Essentials of Understanding Psychology 10th Edition by Robert Feldman- Test Bank
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Sample Test
ch03
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Anna is reading her
psychology text. The activation of receptors in her retina by a source of
physical
energy is called
_____.
A. perception
B. sensation
C. integration
D. interpretation
2. The activation of
the sense organs by a source of physical energy is known as _____.
A. perception
B. sensation
C. integration
D. interpretation
3. The sorting out,
interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli by the sense organs and brain
is known
as _____.
A. perception
B. sensation
C. activation
D. stimulation
4. Which of the
following statements is TRUE of sensation and perception?
A. Perception
generally precedes sensation in our processing of a stimulus.
B. Sensation and
perception are essentially synonyms.
C. Sensation involves
the interpretation of a stimulus, whereas perception does not.
D. Sensation involves
the activation of sense receptors; perception involves interpretation.
5. The study of the
relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological
experience of
them is known as
_____.
A. developmental
psychology
B. thermodynamics
C. psychophysics
D. experimental
psychology
6. Dr. Breiland
examines the relationship between the physical properties of light, such as its
amplitude
and wavelength, and
humans’ perception of color. Which of the following terms MOST ACCURATELY
describes Dr.
Breiland’s field of study?
A. Developmental
psychology
B. Psychophysics
C. Thermodynamics
D. Experimental
psychology
7. A(n) _____ is the
smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for the stimulus to be
detected.
A. difference
threshold
B. absolute threshold
C. adaptation
threshold
D. intensity threshold
8. A(n) _____
threshold is the stimulus intensity that is detected 50% of the time.
A. difference
B. absolute
C. adaptation
D. frequency
9. One can detect a
single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment.
This is
due to:
A. absolute threshold.
B. difference
threshold.
C. adaptation
threshold.
D. psychophysical
minimum.
10. Which of the
following most closely approximates the meaning of the term noise as
psychophysicists use
it?
A. Only unwanted
stimuli
B. An unpleasant sound
C. Any distraction
D. Only auditory
stimuli
11. The smallest level
of added or reduced stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation
has
occurred is known as
the _____.
A. difference
threshold
B. absolute threshold
C. adaptation
threshold
D. intensity threshold
12. A snack
manufacturer realizes that he must increase the salt content of his company’s
chips by 3% in
order for a sample of
consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This
example
most nearly
illustrates the concept of a(n):
A. absolute threshold.
B. difference threshold.
C. frequency
threshold.
D. adaptation
threshold.
13. Weber’s law states
that a just noticeable difference is a _____.
A. fixed value
B. constant proportion
of the intensity of an initial stimulus
C. variable proportion
of the intensity of an initial stimulus
D. random value
14. Acme Foods wants
to make its chips saltier, but it doesn’t want to spend more than it has to on
salt. A
sample of consumers
are asked to compare its current chip (saltiness = 100) with saltier versions
and to
say whether the new
version is saltier. On average, sample consumers reliably say the new chip is
saltier
when its saltiness
value is 108, but not when its saltiness value is below 108. Assuming Acme
Foods’
sample consumers are
representative of people in general, which of the following best represents the
just
noticeable difference
for saltiness?
A. 8%
B. 108
C. 80%
D. 100
15. _____ is a basic
law of psychophysics stating that a just noticeable difference is a constant
proportion to
the intensity of an
initial stimulus.
A. Fitt’s law
B. Weber’s law
C. Bloch’s law
D. Hick’s law
16. The function
relating the value of a stimulus along some dimension to the just noticeable
difference is
known as _____ law.
A. Wernicke’s
B. Wundt’s
C. Weber’s
D. Wertheimer’s
17. Which of the
following laws would help explain why a person in a quiet room is more startled
by the
ringing of a telephone
than a person who is already in a noisy room?
A. Fitt’s law
B. Weber’s law
C. Bloch’s law
D. Hick’s law
18. _____ is an
adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli.
A. Adaptation
B. Accommodation
C. Acclimation
D. Attenuation
19. “It’s so noisy!
