the person to taste the brightness of the food they are eating. Everyone would need a new type of __________ cell to taste this new sensation.

a.	neural receptor
b.	ganglion
c.	bipolar
d.	interneuron

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

6.   During his adventures around the galaxy, Arthur Dent relied on an earpiece that deciphered all the strange alien languages he heard. Similarly, receptors in the ear encode sound waves into neural activity that the brain can understand, a process called

a.	transduction.
b.	synthesis.
c.	transcription.
d.	accommodation.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

7.   While walking outside, you notice the sun shining. Your ability to see the sunshine is related to visual processing of the light in your brain. The process by which physical energy (the sunshine) has been converted to neural activity in your brain is called

a.	reticular formation.
b.	habituation.
c.	transduction.
d.	accommodation.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

8.   The structures responsible for the process of transduction are known as

a.	accessory structures.
b.	sensory nerves.
c.	neural receptors.
d.	feature detectors.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

9.   Liz Lemon needed to remember to pick up lunch for her writing staff, so she tied a string around her finger to help remember. Unfortunately, by noon, she no longer noticed the string around her finger. This was most likely due to

a.	perceptual constancy.
b.	kinesthetic perception.
c.	transduction.
d.	sensory adaptation.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

10.                You didn’t notice the sensation of your socks rubbing against your skin prior to reading this question because of the sensory process known as

a.	stereopsis.
b.	timbre.
c.	sensory adaptation.
d.	somato-vestibular transduction.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

11.                When Veronica first put on her jeans, she was really uncomfortable because they were so tight. However, due to __________ she no longer noticed the snug fit after about five minutes.

a.	transduction
b.	accommodation
c.	assimilation
d.	sensory adaptation

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

12.                The process of translating the physical properties of a stimulus into a pattern of neural activity that allows us to identify those properties is known as

a.	encoding.
b.	reception.
c.	perception.
d.	transduction.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

13.                Areas of the skin more receptive to touch, like the fingertips, are __________ densely packed with nerve fibers and are therefore __________ extensively represented in the somatosensory cortex.

a.	less; less
b.	more; more
c.	more; less
d.	less; more

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

14.                In science fiction movies, when space ships shoot each other, the audience hears a loud bang. In reality, no sound should occur because

a.	it is too cold in space for sound to travel.
b.	in space, sound travels at the speed of light—too fast for humans to hear.
c.	sound requires a medium like air, which is absent in the vacuum of space.
d.	these sounds are beyond the range of normal human hearing.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

15.                If you want to raise the pitch of Coach Knight’s voice so that it can be heard only by dogs, you will need to decrease its

a.	wavelength.
b.	frequency.
c.	amplitude.
d.	timbre.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

16.                Elephants produce very low-pitched sounds that humans are unable to hear. The waveform produced by these sounds would have a __________ wavelength and __________ frequency.

a.	long; low
b.	long; high
c.	short; low
d.	short; high

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

17.                Dr. Tsunami wants to produce a sound that will be perceived as very loud. He should produce a waveform that has

a.	a high frequency.
b.	a long wavelength.
c.	a large amplitude.
d.	fundamental timbre.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

18.                Tim and Amy are listening to their TV surround-sound system. They are impressed with the low tones of the grizzly bear in the movie that they are watching. Tim and Amy are happy with the __________ of sound.

a.	timbre
b.	frequency
c.	amplitude
d.	frequency and amplitude

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

19.                Brittany observed that the people having conversations on cell phones were quite loud-spoken, while those having conversations on pay phones were quite soft-spoken. Those using cell phones were producing a higher __________ of sound waves than were those using pay phones.

a.	amplitude
b.	frequency
c.	timbre
d.	wavelength

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

20.                The psychological dimensions of sound, loudness, and pitch are determined by the physical dimensions of sound waves, __________, and __________, respectively.

a.	frequency; timbre
b.	amplitude; frequency
c.	decibels; hue
d.	amplitude; timbre

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

21.                Terry loves to listen to the violin. As a joke, Carry replaced Terry’s favorite CD, “Sounds of the Violin,” with the CD “Sounds of the Cello.” When the music started playing, Terry immediately knew that the sounds were not made by the violin because each instrument has a unique

a.	pitch.
b.	frequency.
c.	wavelength.
d.	timbre.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

