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Sample Test

CHAPTER 3: SOCIALIZATION

 

MULTIPLE CHOICE

 

1.    _____ is the process of learning the roles, statuses and values necessary for participation in society.

a.	Social interaction	c.	Institutionalization
b.	Socialization	d.	Symbolic interaction

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   56                  OBJ:   3.1

 

2.    Socialization refers to:

a.	negotiating our self-concept as adults.
b.	learning to have a good time at parties and social events.
c.	learning to recognize our “self” as individuals.
d.	a process through which we learn the rules and practices of our culture.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   56                  OBJ:   3.1

 

3.    According to the text, what is the role of nature in the development of human beings?

a.	Nature determines who a person will become.
b.	Nature gives humans potentials, but is not enough for their development.
c.	Nature plays no significant role in human development.
d.	Human beings are able to develop quite normally without “nurture”; “nature” is most important.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   56                  OBJ:   3.1                 MSC:  NEW

 

4.    Harlow found that infant monkeys raised in total isolation:

a.	could mate and care for their babies normally as adults.
b.	formed strong attachments to their mechanical mothers.
c.	developed normally except for a tendency to hide in corners when placed with other monkeys.
d.	could recover from any ill effects if given a chance to be socialized with younger monkeys.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   56                  OBJ:   3.1                 KEY:  WWW

 

5.    A number of studies cited in your text lead to the conclusion that the normal intellectual and social development of children:

a.	depends largely on heredity.
b.	requires nurturance.
c.	is retarded by too much attention.
d.	is accelerated by a large number of siblings.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   56-57             OBJ:   3.1

 

6.    Generalizing from what has been learned about monkeys, we can conclude that the effects of neglect:

a.	have been overestimated.	c.	are severe but in some cases reversible.
b.	are so severe they are never reversible.	d.	always end in premature death.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   57                  OBJ:   3.1

 

7.    In a study comparing orphans from high-quality orphanages to those from low-quality orphanages it was found that those from low-quality facilities were more likely to exhibit autistic and quasi-autistic patterns.  It can be concluded that this was caused by:

a.	inadequate diet.	c.	inadequate individual attention.
b.	inadequate hygiene.	d.	inadequate medical care.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   57                  OBJ:   3.1

 

8.    Studies of children in orphanages who received little nurturing find that if they are adopted into good homes:

a.	they are able to catch up with children their age physically and mentally.
b.	they will regain any lost cognitive abilities.
c.	they eventually achieve the same mental abilities as other children, but are not adept at socializing with others.
d.	they still experience learning and thinking difficulties, and have difficulty forming relationships.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   57                  OBJ:   3.1                 MSC:  NEW

 

9.    The tragic cases of deprived children like Genie and children in Romanian orphanages illustrate the fact that:

a.	physical and social development depend on interaction with other humans.
b.	even the most extreme cases of deprivation may be reversed with the proper therapy.
c.	it is only children without parents who suffer from a lack of nurturing.
d.	physical deprivation is worse than emotional or social deprivation.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   58                  OBJ:   3.1                 MSC:  NEW

 

10.  Freud’s theory of socialization links social development to:

a.	intelligence.	c.	region of the country.
b.	social norms.	d.	biological cues.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   58                  OBJ:   3.2

 

11.  In Freudian theory, the _____ is the natural, unsocialized, biological portion of self, including hunger and sexual urges.

a.	id	c.	superego
b.	ego	d.	me

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   58                  OBJ:   3.2

 

12.  In Freudian theory, the superego:

a.	is the natural, unsocialized biological portion of the self.
b.	is composed of internalized social ideas about right and wrong.
c.	is an individual’s thought regarding her/his personality and social roles.
d.	refers to the self as a social object.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   58                  OBJ:   3.2

 

13.  To achieve the balance between the id and the superego, Freud said a child must:

a.	have a parent who teaches him right from wrong.
b.	learn to read.
c.	respond successfully to a series of developmental stages associated with biological changes.
d.	learn to interpret his/her own dreams.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   58                  OBJ:   3.2

 

14.  One problem with Freud’s theory was that is was:

a.	based upon the dream interpretations of convicted criminals.
b.	not scientifically tested.
c.	never published.
d.	based upon a survey of drug abusers.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   58                  OBJ:   3.2

 

15.  The psychological theory known as Cognitive Development was originated by:

a.	George Herbert Mead.	c.	John Piaget.
b.	Georg Simmel.	d.	Sigmund Freud.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   59                  OBJ:   3.2