How can you stand it?” remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her
friend
Dave’s ground floor
apartment. “I don’t even notice it anymore,” Dave replies. This exchange best
exemplifies the
concept of:
A. adaptation.
B. accommodation.
C. acclimation.
D. attenuation.
20. In regards to what
we see in our world, the range of wavelengths that humans are sensitive to is
called the
_____.
A. power spectrum
B. mass spectrum
C. frequency spectrum
D. visual spectrum
21. Which of the
following words is most nearly synonymous with the term refract?
A. Bend
B. Transmit
C. Split
D. Reflect
22. The _____ bends
light as it passes, playing a primary role in focusing the light more sharply.
A. cornea
B. pupil
C. iris
D. lens
23. The _____ is a
dark hole in the center of the _____, the colored part of the eye.
A. pupil; iris
B. iris; pupil
C. cornea; lens
D. lens; cornea
24. Refraction is to
accommodation what the _____ is to the _____.
A. pupil; lens
B. cornea; pupil
C. cornea; lens
D. lens; cornea
25. Which of the
following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light passes through
the
structures of the eye during
vision?
A. Pupil → cornea →
lens → retina
B. Pupil → lens →
cornea → retina
C. Cornea → lens →
pupil → retina
D. Cornea → pupil →
lens → retina
26. The part of the
eye that converts the electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses
for
transmission to the
brain is known as the _____.
A. retina
B. fovea
C. iris
D. pupil
27. As compared to
cones, rods:
A. are more densely
concentrated in the fovea.
B. are responsible for
color perception.
C. are highly
sensitive to light.
D. are less numerous.
28. Thin, cylindrical
receptor cells in the retina that are highly sensitive to light are called
_____.
A. lenses
B. pons
C. rods
D. cones
29. _____ are
light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that are responsible for sharp
focus and color
perception,
particularly in bright light, and are concentrated on the part of the retina
called the fovea.
A. Lenses
B. Pons
C. Rods
D. Cones
30. Adelaide notices a
flicker of motion out of the corner of her eye as she hurries down a dim alley
late at
night. Sydney
deciphers a complex wiring diagram under the bright glare of her desk lamp.
Adelaide’s
vision is driven
mainly by her _____. Sydney is mainly using her _____.
A. cones; cones as
well
B. rods; rods as well
C. cones; rods
D. rods; cones
31. Which of the
following is true of cones?
A. They play a key
role in night vision.
B. They are thin,
cylindrical receptor cells that are highly sensitive to light.
C. They are primarily
responsible for the sharply focused perception of color.
D. They play a key role
in seeing objects that are outside the main center of focus.
32. The _____ play a
key role in peripheral vision, seeing objects that are outside the main center
of
focus.
A. lenses
B. pons
C. rods
D. cones
33. Which of the
following sequences accurately reflects the order in which light stimulates
cells early in the
visual processing of
an image?
A. Bipolar cells →
ganglion cells → rods and cones
B. Bipolar cells →
rods and cones → ganglion cells
C. Ganglion cells →
rods and cones → bipolar cells
D. Rods and cones →
bipolar cells → ganglion cells
34. _____ cells
receive information directly from the rods and cones and communicate that
information to the
_____ cells.
A. Bipolar; ganglion
B. Dendritic;
microglial
C. Adrenergic;
peptidergic
D. Squamous; columnar
35. The _____ nerve is
a bundle of ganglion axons that carry visual information to the brain.
A. cochlear
B. optic
C. lacrimal
D. phrenic
36. The point at which
the optic nerves meet and then split is termed the optic:
A. callosum.
B. fissure.
C. chiasm.
D. sulcus.
37. A major function
of the ganglion cells is to:
A. detect variations
in light and darkness.
B. detect a variety of
basic visual features, such as motion.
C. detect specific
types of objects in the visual field.
D. integrate the
activity of different neural systems for vision.
38. The ultimate
processing of visual images takes place in the visual _____ of the brain.
A. callosum
B. thalamus
C. cortex
D. medulla
39. _____ is the
activation of neurons in the cortex by visual stimuli of specific shapes or
patterns.