22.                What is the relationship between the amplitude and the loudness of a sound?

a.	When one is high, the other is high.
b.	When one is low, the other is high.
c.	There is no relationship.
d.	Both are dependent on wavelength.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  F

 

23.                Before a concert, the director has the leaders from each section of the band play a tuning note. There is a noticeable difference in the quality of sound emitted by the different instruments. The psychological dimension of sound that accounts for this difference is known as

a.	amplitude.
b.	frequency.
c.	timbre.
d.	loudness.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

24.                Vince wants to prove his love to his girlfriend. He was thinking of giving her sunflowers, but on this starry, starry night he decides to cut off one of his outer ears and give it to her. Having taken psychology, Vince’s girlfriend replies, “How sweet, you have given me a(n) __________ from your auditory system.”

a.	primary sensory cortex
b.	receptor
c.	accessory structure
d.	transductor

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

25.                In a freak accident involving ice, a potato gun, and a ballpoint pen, Justin damages part of his ear. Now Justin can no longer generate vibrations that match the sound waves entering his ear. Justin most likely damaged his

a.	cochlea.
b.	organ of Corti.
c.	basilar membrane.
d.	tympanic membrane.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

26.                As you listen to your brilliant psychology instructor in class, the sound will travel through which of the following paths?

a.	Pinna, acoustic nerve, thalamus, primary auditory cortex
b.	Pinna, cochlea, thalamus, acoustic nerve, LGN
c.	Cochlea, ear canal, thalamus, primary auditory cortex
d.	Cochlea, thalamus, acoustic nerve, primary auditory cortex

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

27.                Balint and Ameilia both have lost some of their hearing ability. Balint’s organ of Corti was damaged when he stood too close to the speakers at loud concerts. In Amelia’s case, the neurons that normally carry sound messages from the cochlea to her brain were damaged by disease. Balint has __________ deafness, and Amelia has __________ deafness.

a.	conduction; conduction
b.	conduction; nerve
c.	nerve; conduction
d.	nerve; nerve

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

28.                Shane was on the rifle team all through high school and college. After years of exposure to the excessive noise of gunfire, Shane became partially deaf when the hair cells in his ears were damaged. Shane most likely has __________ deafness.

a.	nerve
b.	cochlear
c.	conduction
d.	fused

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

29.                When he watches the movie Halloween, Julio gets creeped out by the music. When you laugh at him, he says, “Those repetitive high notes on the piano scare me out of my mind! Even if I can barely hear the music, it still freaks me out.” Julio is referring to the __________ of the music.

a.	loudness
b.	timbre
c.	pitch
d.	compression

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Chapter 4: Sensation/Hearing         OBJ:   8

KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

30.                Clifford the cat can move his accessory structures for hearing to help him localize the source of even a very faint sound. In other words, unlike most humans, Clifford can move his

a.	basilar membrane.
b.	stapes.
c.	pinnae.
d.	organs of Corti.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   Chapter 4: Sensation/Hearing         OBJ:   9

KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

31.                The evil scientist, Simon B. Sinister has captured our hero, Wonderdog. Simon attaches electrodes to the receptors in Wonderdog’s cochlea. When Simon electrically stimulates the receptors, what will be the effect on Wonderdog?

a.	Wonderdog will experience no pain.
b.	Wonderdog will lose consciousness.
c.	The bones of Wonderdog’s middle ear will fuse together.
d.	The stimulation will cause Wonderdog to hear a noise.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

32.                A company that said its hearing aid could help people with nerve deafness has been forced to take its ads off the air. Research shows the only type of deafness that can be treated with a conventional hearing aid is __________ deafness, which is caused when the bones of the middle ear, known as the __________, fuse together.

a.	transduction; ulna, femur, and trachea
b.	conduction; hammer, anvil, and stirrup
c.	tympanic; cochlea, pinna, and Corti
d.	topographical; hammer, anvil, and stirrup

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

33.                Haley is very upset about her hearing loss, but she is thrilled when the doctor tells her that they can treat her deafness by breaking apart the bones in her middle ear. Haley is experiencing __________ deafness.

a.	conduction
b.	nerve
c.	transduction
d.	tympanic

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

34.                Transduction of auditory information takes place in the

a.	fovea.
b.	pinna.
c.	cochlea.
d.	malleus.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

