Essentials Of Sociology A Down to Earth Approach 10th Edition by James M. Henslin -Test Bank
To Purchase
this Complete Test Bank with Answers Click the link Below
If face any problem or
Further information contact us At tbzuiqe@gmail.com
Sample
Test
Chapter 3 Socialization
3.1 True/False Questions
1) Feral children are often raised by animals.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 67
Skill: Knowledge
2) Without language there can be no culture, no shared way of
life.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 67
Skill: Knowledge
3) The research of the Harlows demonstrated that the key to
mother-child bonding is the ability of the mother to provide food and other
nutrition to the offspring.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 69
Skill: Knowledge
4) Mead’s theory of personal development is based on the image
that we present to those around us, the reactions of these people, and way that
we interpret these reactions.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 70-71
Skill: Application
5) Mead emphasized that in order to learn to take the role of
the “other,” a child must pass through three stages – imitation, play, and team
game.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 70-71
Skill: Knowledge
6) In Mead’s theory of development, the “me” is the “object of
action” or the “self as object.”
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 71
Skill: Knowledge
7) In Piaget’s model for children’s development of reasoning
skills, the term “reasoning skills” is synonymous with the term “operational”
as it is used in the theory.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 72
Skill: Knowledge
8) Cooley’s conclusions about the looking-glass self appear to
be true for people around the world.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 72
Skill: Knowledge
9) Sociologists usually embrace Freudian theory on personality
development because of its universal acceptance among the social sciences.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 73
Skill: Knowledge
10) Freud assumed that what was male was “normal” and that
females were “inferior, castrated males.”
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 74
Skill: Knowledge
11) Sociologists have clearly demonstrated that most emotions
are universal and are “products of our genes.”
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 74
Skill: Knowledge
12) Parents are the first significant others to show children
the gender map.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 76
Skill: Knowledge
14) Gender serves as the primary basis for social inequality.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 80
Skill: Knowledge
15) The advent of Lara Croft and other women of action has clearly
divided children with an interest in action films into two camps—one supporting
male characters and the other the supporting emerging female characters.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 80
Skill: Knowledge
16) The research of sociologist Melvin Kohn and others
demonstrates that the differences in the supervision of children are a matter
of the race and ethnicity of the parents more than any other factor.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 81
Skill: Application
17) As a child’s experiences with agents of socialization
broadens, the influence of the family increases.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 82
Skill: Knowledge
18) The standards of our peer groups tend to dominate our lives.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 84
Skill: Knowledge
19) Social class, gender, race, and ethnicity are aspects of
one’s life that fall into the category of social location.
Answer: TRUE
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 85
Skill: Application
20) Because of the power of peers and social institutions, we
are all prisoners of socialization.
Answer: FALSE
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 89
Skill: Knowledge
3.2 Multiple Choice Questions
1) The sociologist who studied feral children, including the
abused child Isabelle who was discovered in 1938 living in an attic with her
deaf-mute mother, was ________.
1. A)
Michael Burawoy
2. B)
Kingsley Davis
3. C)
Wilbert Moore
4. D)
Herbert Gans
Answer: B
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 65
Skill: Knowledge
2) In the “nature versus nurture” argument regarding socialization,
the “nurture” component refers to ________.
1. A)
heredity
2. B)
the social environment
3. C)
instinct
4. D)
genetic composition
Answer: B
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 66
Skill: Knowledge
3) Which of the following traits is LEAST likely to be linked to
“nature” (heredity) and MOST likely linked to “nurture” (the social
environment)?
1. A)
vocational choice
2. B)
temperament
3. C)
ability at sports
4. D)
aptitude for mathematics
Answer: A
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 66
Skill: Application
4) What term is used to describe children who are assumed to
have been raised by animals in the wilderness and isolated from other children,
such as the “wild boy of Aveyron”?
1. A)
mentally challenged
2. B)
developmentally disabled
3. C)
deprived
4. D)
feral
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Page Ref: 67
Skill: Knowledge
5) The case study of Isabelle provides support for which of the
following explanations of language?
1. A)
Humans are born with language
2. B)
Humans have no natural language.
3. C)
Language is not socially constructed.
4. D) Language
determines behavior.
Answer: B
Diff:
4 Page Ref: 67
Skill: Analysis
6) Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children,
what is the key variable in acquiring the basic “human” traits we take for
granted?
1. A)
biological makeup
2. B)
basic intelligence
3. C)
intimate early social interaction
4. D)
strict discipline
Answer: C
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 68
Skill: Comprehension
7) What discovery did Skeels and Dye make when they administered
intelligence tests to a sample of orphans cared for by trained professionals in
a “good” orphanage and to a second sample of orphans raised by residents of an
institution for mentally retarded women?