A. Blob detection
B. Interest point
detection
C. Corner detection
D. Feature detection
40. As compared to
women, color blindness is _____ among men.
A. less common
B. about as common
C. five times less
common
D. more common
41. In the most common
form of color blindness:
A. everything is seen
in black and white.
B. blue and yellow
cannot be distinguished.
C. all red and green
objects appear yellow.
D. green objects
appear red.
42. Damon is among the
7% of males with color blindness. He suffers from the most common form of color
blindness. Which of
the following statements best illustrates Damon’s experience of color?
A. The blue sky and
green grass appear to be the same color.
B. A pound of butter
looks to be the same color as the blue dish on which it is resting.
C. Everything looks
black, gray, or white.
D. Red apples on a
tree seem to be yellow.
43. The _____ states
that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds
primarily to a
specific range of
wavelengths.
A. opponent-process
theory
B. emission theory
C. trichromatic theory
of color vision
D. visual perception
theory
44. The trichromatic
theory was first proposed by _____. The opponent-process theory was first
proposed by
_____.
A. Thomas Young; Ewald
Hering
B. Ewald Hering;
Hermann von Helmholtz
C. Hermann von
Helmholtz; Thomas Young
D. Thomas Young;
Hermann von Helmholtz
45. According to the
_____ of color vision, receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in
opposition to each
other.
A. opponent-process
theory
B. emission theory
C. trichromatic theory
of color vision
D. visual perception
theory
46. Which of the
following is true of the opponent-process theory?
A.
According to the
opponent-process theory, perception of color is influenced by the relative
strength
with which each of the
three kinds of cones is activated.
B.
The opponent-process
theory suggests that in addition to black and white, there are four, rather
than
three, colors.
C.
According to the
opponent-process theory, the cells that respond to color operate independently,
rather
than in conjunction.
D. The
opponent-process theory provides a weak explanation for afterimages.
47. Suppose you stare
at an illustration of the American flag for a while, then glance at a blank white
page.
The red stripes look
green when you glance at the blank page because:
A. cones responsive to
green light begin firing.
B. cones responsive to
red light stop firing.
C. the receptor cells
for the red component of the pairing become fatigued.
D. the receptor cells
for the green component of the pairing begin to adapt.
48. With respect to
the trichromatic and the opponent-process theories of color perception, which
of the
following statements
is most accurate?
A. The trichromatic
theory has largely been discredited.
B. The
opponent-process theory has largely been discredited.
C.
Trichromatic process
works within the retina itself; whereas opponent mechanisms operate both in the
retina and at later
stages of neuronal processing.
D.
The opponent-process
theory describes color processing early in the visual system; trichromatic
theory
describes color
processing later on in the visual system.
49. The eardrum is a:
A. part of the outer
ear that vibrates when sound waves hit it.
B. thin membrane
leading to the inner ear.
C. coiled tube in the
inner ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound.
D.
vibrating structure
that runs through the center of the cochlea, dividing it into an upper chamber
and a
lower chamber and
containing sense receptors for sound.
50. The cochlea is a:
A. part of the outer
ear that vibrates when sound waves hit it.
B. thin membrane
leading to the inner ear.
C. coiled tube in the
inner ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound.
D.
vibrating structure
that runs through the center of the cochlea, dividing it into an upper chamber
and a
lower chamber and
containing sense receptors for sound.
51. The basilar
membrane is a:
A. part of the outer
ear that vibrates when sound waves hit it.
B. a tube like passage
that leads to the eardrum.
C. coiled tube in the
inner ear filled with fluid that vibrates in response to sound.
D.
vibrating structure
that runs through the center of the cochlea, dividing it into an upper chamber
and a
lower chamber and
containing sense receptors for sound.
52. The bones of the
middle ear include each of the following EXCEPT the:
A. hammer.
B. anvil.
C. pinna.
D. stirrup.
53. Which of the
following sequences correctly arranges the structures of the inner ear from the
largest and
most inclusive to the
smallest and most specific?
A. Cochlea → basilar
membrane → hair cells
B. Cochlea → hair
cells → basilar membrane
C. Basilar membrane →
hair cells → cochlea
D. Basilar membrane →
cochlea → hair cells
54. Hair cells for
hearing are located in the:
A. eardrum.
B. cochlea.
C. auditory canal.
D. semicircular
canals.