35.                While you are listening to the hot new CD by Live Bait, which of your following structures is not vibrating or moving?

a.	Tympanic membrane
b.	Basilar membrane
c.	Malleus
d.	Acoustic nerve

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

36.                Creighton has been working in construction for many years. At first his co-workers warned him to wear earplugs, but he refused. Now he can no longer hear sounds at high pitches. Creighton’s __________ have been damaged.

a.	hair cells
b.	conduction bones
c.	semicircular canals
d.	oval and round windows

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

37.                Z. Z. Bottom has been playing loud rock music for so long that his hearing is impaired. What has probably happened is that the

a.	hair cells have been damaged on the basilar membrane.
b.	primary auditory cortex has been damaged.
c.	tympanic membrane has been punctured.
d.	pinna has grown thicker in response to the loud sounds.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

38.                Dr. Laboy’s research on human hearing shows that if a person listens to a tone of 1,000 cycles per second (hertz), the acoustic nerve produces 1,000 action potentials per second. Dr. Laboy’s results support the idea of

a.	topographical representation.
b.	convergence.
c.	the volley theory.
d.	the place theory.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

39.                Dee says that she has developed special sunglasses to enable people to see light with wavelengths of 550–700 nanometers. Would these be useful for humans?

a.	No—these frequencies are already visible to humans.
b.	Yes—but only for seeing very faint lights.
c.	No—unless one is looking at very bright lights.
d.	Yes—these frequencies are normally outside of human range.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

40.                Visible light is electromagnetic radiation with a light wavelength range of about __________ nanometers.

a.	200 to 400
b.	200 to 900
c.	400 to 750
d.	400 to 2,000

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

41.                Gabe impressed his friends by showing them a machine he built that could change an object’s color by altering the __________ of light the object reflected.

a.	amount
b.	wavelength
c.	type
d.	intensity

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

42.                What color we sense depends mainly on

a.	light intensity.
b.	the amount of photoreceptors in our retinas.
c.	brightness.
d.	light wavelength.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  F

 

43.                As electromagnetic radiation enters the eye, it is transformed by the accessory structures of the __________ before transduction occurs.

a.	cornea, lens, and rods
b.	cones and rods
c.	photopigments
d.	cornea, lens, and pupil

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

44.                When Ray leaves his dark room and enters the bright hallway, his eyes begin to adjust to the increased amount of light. During this process, the size of Ray’s __________ will become smaller, allowing less light to pass through.

a.	cornea
b.	iris
c.	pupil
d.	lens

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

45.                Karlie is always told that she has beautiful eyes. To which part of her eye are people most likely to be referring when they tell her this?

a.	Cornea
b.	Iris
c.	Pupil
d.	Lens

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

46.                Wearing contact lenses, which rest on the surface of the eye, for extended periods would increase the risk of damage to which accessory structure of the eye?

a.	Lens
b.	Retina
c.	Pupil
d.	Cornea

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

47.                Azul’s job is to create an exhibit at the science museum that lets people walk through a giant “eye” so they can understand how it works. The current group of visitors has stepped through the pupil to see a structure that bends light rays and focuses them onto a surface at the back of the eye. This structure that bends and focuses the light rays is known as the

a.	lens.
b.	cornea.
c.	retina.
d.	pinna.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

48.                Kerri does not like light and wants to see no light at all. She could accomplish this by removing the __________ from both of her eyes.

a.	cornea
b.	lens
c.	retina
d.	basilar membrane

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

49.                Bryan reads the newspaper to his grandmother because the muscles in her eyes can no longer change the shape of her inflexible lenses.  This problem with __________ keeps her from focusing small print on her retina.

a.	ocular accommodation
b.	photopigmentation
c.	eye convergence
d.	fovea strength

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

50.                Laurie is watching Teletubbies. The lens in her eye bends light rays so that the image of La La and Po is focused on a certain point of the retina. The ability for her lens to change shape to bend light is called

a.	assimilation.
b.	sensory adaptation.
c.	ocular accommodation.
d.	anchoring.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

51.                Oscar likes to run at night. Even though it is dark, Oscar can see because his eyes have specialized cells that convert the low levels of light energy into neural activity. These cells are known as

a.	corneas.
b.	foveas.
c.	photoreceptors.
d.	papillae.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