 

16.  Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has been criticized for:

a.	being ethnocentric and being based on development in only one culture.
b.	failing to recognize cultural and gender differences in cognitive development.
c.	being overly simplistic.
d.	All of these are criticisms of Piaget’s theory.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   59                  OBJ:   3.2                 MSC:  NEW

 

17.  According to Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:

a.	cause and effect is one of the first things learned by children.
b.	the last thing to be acquired by children is the use of symbols.
c.	understanding abstract concepts like truth and justice occurs in the highest stage of development.
d.	boys and girls have separate stages of development from each other.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   59                  OBJ:   3.2                 MSC:  NEW

 

18.  According to _____ socialization benefits everyone by teaching people to be happy, productive members of society.

a.	symbolic interactionism	c.	structural-functionalism
b.	conflict theory	d.	sociobiology

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   59                  OBJ:   3.3

 

19.  Schools teach children to obey the rules; parents teach children manners. According to _____ this is important so that children learn to fit into society.

a.	symbolic interactionism	c.	structural-functionalism
b.	conflict theory	d.	sociobiology

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   59                  OBJ:   3.3                 MSC:  NEW

 

20.  Critics of the structural-functional perspective on socialization argue that it:

a.	ignores the fact that socialization may teach people to accept inequality.
b.	does not acknowledge the role of socialization in establishing social order.
c.	only focuses on the individual and does not address how socialization works for society.
d.	places too much emphasis on how socialization reinforces inequality.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   59                  OBJ:   3.3                 MSC:  NEW

 

21.  _____ focuses on how socialization reinforces unequal power relationships.

a.	Symbolic interactionism	c.	Structural-functionalism
b.	Conflict theory	d.	Sociobiology

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   60                  OBJ:   3.3

 

22.  Johnathon believes that the socialization process teaches children that females are less capable than males. His perspective is most likely:

a.	symbolic interactionist	c.	structural-functionalist
b.	conflict theory	d.	sociobiologist

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   60                  OBJ:   3.3

 

23.  According to _____, socialization benefits the wealthy and powerful.

a.	symbolic Interactionism	c.	structural-functionalism
b.	conflict theory	d.	sociobiology

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   60                  OBJ:   3.3

 

24.  A sociologist is interested in why so many people accept widespread discrimination as a fact of life. The sociologist would be most likely to apply a _____ perspective to socialization.

a.	sociobiology	c.	conflict theory
b.	symbolic Interactionism	d.	structural-functionalism

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   60                  OBJ:   3.3                 MSC:  NEW

 

25.  According to sociologists using the symbolic interaction theory, in order to understand human behavior we must:

a.	learn what the behavior means to the individual actors.
b.	become a member of the group that we are studying.
c.	be critical of how society operates.
d.	All of these are true from the perspective of symbolic interaction.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   60                  OBJ:   3.4

 

26.  According to sociologists using symbolic interaction theory:

a.	meanings are fixed by the larger society.
b.	socialization reinforces social inequalities.
c.	people interacting negotiate their self-concepts.
d.	to understand human behavior we must learn what role each individual plays in society.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   60                  OBJ:   3.4

 

27.  From the perspective of symbolic interaction, the meanings that people attach to their behavior:

a.	are dictated by society.
b.	are developed within social relationships.
c.	are learned in early childhood socialization.
d.	None of these; symbolic interaction does not address the meaning of behavior.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   60                  OBJ:   3.4                 KEY:  WWW

MSC:  NEW

 

28.  Jill is attending her first school dance.  She doesn’t know the new steps, imagines that her date is disappointed in her and feels that she is a complete failure.  This is an example of:

a.	the looking glass self.	c.	impression management.
b.	peer pressure.	d.	positive reinforcement.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   60                  OBJ:   3.4

 

29.  Which of the following is NOT one of the three steps in Cooley’s “looking glass self” theory:

a.	we see ourselves exactly as others see us.
b.	we imagine how we appear to others.
c.	we imagine how others judge our appearance.
d.	we develop feelings and responses to the judgments of others.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   61                  OBJ:   3.4

 

30.  Mona’s mother tells her she’s stupid, but 16-year old Mona doesn’t believe her.  Mona knows her mother is “out of it.”  This:

a.	contradicts the idea of a looking-glass self.
b.	is not relevant to symbolic interactionism.
c.	supports the notion of negative reinforcement.
d.	is an example of the looking-glass self.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   61                  OBJ:   3.4