1. A)
The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 25 points
lower than those raised by trained professionals.
2. B)
The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 28 points
higher than those raised by trained professionals.
3. C)
There was no difference in the scores of the orphans raised by the mentally
impaired compared to those raised by trained professionals.
4. D)
The orphans raised by the mentally impaired scored an average of 47 points
lower than those raised by trained professionals.
Answer: B
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 68
Skill: Knowledge
8) The research in the early 1960s using rhesus monkeys to
demonstrate the importance of intimate physical contact in the rearing of
animals was conducted by ________.
1. A)
Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck
2. B)
William and Helen Thomas
3. C)
Harry and Margaret Harlow
4. D)
William and Virginia Masters
Answer: C
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 69
Skill: Knowledge
9) What did the Harlow experiment conclude as being the key to
infant-mother bonding?
1. A)
peer socialization
2. B)
feeding and grooming
3. C)
intimate social contact
4. D) intellectual
development
Answer: C
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 69
Skill: Knowledge
10) What concept do sociologists refer to when they say that
“society makes us human”?
1. A)
stratification
2. B)
psychoanalysis
3. C)
cultural tradition
4. D)
socialization
Answer: D
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 70
Skill: Application
11) The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to
as the “looking-glass self,” was developed by ________.
1. A)
George Herbert Mead
2. B)
William I. Thomas
3. C)
Charles Horton Cooley
4. D) Robert
K. Merton
Answer: C
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 70
Skill: Knowledge
12) Our image of how others see us is called the ________.
1. A) id
2. B)
super ego
3. C)
libido
4. D)
self
Answer: D
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 70
Skill: Knowledge
13) What are the starting and stopping points of the development
of the self during the life course?
1. A)
The self-concept begins prior to conception and concludes at birth.
2. B)
The self-concept begins at birth and concludes by age 5 or 6.
3. C)
The self-concept begins in childhood and continues as an ongoing, lifelong
process.
4. D)
The self-concept begins when a child is able to reason and concludes at about
age 18.
Answer: C
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 70
Skill: Application
14) Professor Zale bases her self-concept as a professor on the
interactions she has with students, and the reactions she receives from them
during class. In view of this, which process is Professor Zale utilizing?
1. A)
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
2. B)
Cooley’s looking-glass self
3. C)
Mead’s “I” and “me” concept
4. D)
Piaget’s theory of moral reasoning
Answer: B
Diff:
4 Page Ref: 70
Skill: Analysis
15) The symbolic interactionist who stressed that play was
crucial to the development of the concept of self was ________.
1. A)
Charles Horton Cooley
2. B) Lester
Ward
3. C)
George Herbert Mead
4. D)
Talcott Parsons
Answer: C
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 71
Skill: Knowledge
16) Bob’s football coach is a very important influence in his
life. Many of Bob’s actions are attempts to win the approval of his coach. Mead
would suggest that the coach is one of Bob’s ________.
1. A)
generalized others
2. B)
significant others
3. C)
primary group members
4. D)
reference group members
Answer: B
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 71
Skill: Comprehension
17) According to Mead’s theory of development, individuals who
have a profound influence on the lives of another person, such as parents or
siblings, are referred to as ________.
1. A)
significant others
2. B)
the person’s reference group
3. C)
the person’s in-group
4. D)
generalized others
Answer: A
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 71
Skill: Knowledge
18) Tory is 5 years old. He loves to dress up like Batman and
pretend to save Gotham City from the Penguin. According to Mead’s theory, he is
in the ________ stage.
1. A)
imitation
2. B)
game
3. C)
play
4. D) generalized
Answer: C
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 71
Skill: Application
19) What term would Mead use to refer to the norms, values,
attitudes, and expectations of the public?
1. A)
primary group
2. B)
generalized others
3. C)
secondary group
4. D)
significant others
Answer: B
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 71
Skill: Application
20) Of the following traits and abilities, which one would
George Herbert Mead consider MOST essential for an individual to be a
full-fledged member of society?
1. A)
the ability to take the role of another
2. B) an
average or above-average IQ
3. C) a
well-developed id
4. D)
the influence of positive peers
Answer: A
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 71
Skill: Application
21) George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role
of the other entails three stages—the ________, _______, and _______ stages.
1. A)
primary; secondary; tertiary
2. B)
id; ego; superego
3. C)
sensorimotor; preoperational; operational
4. D)
imitation; play; team games
Answer: D
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 71
Skill: Knowledge
22) Mead describes the active, creative, and spontaneous part of
the self as the ________.
1. A) I
2. B) me
3. C) id
4. D)
ego
Answer: A
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 71
Skill: Knowledge
23) According to Piaget, the stage of development that is
dominated by touching, listening, looking, and the inability to recognize cause
and effect is the ________ stage.