52.                Suppose you are walking to the movie theater on a bright sunny day. Once you enter the dark theater, you nearly trip over your feet because you can’t see a thing. After you find a seat, you watch the movie for about thirty minutes and then decide to head to the lobby for some popcorn. When you stand up, you realize that you can see much more clearly than before. This example best illustrates

a.	the blind spot.
b.	ocular accommodation.
c.	dark adaptation.
d.	opponent-process theory.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

53.                Adaptation to darkness is possible because of the presence of __________ in the periphery of your retina.

a.	fovea
b.	cones
c.	rods
d.	iodopsin

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  F

 

54.                When trying on new glasses at Lensmasters, Kevin remarks that he can see more details when he looks directly at the letter chart rather than when he looks from the side of his eye. Dr. Eyenstein says, “Well Kevin, that happens because your __________ is greatest in the __________.”

a.	visual acuity; optic chiasm
b.	visual acuity; fovea
c.	retinal disparity; optic chiasm
d.	retinal disparity; fovea

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

55.                Ben and Jennifer got into a heated argument. Jennifer punched Ben in the eye, damaging his fovea. Ben is most likely going have trouble

a.	seeing things at night.
b.	recognizing familiar stimuli.
c.	noticing the details of objects.
d.	sensing objects in his peripheral field of vision.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

56.                To see a very faint star at night, look slightly away from it because this will

a.	focus the star’s light on the fovea.
b.	speed up the process of dark adaptation.
c.	increase the number of rods in the eyes.
d.	focus the star’s light on rods outside the fovea.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

57.                Edwin is able to see normally in low-light conditions and demonstrates a normal ability to detect movements in his periphery. However, he has great difficulty recognizing different colors. He sees the world mostly in shades of gray. Which of the following structures are either impaired or not present in Edwin’s eyes?

a.	Fovea
b.	Cornea
c.	Rods
d.	Cones

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

58.                You notice movement out of the corner of your eye and you turn in the direction of the movement so that you can “see better.” A squirrel is scurrying away. You could see this only after your head movement allowed you to project the image onto the part of the retina with the highest concentration of __________ called the __________.

a.	cones; optic nerve
b.	cones; fovea
c.	rods; cornea
d.	rods; optic chiasm

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

59.                You wake up in the middle of the night. As you look about your dark bedroom, you can see the outline of a pile of your clothes sitting in a ball on a chair. You are seeing the clothes with your

a.	cones.
b.	papillae.
c.	otoliths.
d.	rods.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

60.                Seth was watching for space station Mir to pass in the sky on an extremely dark night. Seth should look for Mir out of the __________ of his eyes because that is where the __________ are located.

a.	corner; cones
b.	corner; rods
c.	center; cones
d.	center; rods

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

61.                You are having trouble reading a word in an exam item because the type is blurry, so you move the page to be able to see the word most clearly. You have probably just focused the word onto your

a.	optic nerve.
b.	stapes.
c.	iris.
d.	fovea.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

62.                Because of an eye injury, you have to temporarily wear a patch over one eye. Using your uncovered eye, you notice that there is a small region of the visual field where you cannot see anything. This is known as

a.	temporary blindness.
b.	retinal discontinuity.
c.	retinal sympathy.
d.	the blind spot.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

63.                When you look at a picture, information about the right visual field is sent to the left hemisphere of the brain and information about the left visual field is sent to the right hemisphere of the brain. This crossover occurs in the

a.	ganglion cells.
b.	bipolar cells.
c.	lateral geniculate nucleus.
d.	optic chiasm.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

64.                Which of the following is an activity for which it would be important to know about the size and location of one’s blind spot?

a.	Building a brick wall
b.	Drawing a picture of a college campus at midday
c.	Looking through a single-lens microscope
d.	Refereeing a volleyball game

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

65.                Jake is in a car accident and suffers some mild brain damage. Specifically, the optic nerve in his left hemisphere is completely severed after it leaves the optic chiasm. Visually, Jake would

a.	be unable to see anything to the right of his nose.
b.	be unable to see anything to the left of his nose.
c.	lose vision entirely.
d.	lose color vision in his left visual field.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

66.                Ally and Billy are going to paint their new house. They both like the color blue, but Ally picks out a different color blue than Billy, and they argue about which is the better color for the house. Ally and Billy are arguing about the __________ of the paint.

a.	brightness
b.	color saturation
c.	intensity
d.	hue

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

67.                The Acme Corporation has created a pair of specialty goggles that allow the wearer to change the overall intensity of the wavelengths of light coming through the goggles. This action will alter the wearer’s sensation of light by changing its

a.	color saturation.
b.	brightness.
c.	hue.
d.	pitch.