 

31.  The self-concept is best defined as:

a.	the way other people perceive us.
b.	the spontaneous, creative part of the self.
c.	the selfish, conceited part of the self.
d.	an individual’s thoughts regarding her/his personality and social roles.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   60                  OBJ:   3.4

 

32.  According to Cooley, we develop our self-concept:

a.	by giving our best efforts in all situations and being proud of that.
b.	by having our strengths reinforced by our parents.
c.	by learning to see ourselves as we think others see us.
d.	through anticipatory socialization.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   60                  OBJ:   3.4                 MSC:  NEW

 

33.  The concept of the looking glass self suggests that our self-concept:

a.	is determined by others.
b.	is the result of our interpretation of the reactions of others.
c.	is the result of our objective assessments of ourselves.
d.	is personal and has nothing to do with other people.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   60                  OBJ:   3.4                 MSC:  NEW

 

34.  W. I. Thomas’s statement that if people “ … define situations as real, they are real in their consequences” means that:

a.	if you believe in something enough, it will come true.
b.	words and symbols only have consequences in real-life situations.
c.	people’s interpretation of words and gestures have real consequences even if they are misinterpretations.
d.	if a person doesn’t believe a situation is real, there will be no consequences.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   61                  OBJ:   3.4

 

35.  According to the text, the most influential contributor to symbolic interaction theory during the last century was:

a.	George Herbert Mead	c.	Erving Goffman
b.	Charles Horton Cooley	d.	W. I. Thomas

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   62                  OBJ:   3.4                 MSC:  NEW

 

36.  The _____ is an individual’s thoughts regarding her/his personality and social roles.

a.	I	c.	self
b.	me	d.	self-concept

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   60                  OBJ:   3.4

 

37.  In Mead’s theory, the “I” is the:

a.	self that responds to others’ actions.	c.	spontaneous, creative part of the self.
b.	self as social object.	d.	selfless, other-centered part of the self.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   62                  OBJ:   3.4

 

38.  In Mead’s theory the _____ is the spontaneous, creative part of the self.

a.	me	c.	ego
b.	I	d.	superego

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   62                  OBJ:   3.4                 KEY:  WWW

 

39.  In Mead’s theory, the “me” represents the:

a.	selfish part of the self.	c.	spontaneous, creative part of the self.
b.	self that responds to others’ actions.	d.	instinctual nature of the self.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   62                  OBJ:   3.4

 

40.  According to Mead, children learn to balance the desires of the “I” and the social awareness of the “me” through:

a.	developing greater cognitive skills.	c.	parental authority.
b.	the process of role taking.	d.	instinct.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   62                  OBJ:   3.4                 MSC:  NEW

 

41.  Children learn how to function in society through their play. Often their play focuses on _____, people with whom they have close personal relationships.

a.	role models.	c.	significant others.
b.	role partners.	d.	generalized others.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   62                  OBJ:   3.4                 MSC:  NEW

 

42.  Which of the following is an example of a significant other?

a.	your mother
b.	your professor
c.	your employer
d.	None of these are examples of significant others.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   62                  OBJ:   3.4

 

43.  Mead’s term for the composite expectations of all the other role players with whom we interact is:

a.	generalized other.	c.	role identity.
b.	significant other.	d.	socialization.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   62                  OBJ:   3.4

 

44.  Learning the expectations of the generalized other is the same as:

a.	following our id.
b.	learning language.
c.	learning the norms and values of our culture.
d.	imitation of a significant other.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   62                  OBJ:   3.4                 MSC:  NEW

 

45.  The term for the people, groups, and media that teach us social norms is:

a.	socialization	c.	the looking glass
b.	agents of socialization	d.	the generalized other

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   63                  OBJ:   3.5                 MSC:  NEW

 

46.  The text identifies all of the following as agents of socialization EXCEPT:

a.	religion.	c.	voluntary associations.
b.	peer groups.	d.	the workplace.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   63-68             OBJ:   3.5

 

47.  The MOST important agent of socialization in society is:

a.	church	c.	family
b.	peers	d.	television

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   63                  OBJ:   3.5

 

48.  What characteristic(s) of family are important in shaping the child’s socialization experience?

a.	race or ethnicity	c.	religion
b.	class	d.	All family characteristics are important.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   63                  OBJ:   3.5