1. A)
formal operational
2. B)
preoperational
3. C)
sensorimotor
4. D)
concrete operational
Answer: C
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 72
Skill: Application
24) Jean Piaget’s use of the term “operational” is most aligned
with the concept of ________.
1. A)
motor skills
2. B)
reasoning skills
3. C)
language skills
4. D)
social skills
Answer: B
Diff:
4 Page Ref: 72
Skill: Analysis
25) Morris is 3 years old and just beginning to talk. He can
count to 10 but is not altogether sure what numbers actually mean. According to
Piaget, Morris is in the ________ stage.
1. A)
sensorimotor
2. B)
concrete operational
3. C)
preoperational
4. D)
formal operational
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 72
Skill: Application
26) According to Piaget, when children are capable of abstract
thinking, they have reached the level of development called the ________.
1. A)
sensorimotor stage
2. B)
formal operational stage
3. C)
preoperational stage
4. D)
concrete operational stage
Answer: B
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 72
Skill: Application
27) The technique created by Sigmund Freud for the treatment of
emotional problems through long-term, intensive exploration of the subconscious
mind is referred to as ________.
1. A)
transactional analysis
2. B)
rational emotive therapy
3. C)
psychoanalysis
4. D)
reality therapy
Answer: C
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 73
Skill: Knowledge
28) In Freud’s theory, what part of the personality represents
the pleasure-seeking aspect, demanding immediate fulfillment of basic needs
such as attention, food, safety, and sex?
1. A)
the id
2. B)
the ego
3. C)
the superego
4. D)
the libido
Answer: A
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 73
Skill: Knowledge
29) According to Sigmund Freud, when the id gets out of hand,
individuals follow their desires for pleasure and ________.
1. A)
demand self-gratification
2. B)
seek intimacy
3. C)
break society’s norms
4. D)
need for isolation
Answer: C
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 73
Skill: Knowledge
30) Why do many sociologists object to psychoanalysis as a valid
explanation for human behavior?
1. A)
Sociologists reject the notion that personality develops in stages.
2. B)
Sociologists disagree on the influence of the super ego as a balancing force of
behavior.
3. C) Sociologists
argue that Freud failed to study a wide range of subjects before developing his
theory.
4. D)
Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are
the primary reasons for human behavior.
Answer: D
Diff:
6 Page Ref: 73
Skill: Evaluation
31) In psychoanalytic theory, the “culture within us” is
represented by the ________.
1. A)
superego
2. B) id
3. C)
ego
4. D)
libido
Answer: A
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 73
Skill: Knowledge
32) Like our mind, our emotions depend on ______.
1. A)
socialization
2. B)
psychoanalysis
3. C)
language
4. D)
ego
Answer: A
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 74
Skill: Knowledge
33) Universal facial expressions to express basic emotions fall
under the category of ___________.
1. A)
psychoanalysis
2. B)
superego
3. C) socialization
4. D)
biology
Answer: D
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 74
Skill: Knowledge
34) ___________ for expressing emotion are based on culture,
social class, relationships, and settings.
1. A)
Rules of psychoanalysis
2. B)
Culture rules
3. C)
Feeling rules
4. D) Rules
of socialization
Answer: C
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 74
Skill: Knowledge
35) What is the proposed source of the six specific emotions
that Paul Ekman identified as being present in all cultures?
1. A)
They are based on the social environment.
2. B) They
are a product of our genes.
3. C)
They are based on common cultural values held worldwide.
4. D)
They are based on intellectual capability.
Answer: B
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 74
Skill: Knowledge
36) A young woman is contemplating a particular behavior, in
this case dropping out of college. She is also considering an awareness of the
self in relationship to others to avoid feelings of shame and embarrassment.
This is referred to as her ________.
1. A)
socialized self as subject
2. B) self-actualized
stage
3. C)
social mirror
4. D)
reality principle
Answer: C
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 75
Skill: Knowledge
37) What conclusion did psychologists Susan Goldberg and Michael
Lewis make after observing the interactions of mothers and their children?
1. A)
Mothers socialized their sons to be passive and dependent.
2. B)
Mothers tended to treat their children the same, regardless of sex.
3. C)
Mothers unconsciously rewarded their daughters for being dependent.
4. D)
Mothers felt their sons needed greater supervision when they played.
Answer: C
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 76
Skill: Knowledge
38) The Smiths are going Christmas shopping for their two
children, Dick and Jane. They plan to buy Dick a Tonka truck and Jane a Barbie
doll. Their selection of toys for their children is an example of ________ by
parents.