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

68.                When you adjust your television by turning up the color, you are

a.	increasing timbre.
b.	decreasing color saturation.
c.	increasing color saturation.
d.	stimulating fewer cones.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

69.                At the Museum of Science and Industry, Joan finds an exhibit with three colored spotlights. By adjusting the intensity of the red, green, and blue lights and overlapping them, Joan is able to create any color she likes. Which theory of color vision does this support?

a.	Opponent-process
b.	Synthesis
c.	Dichromatic
d.	Trichromatic

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

70.                The __________ theory best explains the phenomena of complementary colors.

a.	opponent-process
b.	feature detection
c.	trichromatic
d.	gate-control

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  F

 

71.                Tara had a theory that she could cheer herself up by staring at a yellow and black smiley face. After spending half an hour staring at one, she looked up at the blank white wall. She was not any happier, but she did see a __________ smiley face on her wall due to opponent-processing.

a.	green and white
b.	red and green
c.	red and blue
d.	blue and white

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

72.                According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, staring at a red image for a minute will produce a __________ afterimage if one looks at a white surface next.

a.	blue
b.	yellow
c.	green
d.	pink

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

73.                While daydreaming, Felix was staring at a yellow school bus. When he then looked at a white wall he saw the color __________. This is best explained by the __________ theory.

a.	red; trichromatic
b.	red; opponent-process
c.	blue; trichromatic
d.	blue; opponent-process

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

74.                While at the bookstore, you listen in on an author speaking to a crowd of fans about her research and experience working with color in the clothing industry. She talks about the biology behind color, including how our eyes have thousands of receptors that are each sensitive to a different range of light wavelengths. As she continues, you realize she is explaining the __________ theory of color vision.

a.	trichromatic
b.	synesthetic
c.	gate-control
d.	opponent-process

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

75.                Ophelia has two types of cones: those sensitive to red light and those sensitive to green light. Ophelia has

a.	total blindness.
b.	spot blindness.
c.	normal vision.
d.	colorblindness.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

76.                The __________ sense is the only one that does not send information to the cortex via the thalamus.

a.	auditory
b.	visual
c.	olfactory
d.	cutaneous

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

77.                Most of the properties that make food taste good are the

a.	trace amounts of leptin.
b.	tactile properties of food.
c.	odors detected by the olfactory system.
d.	activities of the taste system.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

78.                Chiang wished he had a date. As he changed the channels on TV one day, he heard a commercial stating, “The pheromones in our product guarantee you’ll get a date the first time you use it!” That product would most likely be

a.	a tape of music with subliminal messages.
b.	a drug that he would slip into someone’s drink.
c.	a perfume he would put on his body.
d.	a mask that would cover his face.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

79.                You are walking across campus and you notice an odor that is coming from livestock in the area. Due to neural pathways, the smell is most likely to evoke a(n)

a.	visual memory.
b.	auditory memory.
c.	loss of your balance.
d.	emotion.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

80.                As soon as Rashidat caught a whiff of the cologne of the woman sitting in front of him in class, he was attracted to her. Though she was a complete stranger, her smell was familiar. He was unable to place the smell, but it brought back good memories. Why?

a.	Rashidat was downwind from the woman’s pheromones.
b.	Connections from the olfactory bulb are plentiful in the amygdala.
c.	Rashidat’s vomeronasal system was activated.
d.	The woman’s odor type was the same as his.