55. Making an analogy
between hearing and vision, the auditory hair cells in the _____ are similar to
the
_____ in the _____.
A. cochlea; rods and
cones; retina
B. cochlea; ganglion
cells; cornea
C. eardrum; rods and
cones; cornea
D. eardrum; ganglion
cells; retina
56. _____ is the
number of wave cycles that occur in a second.
A. Amplitude
B. Wavelength
C. Frequency
D. Sound pressure
57. People can detect
sounds ranging in frequency from _____ to _____.
A. 20 dB – 20,000 dB
B. 50 dB – 50,000 dB
C. 20 cycles per
second – 20,000 cycles per second
D. 50 cycles per
second – 50,000 cycles per second
58. _____ is a feature
of wave patterns that allows us to distinguish between loud and soft sounds.
A. Amplitude
B. Wavelength
C. Frequency
D. Sound pressure
59. Amplitude range is
measured in _____.
A. decibels
B. hertz
C. sones
D. phons
60. The _____ states
that different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies.
A. place theory of
hearing
B. proximal stimuli
theory
C. frequency theory of
hearing
D. wave theory
61. The _____ suggests
that the entire basilar membrane acts as a microphone, vibrating as a whole in
response to a sound.
A. place theory of
hearing
B. proximal stimuli
theory
C. frequency theory of
hearing
D. wave theory
62. Which of the
following statements is true?
A. Place theory and
frequency theory explain our perception of high- but not low-frequency sounds.
B. Place theory and
frequency theory explain our perception of low- but not high-frequency sounds.
C. Both place theory
and frequency theory provide the full explanations for hearing.
D.
Place theory accounts
for the perception of high-frequency sounds; frequency theory explains our
perception of
low-frequency sounds.
63. The _____ consists
of three tubes containing fluid that sloshes through them when the head moves,
signaling rotational
or angular movement to the brain.
A. oval window
B. auditory canal
C. eustachian tube
D. semicircular canal
64. Which of the
following ear structures is correctly matched with an auditory or body sense?
A. Otoliths; hearing
B. Semicircular
canals; rotational or angular motion of the body
C. Cochlea; body
acceleration
D. Eardrum; body
balance
65. Which of the
following sequences correctly arranges structures from the largest and most
inclusive to the
smallest and most
specific?
A. Inner ear →
otoliths→ semicircular canal
B. Inner ear →
semicircular canals → otoliths
C. Otoliths→
semicircular canals → inner ear
D. Otoliths→ inner ear
→ semicircular canals
66. The brain’s
inexperience in interpreting messages from the weightless _____ is the cause of
the space
sickness commonly
experienced by two-thirds of all space travellers.
A. hair cells
B. otoliths
C. eustachian tube
D. cochlea
67. The human sense of
smell permits us to detect _____ separate smells.
A. more than 10,000
B. 1,000-10,000
C. 100-1,000
D. 10-100
68. Gustation is to
olfaction what _____ is to _____.
A. hearing; smell
B. taste; hearing
C. taste; smell
D. small; taste
69. Which of the
following statements regarding smell is FALSE?
A. Men generally have
a better sense of smell than women.
B. People can
distinguish men from women based only on the smell of breath.
C. People can
distinguish happy from sad emotions based on underarm smells.
D. Women are able to
identify their babies solely on the basis of smell just a few hours after
birth.
70. _____ are
chemicals nonhumans secrete into the environment that produce a reaction in
other members of
the same species,
permitting the transmission of messages such as sexual availability.
A. Pheromones
B. Ketones
C. Hydratones
D. Kairomones
71. How many basic
types of taste are there?
A. 1-3
B. 4-5
C. 6-7
D. 8-10
72. Roast beef with a
rich brown gravy is often described as a “savory” dish. The basic taste
prominent in
such a dish is:
A. bitter.
B. salty.
C. umami.
D. sweet.
73. Which of the
following is true of “supertasters”?
A. They seek out
relatively sweeter and fattier foods than nontasters.