1. A)
resocialization
2. B)
role diffusion
3. C)
ego identity
4. D)
gender socialization
Answer: D
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 76
Skill: Application
39) Individuals who are approximately the same age and are linked
by common interests, including friends, classmates, and the “kids in the
neighborhood,” are MOST appropriately referred to as ________.
1. A)
significant others
2. B)
generalized others
3. C)
peers
4. D)
confederates
Answer: C
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 78
Skill: Knowledge
40) How does the mass media influence gender roles in
contemporary American society?
1. A) It
encourages a sexless society.
2. B) It
encourages women to assume male roles to be successful.
3. C) It
reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one’s sex.
4. D) It
encourages cross-gender behavior.
Answer: C
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 78-79
Skill: Comprehension
41) The average person is exposed to __________ commercials a
year.
1. A)
20,000
2. B)
30,000
3. C)
40,000
4. D)
50,000
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 78
Skill: Knowledge
42) People and groups that influence our orientation to life—our
self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors—are called ________.
1. A)
total institutions
2. B)
generalized others
3. C)
agents of socialization
4. D)
out-groups
Answer: C
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 80
Skill: Knowledge
43) Video games have begun to portray women in changing gender
roles, such as Lara Croft, the adventure-seeking archaeologist, and Xena,
Warrior Princess. This change in roles may also serve as ________.
1. A) an
example of pornography
2. B) a
way to confuse children about their sexuality
3. C) a
way to motivate young women to play video games
4. D)
the creation of a new stereotype of women as symbolic males
Answer: D
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 80
Skill: Comprehension
44) Frank is the son of a middle-class family. He took the
family car without permission last night, returning home at 3 AM with the smell
of alcohol on his breath. It is most likely, based on the research of Kohn,
that the next day Frank’s parents will ________.
1. A)
call the police and have their son arrested to impress upon him the error of
his ways
2. B)
buy him his own car and hold him to a higher standard of responsibility
3. C)
physically punish their son using a culturally approved method
4. D)
suspend Frank’s driving privileges for a month and discuss with Frank the
dangers of drinking and driving
Answer: D
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 81
Skill: Application
45) Based on the research of Kohn and his associates, how would
working-class parents encourage their children to accept guidance when they
have deviated from acting properly?
1. A)
They would probably use physical punishment.
2. B)
They would rely on reasoning with the child.
3. C)
They would probably deny privileges and “ground” the child.
4. D)
They would offer verbal encouragement.
Answer: A
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 81
Skill: Knowledge
46) What was the result of research on mother-child bonding
based on hours per week children spent in day care?
1. A) As
the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was stronger between mother
and child.
2. B) As
the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was weaker between mother
and child.
3. C)
The mother-child bond was based on the social class of the mother and not the
hours the child spent in day care.
4. D)
There was no relationship between mother-child bond and the hours a child spent
in day care.
Answer: B
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 82
Skill: Knowledge
47) Why is entering into school significant from a sociological
perspective?
1. A) It
signals parental distress, from a biological perspective.
2. B) It
reveals a pattern variable that influences emotional reactions.
3. C) It
marks the transfer of allegiance from family to peer groups.
4. D) It
is a manifest function used to determine sociability.
Answer: C
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 82
Skill: Comprehension
48) Jessica is a student at one of the elementary schools in
Colorado observed by Patricia and Peter Adler. What is the likely relationship
between her grades and her social standing?
1. A)
Poor grades increase her standing among her peers.
2. B)
Good grades increase her standing among her peers.
3. C)
Grades have no effect on her standing among her peers.
4. D)
Good grades decrease her standing among her peers.
Answer: B
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 82
Skill: Application
49) Frank is doing an internship in a hospital to prepare for a
career as a nurse. He is participating in ________.
1. A)
required resocialization
2. B)
anticipatory socialization
3. C)
manifest socialization
4. D)
latent resocialization
Answer: B
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 84
Skill: Comprehension
50) When young people enter college as resident students, they
must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of
________.
1. A)
resocialization
2. B)
socialization
3. C)
the “looking-glass self”
4. D)
anticipatory socialization
Answer: A
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 84
Skill: Application
51) Fred has just joined a fraternity. As part of his
initiation, he has been forced to cook for the fraternity brothers, clean the
frat house, and address the fraternity members as “sir.” This is an example of
what Harold Garfinkel termed ________.
1. A)
learning conformity
2. B) a
personal identity kit
3. C)
anticipatory socialization
4. D) a
degradation ceremony
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Page Ref: 85
Skill: Application
52) John joined the military this year. When he arrived at boot
camp he was immediately greeted with a degradation ceremony and came under
total control of the officials. The military is an example of a(n) ________.
1. A)
social institution
2. B)
agent of socialization
3. C)
social location
4. D)
total institution
Answer: D
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 85
Skill: Application
53) What term applies to the stages that people pass through
from birth to death, beginning with “childhood” and concluding with “the older
years”?