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

81.                Studies support all of the following statements regarding our ability to use olfactory information except

a.	pheromones released by women can influence other women’s menstrual cycles.
b.	odorants that are not consciously detectable can influence mood.
c.	after just a few hours of contact, mothers can identify their newborn babies by smell.
d.	humans can give off and detect pheromones that act as sexual attractants.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  F

 

82.                While watching Emeril on TV one afternoon, you learn that smell is an important component in the experience of flavor. Emeril says, “In fact, the olfactory systems in humans have __________ different types of receptors that allow us to distinguish so many smells.”

a.	about a thousand
b.	four
c.	1.5 million
d.	sixteen

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

83.                Which of the following statements about the taste buds is correct?

a.	Each taste bud responds best to one or two types of taste but also responds weakly to other tastes.
b.	Each taste bud responds only to one taste, but a group of different taste buds functions together to discriminate between tastes.
c.	There is no chemical that can stimulate more than one type of taste cell.
d.	Each taste bud responds to only one taste.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

84.                While watching a Food Network marathon, you learn from Rachel Ray that papillae are groups of __________ that play an important role in taste perception.

a.	receptors
b.	accessory structures
c.	feature detectors
d.	C-fibers

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

85.                While randomly searching through Wikipedia, you read an article on the cutaneous senses. You now understand that the cutaneous senses consist of all of the following except

a.	touch.
b.	flavor.
c.	temperature.
d.	pain.

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

86.                When Clyde is pricked by a needle, the sharp pain signal is carried to the brain by __________ fibers. The next day, Clyde feels a dull ache around the spot where he was pricked; this information is carried by __________ fibers.

a.	A-delta; C
b.	C; A-delta
c.	A-delta; A-delta
d.	C; C

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

87.                After an accident, Kim notices a sharp, pricking pain in her foot. Which type of nerve fiber is involved in Kim’s pain?

a.	A-delta
b.	B fibers
c.	C fibers
d.	D-beta

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

88.                Doctor Payne, a dentist, is trying to decide if he should explain to his patients the kind of pain they will endure before performing certain procedures. According to the textbook, if Doctor Payne does this, the patients will be more likely to

a.	report a higher degree of pain than if they were not prepared.
b.	cognitively prepare and object less to the pain.
c.	find difficulty focusing on pleasant distractions.
d.	release endorphins to block the painful experience.

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

89.                During an intense game of volleyball, Shay slipped and banged her knee on the floor. “Ouch!” she cried, as she wished her brain would produce more

a.	GABA.
b.	endorphins.
c.	dopamine.
d.	acetylcholine.

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

90.                After smashing his foot, Gwo-Ling felt no pain because messages from his brain blocked incoming pain messages. This effect is called

a.	analgesia.
b.	asensation.
c.	kinesthetic perception.
d.	inhibition.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

91.                A combat soldier is shot in the leg during an intense firefight. However, he does not experience any pain until he gets to the relative safety of the field hospital. This is an illustration of natural analgesia, which involves

a.	endorphins.
b.	lateral inhibition.
c.	capsaicin.
d.	kinesthetic perception.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

92.                Fritz has chronic back pain and seeks out the help of an acupuncturist. Which of the following outcomes is most likely?

a.	Fritz finds relief because the acupuncture stimulates the production of endorphins.
b.	The acupuncture doesn’t work because it tends to work best only in females.
c.	Fritz remains in pain because acupuncture never works.
d.	Fritz finds relief because the needles distract his attention from the chronic pain.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

93.                A friend asks your advice about going to see an acupuncturist to help him deal with headache pain. Based on previous research, you would expect that acupuncture would

a.	increase the number of his headaches.
b.	decrease his headache pain.
c.	decrease his endorphin levels.
d.	have no effect.

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

94.                When Josh has minor surgery, he decides to use acupuncture as an analgesic. He neglects to tell his physician, however, that he has been taking naloxone as part of a heroin-treatment program. What effect might taking naloxone have on the analgesic effect of acupuncture?

a.	Naloxone will have no effect.
b.	Naloxone will block the effects of the acupuncture (endorphins) and Josh will be in pain.
c.	Chemicals released during acupuncture will mix with Naloxone and become toxic.
d.	Naloxone will increase the effects of the acupuncture and cause euphoria.

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

95.                The few studies to employ sophisticated “sham” techniques of acupuncture have concluded that acupuncture is

a.	significantly more effective than placebo methods.
b.	only effective when needles were inserted into pain-receptive areas.
c.	unable to successfully activate the endorphin system.
d.	no more effective than placebo methods.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

96.                __________ provides us with information about where we are and what each part of the body is doing.

a.	Lateralization
b.	Metacognition
c.	The reticular formation
d.	Proprioception

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

97.                In his Pilates class, Ben’s instructor explains how to change focus away from the external world and instead focus on the internal senses. In other words, his instructor is asking the class to pay attention to their __________ senses.