 

49.  Which agent of socialization is largely responsible for primary socialization?

a.	mass media	c.	family
b.	schools	d.	religion

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   63|69             OBJ:   3.5|3.6            KEY:  WWW

 

50.  Which of these is NOT TRUE in regards to primary socialization in the family?

a.	All families use the same approach to primary socialization.
b.	The earliest socialization takes place indirectly through daily interactions.
c.	Parents try to teach conformity and obedience.
d.	Self-concept is first developed within the family.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   63                  OBJ:   3.5                 MSC:  NEW

 

51.  Research on how girls, and the adults around them, view their hair reveals that:

a.	most girls could not care less about their hair.
b.	hair is an important symbol for white girls, but not for black girls.
c.	girls feel they are judged on whether or not they care about the appearance of their hair.
d.	hair has the same meaning for boys’ and girls’ identities.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   64                  OBJ:   3.5                 MSC:  NEW

 

52.  Research on spanking, reported in the text, finds that parents who graduate from college:

a.	are as likely as others to spank their children.
b.	are less likely as others to spank their children.
c.	are equally as likely as others to spank their children.
d.	None of these; college education has no relevance for parenting behavior.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   65                  OBJ:   3.5                 MSC:  NEW

 

53.  Individuals of the same age and the same status are referred to as:

a.	a cohort.	c.	significant others.
b.	a peer group.	d.	an in-group.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   65                  OBJ:   3.5                 MSC:  NEW

 

54.  Peer group socialization appears to:

a.	have an important effect on the development of the self-concept.
b.	be much less important than other agents of socialization.
c.	have a negative effect on cognitive and moral development.
d.	be especially effective in teaching conformity.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   66                  OBJ:   3.5

 

55.  What is the general pattern of peer influence?

a.	The younger the children, the more influence peers will have.
b.	Peers influence fashion and other aspects of lifestyle, but have little impact on self-concept.
c.	The more time peers spend together without adult supervision, the greater the likelihood of peer influence.
d.	There is no pattern to how peers influence one another.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   66                  OBJ:   3.5                 MSC:  NEW

 

56.  Peer groups are important in social development because:

a.	they are more powerful than the family in social development.
b.	they take the place of the family as one matures.
c.	they are a mechanism for teaching roles and values distinct from those of adults.
d.	None of these; peer groups are not particularly important to social development.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   66                  OBJ:   3.5                 KEY:  WWW

 

57.  In regards to adolescents and their peers, studies have found that _____ precedes _____.

a.	group membership; peer similarity	c.	peer similarity; group membership
b.	peer pressure; group membership	d.	group membership; peer pressure

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   66                  OBJ:   3.5

 

58.  Some researchers believe the influence of peers is overestimated because:

a.	adolescents remain concerned about their parents’ opinions in addition to those of their peers.
b.	there has been little research done on the influence of peers.
c.	research indicates that peers actually have little influence on each other.
d.	None of these; researchers do not believe the influence is overestimated.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   66                  OBJ:   3.5                 MSC:  NEW

 

59.  Which of these is generally NOT something children learn from schools?

a.	basic developmental needs
b.	nonconformity and how to challenge authority
c.	how to deal with bureaucracies
d.	how achievement affects status

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   67                  OBJ:   3.5

 

60.  In both poor and wealthier nations:

a.	many children attend school for only a few years.
b.	school years have become accepted as a normal part of childhood.
c.	schools teach society’s central values in addition to basic skills.
d.	All of these are true about schooling in all nations.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   66                  OBJ:   3.5                 MSC:  NEW

 

61.  The text argues that schools:

a.	treat all children equally regardless of social class.
b.	are increasingly more able to give children individualized attention.
c.	promote creativity and independent thinking.
d.	prepare students for bureaucracies such as the workplace and the military.