B. They are prone to
obesity.
C. They are relatively
insensitive to taste.
D. They find sweets
sweeter, cream creamier, and spicy dishes spicier.
74. Nerve receptor
cells for the skin senses are:
A. located at a
uniform depth throughout the skin.
B. evenly distributed
throughout the skin.
C. unevenly
distributed throughout the skin.
D. not related to the
sense of pressure.
75. According to your
text, approximately how much does pain cost the United States each year?
A. $100 billion
B. $1 billion
C. $100 million
D. $3.49
76. Which of the
following does the text offer as the main reason for the fact that women
experience pain
more intensely than
men?
A. Women produce
certain hormones related to the menstrual cycle.
B. Women have more
pain gates in the nervous system than men.
C. Women have more
substance P than do men.
D. Women are
encouraged by our culture to experience and express pain more intensely than
men.
77. The body’s own
painkillers are called:
A. substance Ps.
B. endorphins.
C. g factors.
D. opioids.
78. Which of the
following treatments for pain is most effective for people who continually say
to
themselves, “This pain
will never stop,” “The pain is ruining my life”?
A. Cognitive
restructuring
B. Biofeedback and
relaxation techniques
C. Light therapy
D. Nerve and brain
stimulation
79. Whenever Mr.
Redding catches himself saying, “This pain is ruining my life,” he is supposed
to
immediately tell
himself, “STOP! I am in control of my pain.” This pain management technique is
known
as _____
restructuring.
A. psychodynamic
B. cognitive
C. neuroscience
D. personality
80. To manage Mrs.
Sampson’s excruciating pain, a low-voltage electric current is occasionally
passed
through her lower
back, the affected body part. Which of the following pain management techniques
in
Mrs. Sampson using?
A. Acupuncture
B. Cognitive
restructuring
C. Biofeedback
D. Nerve stimulation
81. How does light
therapy work?
A. It passes an
electric current through the part of the body that is affected by pain.
B. It stimulates nerve
cells in the brain to provide direct pain relief.
C. It stimulates the
production of healing enzymes.
D. It encourages the
development of different thought patterns and beliefs.
82. _____ is a
condition in which exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one.
A. Synesthesia
B. Polythesia
C. Multithesia
D. Hyperesthesia
83. Which of the
following alternatives is most accurate?
A.
Synesthesia is rare.
Exposure to one sensation evokes an additional one in most people with
synesthesia.
B. Synesthesia is
rare. Exposure to sound does not evoke different hues in most people with
synesthesia.
C. Synesthesia is
common. Senses work independently in most people with synesthesia.
D. Synesthesia is
common. Perception is multimodal in most people with synesthesia.
84. _____ is series of
principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into
meaningful
wholes.
A. Gestalt laws of
organization
B. Taylor’s principles
of scientific management
C. The neoclassical
perspective
D. The bureaucratic
theory
85. Artie organizes
the binders in his office by color. This color-coding exemplifies the Gestalt
principle
of:
A. proximity.
B. similarity.
C. chromaticity.
D. closure.
86. Consider the
figure within parentheses: (XX XX XX). That we perceive three pairs of Xs
reflects the
Gestalt principle(s)
of:
A. symmetry.
B. proximity.
C. closure.
D. chromaticity.
87. In a general
sense, the overriding Gestalt principle of perceptual organization is:
A. complexity.
B. simplicity.
C. symmetry.
D. similarity.
88. Which of the
following Gestalt laws is CORRECTLY defined?
A. Similarity – the
tendency to fill in small gaps in objects
B. Simplicity –
stimuli resembling one another tend to be grouped together
C. Proximity – stimuli
closer to one another tend to be grouped together
D. Closure – stimuli
are perceived in the most basic manner possible
89. Which of the
following statements is most accurate with respect to the role of gestalt
psychology in
contemporary
psychology?
A. The Gestalt
influence has diminished over the years and is barely evident today.
B. Gestaltists remain
a major force in the psychology of perception.
C.
Gestalt psychology no
longer plays a prominent role, but the Gestaltists’ focus on the organization
of
perceptual elements
remains influential.