1. A)
rites of passage
2. B)
life theme
3. C)
the life course
4. D)
stages of development
Answer: C
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 85-89
Skill: Knowledge
54) Another term used for the stage of development called
transitional adulthood, which is between the ages of 18 and 29, is ________.
1. A)
the middle years
2. B)
adultolescence
3. C)
the sandwich generation
4. D)
midlife crisis
Answer: B
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 88
Skill: Knowledge
55) The period following high school when young adults have not
yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood is
called ________.
1. A)
transitional adulthood
2. B)
puberty
3. C)
adolescence
4. D)
the middle years
Answer: A
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 88
Skill: Knowledge
3.3 Short Answer Questions
1) In the “nature versus nurture” argument, what is another term
for “nurture”?
Answer: social environment, or socialization
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 66
Skill: Knowledge
2) What is the difference between feral children and “regular”
children?
Answer: Feral children are assumed to have been
raised by animals in the wilderness, isolated from other humans.
Diff:
6 Page Ref: 67
Skill: Evaluation
3) What was the physical makeup of the two “mother” monkeys the Harlows
developed for their experiment?
Answer: One was a wire frame monkey with a wooden
head and nipple for nourishment. The other “mother” monkey was made of soft
terrycloth and had no capability of feeding the infant monkeys.
Diff:
4 Page Ref: 69
Skill: Analysis
4) What are the three elements of Cooley’s looking-glass self
concept?
Answer: (1) we imagine how we appear to those around
us;
(2) we interpret the reactions of others;
(3) we develop a self-concept
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 70
Skill: Knowledge
5) What is the difference between significant others and
generalized other?
Answer: Significant others are individuals who
greatly influence our lives, such as parents or siblings. Generalized other
refers to our perception of how people in general think of us.
Diff:
4 Page Ref: 71
Skill: Analysis
6) What are the three stages of George Herbert Mead’s theory of
development?
Answer: (1) imitation stage;
(2) play stage;
(3) team games stage
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 71
Skill: Knowledge
7) In Mead’s theory of development, what is the difference
between the “I” and the “me”?
Answer: The “I” is the self as subject, which is the
active, spontaneous, creative part of the self. The “me” is the self as object
or object of action.
Diff:
4 Page Ref: 71
Skill: Analysis
8) What are the three elements of Freud’s theory on the
development of personality?
Answer: (1) id;
(2) ego;
(3) superego
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 73
Skill: Knowledge
9) Why are feminist sociologists often critical of Freud?
Answer: Freud assumed that “male” is “normal.” He
referred to females as inferior, castrated males.
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 74
Skill: Knowledge
10) What were the six “global emotions” identified by
anthropologist Paul Ekman?
Answer: (1) anger;
(2) disgust;
(3) fear;
(4) happiness;
(5) sadness;
(6) surprise
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 74
Skill: Knowledge
11) What is another name for “the society within us”?
Answer: the “social mirror”
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 75
Skill: Knowledge
12) The ways in which society sets children onto different
courses in life because they are male or female is referred to as ________.
Answer: gender socialization
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 76
Skill: Knowledge
13) What are the characteristics of a “peer group”?
Answer: (1) individuals roughly the same age;
(2) linked by a common interest;
(3) sharing the same neighborhood or physical environment
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 77
Skill: Application
14) List four of the seven agents of socialization discussed in
the textbook.
Answer: (1) family;
(2) neighborhood;
(3) religion;
(4) day care;
(5) school;
(6) peers;
(7) workplace
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 80-82,
84
Skill: Knowledge
15) What happens as a child’s experiences with agents of
socialization broadens?
Answer: the influence of the family decreases
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 82
Skill: Knowledge
16) Why is it a struggle to adapt to a new culture?
Answer: its behaviors and ways of thinking may be at
odds with the ones already learned
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 83
Skill: Comprehension
17) A mental rehearsal for some future activity, or the attempt
to learn to play a role before entering it, is called ________.
Answer: anticipatory socialization
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 84
Skill: Knowledge
18) What is resocialization?
Answer: the process of learning new norms, values,
attitudes, and behaviors
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 84
Skill: Application
19) What do military boot camps, prisons, concentration camps,
religious cults, and many private boarding schools have in common?
Answer: They are all total institutions.
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 85
Skill: Comprehension
20) What are the five basic stages in the life course?
Answer: (1) childhood;
(2) adolescence;
(3) transitional adulthood;
(4) the middle years;
(5) the older years
Diff:
1 Page Ref: 85-89
Skill: Knowledge
3.4 Essay Questions
1) Discuss the “nature versus nurture” argument and provide
support for each aspect of the controversy.