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   67                  OBJ:   3.5                 MSC:  NEW

 

62.  There is general agreement that television’s role as an agent of socialization is to:

a.	provide material that challenges our beliefs and makes us think.
b.	fill the social need for entertainment and relaxation.
c.	validate and supplement our prior knowledge of American roles and norms.
d.	reflect the reality of our social conditions and  interactions.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   67                  OBJ:   3.5

 

63.  The most important mass medium for socialization is:

a.	movies and Hollywood.	c.	television.
b.	commercials and products.	d.	the Internet.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   67                  OBJ:   3.5                 MSC:  NEW

 

64.  Research on the impact of television finds that:

a.	there is no doubt that the media promote violence, racism, and sexism.
b.	viewers tend to give special attention to content that supports their beliefs and self-concepts.
c.	there is no evidence that television has any impact on socialization.
d.	the mass media have no influence on our beliefs and behaviors.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   68                  OBJ:   3.5                 MSC:  NEW

 

65.  Which of the following is NOT TRUE of religion’s role in socialization?

a.	Religion gives guidance about appropriate roles and behaviors.
b.	Religion merely reinforces the ideals we learn from other agents of socialization.
c.	Participation in religion can change a person’s beliefs and self-concept.
d.	Different religions impact the socialization experience differently.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   68                  OBJ:   3.5

 

66.  As an agent of socialization, religion:

a.	has no real affect.
b.	gives guidance as to appropriate values and behaviors.
c.	merely reinforces the lessons of other agents of socialization.
d.	is the most important influence.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   68                  OBJ:   3.5                 MSC:  NEW

 

67.  The text reports the research of Christine Williams who spent 12 weeks working in two toy stores. Williams found that:

a.	children paid little attention to the purchases of others.
b.	white children, in particular, learned that they were more important than the store clerks.
c.	children of all social classes were treated as valued customers because of their purchasing potential.
d.	All of these were observations of Williams during her research.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   69                  OBJ:   3.5                 KEY:  WWW

MSC:  NEW

 

68.  In her research conducted in two toy stores, sociologist Williams found that:

a.	toys were considered by children as a measure of their worth.
b.	children were far less interested in the purchase of toys than their parents were.
c.	regardless of what others received, children were always satisfied with their purchases.
d.	toys have a much less important role in socialization than previously thought.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   69                  OBJ:   3.5                 MSC:  NEW

 

69.  Learning that it is appropriate to wear enough clothes to cover yourself “decently” is likely to take place during:

a.	primary socialization.	c.	resocialization.
b.	anticipatory socialization.	d.	peer group socialization.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   69                  OBJ:   3.6

 

70.  A critical stage during primary socialization for becoming a conforming member of society is:

a.	learning in childhood that conformity is the key to gaining love and acceptance.
b.	developing self-esteem as an adult.
c.	acquiring skills necessary for occupational success.
d.	developing an identity salience hierarchy.

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   69                  OBJ:   3.6

 

71.  American kindergartens emphasize _____, Japanese kindergartens emphasize:

a.	individualism; cooperation	c.	individualism; individualism
b.	cooperation; individualism	d.	cooperation; cooperation

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   70                  OBJ:   3.5

 

72.  How do teachers in Japan deal with unruly youngsters?

a.	They isolate them.
b.	They quickly integrate them back into the group.
c.	They expel them.
d.	They fail them.

 

 

ANS:  B                    REF:   70                  OBJ:   3.5

 

73.  When do we develop a personality?

a.	childhood	c.	young adulthood
b.	prior to birth	d.	adolescence

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   69                  OBJ:   3.6

 

74.  The learning of appropriate values and behaviors that occurs during early childhood is a part of _____ socialization.

a.	primary	c.	anticipatory
b.	secondary	d.	developmental

 

 

ANS:  A                    REF:   69                  OBJ:   3.6                 KEY:  WWW

 

75.  When children do not learn to be conforming members of their society during childhood:

a.	it takes them much longer to learn to conform during adulthood.
b.	they face ridicule from their peers and learn to conform during adolescence.
c.	conformity is unlikely to develop later in life.
d.	it is up to the schools to teach conformity.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   70                  OBJ:   3.6                 MSC:  NEW

 

76.  As an example of the critical importance of primary socialization, the text reports that the number of words we learn by the age of three:

a.	will determine our ability to learn in the future.
b.	is the same for children of all social classes.
c.	highly predicts future reading ability and likelihood of high school graduation.
d.	result in differences in intelligence that can never be overcome.

 

 

ANS:  C                    REF:   71                  OBJ:   3.6                 MSC:  NEW

 

77.  In the discussion of the importance of primary socialization, the text reports that in general the number of words poor children learn by the age of three is _____ those learned by middle-class children.

a.	approximately the same as	c.	20 percent fewer than
b.	10 percent fewer than	d.	50 percent fewer than

 

 

ANS:  D                    REF:   71                  OBJ:   3.6                 MSC:  NEW