D.
Gestalt psychology is
no longer a major school of thought, but the Gestaltists’ focus on bottom-up
processing elements
remains influential.
90. Perception that is
guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations is
known
as _____.
A. horizontal
processing
B. bottom-up
processing
C. top-down processing
D. diagonal processing
91. Perception that
consists of the progression of recognizing and processing information from
individual
components of a
stimuli and moving to the perception of the whole is known as _____.
A. horizontal
processing
B. bottom-up
processing
C. top-down processing
D. diagonal processing
92. Which of the
following statements most accurately expresses the relationship between
top-down and
bottom-up processing?
A. Some stimuli are
processed in a bottom-up fashion, while others are processed in a top-down
manner.
B.
The contribution to
perception of top-down processes is much smaller than researchers originally
supposed.
C. Top-down processing
permits us to process the fundamental characteristics of stimuli.
D. Top-down and
bottom-up processes occur simultaneously in the perception of the world around
us.
93. The ability to
view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance is known as _____.
A. multistable perception
B. depth perception
C. haptic perception
D. direct perception
94. The difference in
the images seen by the left eye and the right eye is known as _____.
A. fixation disparity
B. stereopsis
C. retinal slip
D. binocular disparity
95. Which of the
following is a monocular cue?
A. Motion parallax
B. Convergence
C. Shadow stereopsis
D. Retinal disparity
96. _____ is the
change in position of an object on the retina caused by movement of your body
relative to
the object.
A. Shadow stereopsis
B. Convergence
C. Motion parallax
D. Retinal disparity
97. Mark and a Jacob
are driving home on a college break. Mark is in the passenger seat. Bored, Mark
gazes into the middle
of an empty field. He notices that distant hilltops seem to move slowly in the
same
direction in which
their car is moving; by contrast, mile markers on the side of the highway seem
to whiz
past them in the
opposite direction. The difference in the apparent speed and direction of
objects’ motion
serves as a depth cue
termed motion:
A. disparity.
B. parallax.
C. perspective.
D. gradient.
98. You are sitting in
a stationary train at a busy station. Suddenly, you feel like you are slowly
sliding
backward as the train
next to you begins to pull out. This illusion reflects the operation of the
_____ cue
of _____.
A. monocular; motion
parallax
B. binocular; motion
parallax
C. monocular; linear
perspective
D. binocular;
binocular disparity
99. From the window of
an office on a skyscraper’s 90th floor, taxis on the street look tiny. Of
course,
you know they are not
toy cars; you are just really far up. This example illustrates the _____ cue of
_____.
A. monocular; relative
size
B. binocular; relative
size
C. monocular; texture
gradient
D. binocular; texture
gradient
100.You are standing
on the beach; the sea is choppy. You observe that the crests of distant waves
appear less
distinct than the
crests of waves nearer the beach. This example illustrates a monocular cue
known as:
A. linear perspective.
B. relative size.
C. texture gradient.
D. binocular
disparity.
101.At the beginning
of a drawing class, the instructor suggests that an illusion of depth may be
created in a
two-dimensional
picture by including parallel lines that converge at a vanishing point. Your
instructor is
making reference to a
monocular depth cue known as:
A. linear perspective.
B. linear parallax.
C. relative size.
D. texture gradient.
102.Which depth cue is
correctly matched with a description?
A. Motion parallax –
more distant objects produce smaller images on the retina
B. Texture gradient –
change in the body’s position produces change in an object’s retinal position
C. Relative size –
details becomes less distinct with increasing distance
D. Linear perspective
– parallel lines appear to converge with increasing distance
103._____ constancy is
a phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and
consistent
despite changes in
their appearance or in the physical environment.
A. Perceptual
B. Objective
C. Virtual
D. Direct
104.At night, the moon
appears smaller when it is overhead than when it is on the horizon. This is an
example
of:
A. perceptual
constancy.
B. objective
constancy.
C. virtual constancy.
D. direct constancy.
105._____ are physical
stimuli that consistently produce errors in perception.