Answer: Nature refers to the influence of heredity
and genetics on the development of self as well as evolution, natural
selection, survival of the fittest, and other aspects of Darwinism. Nurture
refers to the impact that the social environment, socialization, and culture
have on one’s development. Supporters of the nature argument point to studies
of identical twins separated at birth and compare their similarities. Certain
traits appear to be clearly linked to genetics, including limits to certain
physical and mental abilities. Supporters of the nurture aspect of the
controversy also use studies of identical twins separated at birth to support
their position. This includes studies that have revealed how identical twins
grew up to choose very different occupations, interests, and lifestyles.
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 66
Skill: Comprehension
2) Discuss the classic experiment that the Harlows conducted on
social development using monkeys. Compare their results to the effects that
lack of social contact had on isolated and feral children discovered in Ohio
(Isabelle), France (the wild boy of Aveyron), and California (Genie).
Answer: The monkeys in the Harlow experiment were
offered two artificial mothers, one that was cuddly and made of terrycloth but
did not have the means to feed the infant monkeys. The other “mother” had
feeding capability but was made of wire mesh with a wooden head. In the
experiment, the monkeys were separated from their natural mothers and placed in
isolation with the two artificial mothers. The Harlows found that the monkeys
would cling to the terrycloth mother, and would only approach the wire mesh
monkey for feeding. When frightened, the monkeys always ran to the terrycloth
mother for security and comfort. The monkeys raised in isolation never adjusted
to monkey life and, when impregnated, they were hostile and confused mothers.
In cases of feral children and isolated children, it was noted that the
children were fearful of other humans, did not know how to adjust to them, and
were unable to relate to them. The children were fearful, confused, and
frightened. They lacked even the simplest socialization skills. (The text did
not indicate whether any of the children cited in the case studies eventually
became parents.) Both experiments demonstrated the need for nurturing and
supportive contact with others, especially during the developmental years.
Diff:
6 Page Ref: 66-70
Skill: Evaluation
3) Discuss the principle aspects of Charles Horton Cooley’s
looking-glass self.
Answer: Cooley said that our sense of self develops
from interaction with others. The looking-glass self concept has three
elements:
(1) We imagine how we appear to those around us. We may feel others think of us
as being good-looking or unattractive, intellectual or shallow, athletically
gifted or inept.
(2) We interpret others’ reactions. Do others desire my companionship because I
am beautiful or handsome? Am I popular or despised because I am among the
brightest students in the class? Does the fact that I am on the first string of
our football team impress anyone?
(3) We develop a self-concept. Interpretations may result in the feeling that
people like me and want to be with me, that I am a valuable person. Or, if I am
blowing the curve on every exam, I may be rejected by my peers and feel
awkward, developing a confused self-image.
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 70
Skill: Comprehension
4) Explain Mead’s theory of social development and the process
by which we learn to “take the role of the other.”
Answer: According to Mead, as we develop this
ability, at first we can only take the role of significant others, such as
parents or siblings. As the self develops, the ability to take the role of
others extends to being able to take the role of “the group as a whole.” A child
goes through a three-stage process in learning to “take the role of the other.”
The first stage is the imitation stage (under the age of 3), in which the child
can only mimic others but does not have a sense of self separate from others.
During the second stage, or play stage, (from about 3 to 6), children pretend
to take on the roles of specific people, though they can only pretend to be one
role at a time. In the third stage, or team games stage, they gain the ability
to take on multiple roles; this eventually extends to being able to take the
role of an abstract entity, which Mead termed the “generalized other.”
Diff:
4 Page Ref: 70-71
Skill: Analysis
5) Piaget’s outlines four stages in acquiring the ability to
reason. List each of these four stages and describe what reasoning skills are
acquired in each stage.
Answer: Piaget theorizes that children pass through
four stages in acquiring the ability to reason. In stage one, the sensorimotor
stage (which lasts until about age 2) children’s understanding is limited to
direct contact with the environment. They cannot recognize cause and effect,
and so are not aware that their actions cause something to happen. In stage
two, the preoperational stage (which lasts from age 2 to 7), they develop the
ability to use symbols but do not understand ideas such as size and speed. In
the third stage, the concrete operational stage (between ages 7 and 12), their
reasoning abilities are more developed but they still cannot reason abstractly.
In the final stage, the formal operational stage (after age 12), children
develop the ability to think abstractly, to come to conclusions based on
general principles, and to use rules to solve abstract problems.
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 72
Skill: Comprehension
6) Briefly summarize Freud’s theory of personality and explain
why most sociologists have negative reactions to his analysis.