a.	exteroceptive
b.	proprioceptive
c.	olfactory
d.	gustational

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

98.                Which of the following most likely causes astronauts to become nauseated in space?

a.	Their vestibular system cannot tell which way is down.
b.	Their bodies’ kinesthetic perception is thrown off by the lack of gravity.
c.	Their visual system has trouble adjusting to seeing things floating and flying.
d.	Their brains are being bombarded by cosmic rays.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

99.                After riding several roller coasters, you find that you feel nauseous. You feel the nausea because your __________ has been overstimulated.

a.	gustation
b.	kinesthetic perception
c.	sense of equilibrium
d.	analgesia

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

100.             Sammy is a world-class figure skater. He is well regarded for the speed and centering he is able to achieve in his spins on the ice. His ability to control his body in this way is probably attributable to his

a.	vestibular system.
b.	autonomic system.
c.	A-delta fibers.
d.	somatosensory system.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

101.             Vipool thought it would be fun to spin around in a circle, which activated his vestibular sense and caused him to feel dizzy. Vipool stimulated all of the following except

a.	otoliths.
b.	vestibular sacs.
c.	semicircular canals.
d.	basilar membrane.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A

 

102.             Shawn’s leg has fallen asleep and now he has trouble walking because he cannot determine the position of his leg in space. Shawn has lost his

a.	sense of equilibrium.
b.	kinesthetic perception.
c.	olfactory perception.
d.	sense of gustation.

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

103.             Brian is pulled over for drunk driving. The officer asks him to close his eyes, hold his arms out in front of him, and touch his two index fingers together. Brian fails miserably at this task. The alcohol has affected Brian’s

a.	sense of equilibrium.
b.	common sense.
c.	kinesthetic perception.
d.	semicircular canals.

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

104.             An extremely well-developed kinesthetic perception would be very important for which of the following vocations?

a.	Wine taster
b.	Piano tuner
c.	Ballet dancer
d.	Astronomer

 

 

ANS:  C                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

105.             After falling from his perch, the Scarecrow had difficulty sensing where his body parts were in relation to each other. This made it difficult for him to move easily, but eventually he was able to adapt, thanks to special cells in his joints and muscles called

a.	otoliths.
b.	interneurons.
c.	papillae.
d.	proprioceptors.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  C/A

 

106.             Sensation is to perception as

a.	simplicity is to constancy.
b.	collection is to interpretation.
c.	storage is to recall.
d.	interpretation is to collection.

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  F

 

107.             If sensation equals raw data, then perception equals

a.	internal noise.
b.	analysis and interpretation.
c.	statistical significance.
d.	psychophysics.

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  F

 

108.             Which one of the following statements is not true of perception?

a.	It involves interpretation of sensations.
b.	It utilizes knowledge of the world.
c.	It sometimes causes people to fill in information that the senses do not actually provide.
d.	It is a relatively passive process.

 

 

ANS:  D                    KEY:  Comprehension                              MSC:  F

 

109.             Little Erika picked up a spider, carried it to her mother, and asked, “Mommy, what is this little, soft, cuddly thing?” Little Erika’s inability to recognize what the spider was or the potential danger of picking it up demonstrates that perception is

a.	knowledge based.
b.	inferential.
c.	categorical.
d.	adaptive.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

110.             To understand the relationship between physical energy in the environment and a person’s psychological experience of that energy, one should study the field of

a.	top-down processing.
b.	psychophysics.
c.	convergence.
d.	feature detection.

 

 

ANS:  B                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  F

 

111.             As you and your friend walk across the street toward the cafeteria, she says, “Oh, I can smell the lobster from here.” You, however, can’t smell it yet. Which of the following explanations is the most plausible?

a.	She has a lower absolute threshold than you.
b.	Sensory adaptation has decreased your response.
c.	You have a higher just-noticeable difference than she.
d.	She has a greater sense of subliminal perception than you.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Application    MSC:  C/A

 

112.             A psychologist conducts an experiment in which he presents tones to subjects at various levels of intensity (that is, soft, moderate, and loud). The point at which the tone can be detected 50 percent of the time is known as

a.	the absolute threshold.
b.	Fechner’s threshold.
c.	the stimulus threshold.
d.	the psychophysical threshold.

 

 

ANS:  A                    KEY:  Knowledge    MSC:  C/A