A. Tactile illusions
B. Auditory illusions
C. Gestalt illusions
D. Visual illusions
106._____ refers to
the perception of messages about which we have no awareness.
A. Direct perception
B. Extrasensory
perception
C. Subliminal
perception
D. Haptic perception
107._____ refers to
perception that does not involve our known senses.
A. Direct perception
B. Extrasensory
perception
C. Subliminal
perception
D. Haptic perception
108.Approximately what
proportion of the American population believes that extrasensory perception, or
ESP, exists?
A. 5 percent
B. 10 percent
C. 25 percent
D. 50 percent
109.Why might
contemporary, mainstream psychologists reconsider the possibility that ESP
exists?
A. A lot of people
believe in ESP; they might be on to something.
B. The research supporting
ESP’s existence is methodologically sound.
C. Psychologists have
developed plausible theories of how ESP might work.
D. The topic has been
addressed by a credible and prestigious psychological journal.
110.A(n) _____ is any
passing source of physical energy that produces a response in a sense organ.
________________________________________
111.Dr. Garner studies
the relationship between the objective brightness of visual stimuli and
observers’
subjective impression
of their brightness. Dr. Garner is a(n) _____.
________________________________________
112.The difference
threshold is also known as a(n) _____.
________________________________________
113.The lens focuses
light by changing its own thickness. This process is known as _____.
________________________________________
114.You turn your head
to look directly at an unusual butterfly your friend spotted in the garden. In
doing so,
you ensure that the
insect’s image falls on your _____.
________________________________________
115.Rods contain _____,
a complex reddish-purple substance whose composition changes chemically when
energized by light.
________________________________________
116.The optic nerves
from each eye meet at a point roughly between the two eyes called the _____.
________________________________________
117.The activation of
neurons in the cortex by visual stimuli of a particular shape or pattern is
known as
_____.
________________________________________
118.Hearing a ring,
you reach for your bag to retrieve your phone. At that instant, a nearby woman
flips open
her phone and begins
talking. Looking at your silent bag, you realize you have failed to _____ the
ringing
sound correctly.
________________________________________
119.The _____ divides
the cochlea into lower and upper chambers.
________________________________________
120._____ is the
characteristic that makes sound seem “high” or “low.”
________________________________________
121.When the _____ are
bent by the vibrations entering the cochlea, the cells send a neural message to
the
brain.
________________________________________
122.Olfaction is to
_____ what smell is to taste.
________________________________________
123.When a cell is
damaged it releases a chemical called _____.
________________________________________
124._____ are a series
of principles that describe how we organize bits and pieces of information into
meaningful wholes.
________________________________________
125.Your expectations
play a key role in your perception in
________________________________________
126._____ is the
change in position of an object on the retina caused by movement of your body
relative to
the object.
________________________________________
127._____ is the
phenomenon in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent
despite
changes in their
appearance or in the physical environment.
________________________________________
128._____ is the
perception that a stationary object is moving.
________________________________________
129._____ refers to
the perception of messages about which we have no awareness.
________________________________________
130.Define sensation
and Perception. Discuss each of the senses and how researchers study sensation
and
perception.
131.Define and provide
original examples from your own experience of (a) an absolute threshold; (b) a
difference threshold;
and (c) adaptation.
132.Define what
adaptation is in regards to sensation and perception. Provide an example of
accommodation
from either the text
or your own experiences.
133.Distinguish
between rods and cones with respect to both their structure and their function.
134.Review the
processing of a visual image (a) prior to the retina; (b) from the retina to
the cortex; and (c)
within the cortex.
135.Distinguish
between the trichromatic and opponent-process theories of color vision. Provide
evidence in
support of each
theory.
136.What is sound?
Describe the concepts of frequency, amplitude and pitch and provide examples of
each.
137.Briefly describe
how the sense of smell works including the role receptors play. What is one
form on
chemical communication
discussed in the text that operates via smell?
138.Briefly describe
how the sense of gustation or taste works including the role receptors play and
the 5
categories of taste
described in the text. Make sure to provide examples of each of the categories
of
taste.
139.According to your
text, 50 million Americans suffer from chronic pain. Describe three of the
painmanagement
techniques mentioned
in your text. Indicate the applications for which each technique is
most appropriate.