Answer: Freud believed that personality consists of
three elements:
(1) the id includes the inborn basic drives;
(2) the ego is the balancing force between the id and the demands of society;
and
(3) the super ego is the conscience, which represents the internalized norms
and values of our social groups. The underlying principle of Freud’s
theory of personality development is that inborn and unconscious motivations
are the primary reasons for human behavior. This theory denies the central
principle of sociology, that factors such as social class and people’s roles in
groups influence their behavior. Further, Freud’s elements of personality are
not observable or measurable. Their very existence cannot even be proven.
Sociological factors are all observable, and many of them are measurable. In
view of this, Freud’s theory violates one of the major requirements of a theory
– that it is testable.
Diff:
6 Page Ref: 73-74
Skill: Evaluation
7) How do emotions relate to sociology?
Answer: Emotions are an essential part of who we
are. Sociologists have found that emotions are not simply the results of our
biology. As Hochschild suggests, like our mind, our emotions also depend on
socialization. The way we express our emotions has everything to do with our
gender, culture, social class, relationships, and settings.
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 74
Skill: Comprehension
8) Why is there controversy over the source of emotions and
whether they are products of biological instinct or products of socialization?
Answer: There is evidence that emotions are the
result of both biological factors and socialization. Support for emotion as
being “the product of our genes” can be traced to the work by Ekman in
identifying six global emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness,
surprise). These are expressed similarly all over the world, regardless of
one’s race, ethnicity, or social location. Emotions and their expression are
also affected by culture and socialization. Men are generally more subdued in
expressing emotion. Differences in social class also affect the ways in which
emotion is expressed.
Diff:
6 Page Ref: 74-75
Skill: Evaluation
9) Discuss how mass media and media images
affect gender socialization.
Answer: (Refer to the subsection of the chapter,
“Socialization into Gender.”) Define gender socialization, which refers to
different attitudes and behaviors expected because of one’s sex. (Continue with
a summarization of the next subsection, “Gender Messages in the Mass Media.”)
Indicate the vast exposure to media events, such as 20,000 commercials a year,
the amount of television typically viewed by boys and girls, and the content of
this exposure. There is a spectrum of stereotypical, culturally molded images
for boys as well as girls. Indicate specifically the nature of these
stereotypes and the ways in which they are transmitted. Include in your answer
the different ways in which the media portrays boys as being aggressive and
girls as being cooperative, and the ways that boys are shown in various social
locations while girls are often featured as being at home. In primetime TV,
males are portrayed in higher status than females and in greater frequency than
females, who tend to be portrayed in supportive positions and in roles of
victims who must be rescued by the male hero.
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 76-78
Skill: Comprehension
10) Identify the major agents of socialization in U.S. society
today and briefly describe the role of each in the socialization process.
Answer: (Refer to the subsection of the chapter
“Agents of Socialization.”) Include family, neighborhood, religion, day care,
school, the workplace, and peer groups. Describe the role that each of these
plays in an individual’s socialization. Indicate how the effects of these
agents are dependent upon one’s social location.
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 80-85
Skill: Comprehension
11) Why is religion an agent of socialization for both the
religious and nonreligious?
Answer: Religion plays a powerful role, even for
those who are not religious. Religious ideas so pervade U.S. society that they
provide the foundation of morality for both the religious and nonreligious. Of
course, those who do attend a place of worship learn doctrine, values, and
morality. However, they also learn what types of clothing, speech, and manners
are appropriate for formal occasions. For many religious people, life in
congregations provides them with a sense of identity and a feeling of
belonging.
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 81-82
Skill: Comprehension
12) Recent studies on the effects of day care on young children
seem to indicate that children who spend more time in daycare have weaker bonds
and more negative interactions with their mothers. It is suggested that the
“quality” of home care should be evaluated as a potential factor influencing
this finding. How would you define the quality of home care?
Answer: The quality of home care could include the
amount of time parents spend actively involved with their children, the kinds
of activities parents do with their children, the attitude about childcare that
parents display to their children, the amount of affection parents give to
their children, and the amount of physical and intellectual stimulation parents
provide their children.
Diff:
3 Page Ref: 82
Skill: Application
13) Discuss why total institutions are effective in stripping
away people’s personal freedom.
Answer: Total institutions are effective in
stripping away a person’s personal freedom by isolating the person from the
public world and suppressing his or her preexisting statuses and replacing them
with a new status and its expected roles. The individual loses all contact with
former support systems and becomes an anonymous figure, stripped of power and
influence. New rules, values, and versions of life replace the norms of the
outside world. The individual’s entire life as a resident is closely
supervised, and information, rewards, and punishments are controlled by those
in charge of the total institution. The resident is provided only the
information that his or her supervisors wish to share. Supervisors are also
placed in positions of unquestioned power that is often accompanied by a lack
of accountability. Rules are often enforced not because they make sense or are
effective, but because “we always did it that way.” This experience leaves a
permanent mark on the individual’s self that colors the way he or she now views
the world.