140.Write a note on
top-down processing and bottom-up processing.
141.Briefly describe
the Gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, and closure. Provide simple
diagrams
illustrating each of
these principles. Explain how each principle relates to the fundamental Gestalt
principle of
simplicity.
142.Imagine that you
have been asked to draw or paint either an interior scene or a landscape for an
art class.
Using specific examples,
explain how you might use three of the monocular cues to depth perception
described in the text
to create an impression of three dimensions on the two-dimensional paper or
canvas.
143.Explain the
phenomenon of perceptual constancy with a suitable example.
144.Briefly explain
subliminal perception.
ch03 Key
1. (p. 89) B
2. (p. 89) B
3. (p. 89) A
4. (p. 89) D
5. (p. 89) C
6. (p. 89) B
7. (p. 90) B
8. (p. 90) B
9. (p. 90) A
10. (p. 90) C
11. (p. 91) A
12. (p. 91) B
13. (p. 91) B
14. (p. 91) A
15. (p. 91) B
16. (p. 91) C
17. (p. 91) B
18. (p. 92) A
19. (p. 92) A
20. (p. 94) D
21. (p. 95) A
22. (p. 95) A
23. (p. 95) A
24. (p. 95-96) C
25. (p. 96) D
26. (p. 96) A
27. (p. 96) C
28. (p. 96) C
29. (p. 96) D
30. (p. 96) D
31. (p. 96) C
32. (p. 96) C
33. (p. 97) D
34. (p. 97) A
35. (p. 97) B
36. (p. 98) C
37. (p. 98) A
38. (p. 98) C
39. (p. 98) D
40. (p. 101) D
41. (p. 101) C
42. (p. 101) D
43. (p. 101) C
44. (p. 101) A
45. (p. 102) A
46. (p. 102) B
47. (p. 102) C
48. (p. 102) C
49. (p. 104) A
50. (p. 104) C
51. (p. 104) D
52. (p. 104) C
53. (p. 104-105) A
54. (p. 105) B
55. (p. 96, 105) A
56. (p. 105) C
57. (p. 106) C
58. (p. 106) A
59. (p. 106) A
60. (p. 107) A
61. (p. 107) C
62. (p. 107) D
63. (p. 107) D
64. (p. 107) B
65. (p. 107) B
66. (p. 108) B
67. (p. 108) A
68. (p. 108-109) C
69. (p. 108) A
70. (p. 109) A
71. (p. 109) B
72. (p. 109) C
73. (p. 109) D
74. (p. 111) C
75. (p. 111) A
76. (p. 111) A
77. (p. 112) B
78. (p. 113) A
79. (p. 113) B
80. (p. 113) D
81. (p. 113) C
82. (p. 113) A
83. (p. 113) A
84. (p. 116) A
85. (p. 117) B
86. (p. 117) B
87. (p. 117) B
88. (p. 117) C
89. (p. 117) C
90. (p. 117) C
91. (p. 118) B
92. (p. 118) D
93. (p. 119) B
94. (p. 119) D
95. (p. 120) A
96. (p. 120) C
97. (p. 120) B
98. (p. 120) A
99. (p. 120) A
100. (p. 120) C
101. (p. 120) A
102. (p. 120) D
103. (p. 120-121) A
104. (p. 121) A
105. (p. 122-123) D
106. (p. 125) C
107. (p. 125) B
108. (p. 125) D
109. (p. 126) D
110. (p. 89) stimulus
111. (p. 89)
psychophysicist
112. (p. 91) just
noticeable difference
113. (p. 96) accomodation
114. (p. 96) fovea
115. (p. 97) rhodopsin
116. (p. 98) optic
chiasm
117. (p. 98) feature
detection
118. (p. 104) localize
119. (p. 104-105)
basilar membrane
120. (p. 105-106)
Pitch
121. (p. 105) hair
cells
122. (p. 108-109)
gustation
123. (p. 111)
substance P
124. (p. 116) Gestalt
laws of organization
125. (p. 117) top-down
processing
126. (p. 120) Motion
parallax
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