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 85-86
Skill: Comprehension
14) What is the purpose of an initiation rite? What are some
initiation rites adolescents go through in cultures around the world?
Answer: Student answers will vary, but should
include some discussion of how initiation rites ground the self-identity,
showing young people how they fit into society. Examples of initiation rites
around the world could be the tribal rites discussed in the book, religious
rites such as bar or bat mitzvahs, or “coming of age” parties like debutante
balls or sweet sixteen parties.
Diff:
6 Page Ref: 88
Skill: Application
3.5 Open Book Questions
1) After reading “Down-to-Earth Sociology: Heredity or
Environment? The Case of Jack and Oskar, the Identical Twins,” discuss the
environmental influences that affected Oskar and Jack. Include others that
might be considered in addition to those discussed in the textbox.
Answer: Oskar was raised by his mother’s mother in a
strict Catholic environment in a nation that was eventually annexed by Adolph
Hitler and subjected to the Nazi philosophy and the German war machine. He
joined the Hitler Youth. Jack was raised by his Jewish father, served in the
Israeli army, and was a member of a Jewish settlement called a kibbutz. Oskar
was indoctrinated with violence and hate, the concept of a “master race,” and a
strict regimentation that discouraged individual thinking and encouraged tunnel
vision. His peers and immediate supervisors were probably loyal members of the
Nazi party. Any deviation from a firm “party line” could have resulted in
execution for treason. He probably lost his affiliation with Catholicism as a
result of his transformation to a Nazi. He saw his entire world transformed
from a proud and effective conquering army to a defeated nation in disgrace and
ruin. Jack worked his way up from being an “underdog,” a Jew who was threatened
with death by the Nazis. He learned to embrace his father’s religion, was
influenced by other members of the faith, and had to take a survivalist frame
of mind in his involvement with the Israeli army and in the kibbutz. For his
work as a Jew, Jack received positive sanctions and recognition, while Oskar
was disgraced.
Diff:
4 Page Ref: 66
Skill: Analysis
2) Skeels and Dye conducted an experiment involving babies
raised in an orphanage. (Refer to the section on “Institutionalized Children”).
This experiment demonstrated that babies given loving care, even by mentally
retarded adults, develop normally. What assumptions about child development
does this finding place into doubt?
Answer: The results of this experiment call into
question the necessity of mothers to be well informed about, and practice,
particular methods of child rearing. The emotional bond between child and
parent, and the caring attention given by the parent, is apparently more
important than any method. The fact that the children developed normal
intellects calls into question the assumption that children need intellectual
stimulation by adults of normal intellect to develop normally. The fact that
children developed normal social skills calls into question the necessity of
being provided normal models of social behavior early in life.
Diff:
5 Page Ref: 68
Skill: Synthesis
3) Why do we need to be careful about extrapolating the results
of experiments on monkeys to human behavior, such as the research conducted by
Harry and Margaret Harlow?
Answer: Humans have a more complex brain than
monkeys and other animals. Only humans are capable of thinking abstractly and
learning languages, so the physical and emotional development of humans is more
complex than that of other animals.
Diff:
5 Page Ref: 69-70
Skill: Synthesis
4) Use the looking-glass self concept to evaluate yourself as a member
of the class in which you are participating.
Answer: The three components of the looking-glass
self are
(1) to imagine how we look to those around us;
(2) interpret others’ reactions; and
(3) develop a self-concept. Every student’s self-evaluation using the
looking-glass self concept will be different, but each requires employing these
three steps. As an example, if a female student “dresses up” for class, she
will be concerned about whether others notice and about their opinion. If peer
opinion is positive, she will develop a positive self-concept and continue the
behavior. Other personal qualities that students may assess include their
membership on an athletic team (if it is known by their classmates), their
status as the class scholar, the class clown, the “teacher’s pet,” or other
qualities. Each has a different interpretation and a different impact on the
individual’s self-concept.
Diff:
5 Page Ref: 70
Skill: Synthesis
5) In George Herbert Mead’s theory of social development, the
third stage involves team games, in which the child learns to take the role of
the other players. Describe the likely thoughts of one player in a baseball
game—the first baseman—as the first batter in an inning comes up to bat.
Answer: The first baseman must anticipate that the
ball may be hit to him or to any of the other players. If the ball is hit to
him on the ground, he must catch it and touch first base. If the ball is hit on
the ground to any other fielder, he must anticipate that the fielder will catch
it and throw it to him, so he must get back to first base.
Diff:
2 Page Ref: 70-71
Skill: Comprehension
Comments
Post a Comment