Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 7th Edition by Joycelyn M. Pollock – Test Bank
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Sample Test
Pollock, Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice
Test Bank Update.
The test bank was updated by correcting the page references for
chapters 1-8 and correcting and clarifying questions throughout the test bank.
Some questions had minor changes that clarified the question or one of the
answer options, while others were changed more substantially to fix accuracy
problems. Below is brief list of all the questions that have been changed.
Following that is a chapter-by-by chapter summation of the significantly
changed questions.
Brief List of Changes
Chapter 1
Multiple Choice Questions 2, 3, 6, 9, 13, 18, 19, 22
True/False Questions 2, 4
Completion Question 5
Essay question 8
Chapter 2
Multiple Choice Questions 10, 16-18, 24, 27
True/False Question 9
Chapter 3
Multiple Choice Questions 1, 4, 7, 8
Essay Questions 8, 9
Chapter 4
Multiple Choice Questions 3, 4
True/False Question 9
Essay Questions 1, 3, 4
Chapter 5
Multiple Choice Questions 8, 18
True/False Questions 4, 10
Essay Question 10
Chapter 6
Multiple Choice Questions 16, 29
True/False Question 8
Chapter 7
Multiple Choice Questions 3, 5, 8, 15, 18, 23, 29
True/False Questions 6, 8
Completion Questions 6, 9
Essay Questions 6, 8
Chapter 8
Multiple Choice Questions 10, 19
Chapter 9
No changes
Chapter 10
Multiple Choice Questions 4, 9, 11
Chapter 11
Multiple Choice Questions 2, 6, 12, 15, 26, 30
Chapter 12
Multiple Choice Questions 1, 11, 13, 18, 30
True/False Question 5
Essay Question 6
Chapter 13
Multiple Choice Questions 3, 4, 19, 20, 22
Completion Questions 3, 6, 10
Essay Questions 1, 4
Chapter 14
Multiple Choice Question 21
Detailed list of significant changes
CHAPTER 1
Multiple Choice
9. While
duties are what you must do in order to be good, ______________ are commendable
but not required actions.
10.
functions
11.
superogatories
12.
imperfect duties
13.
obligations
ANS:
B
REF: p.
9
OBJ: LO 3 & 4
The double blank was too confusing so the first blank, duties,
was filled and the answer options simplified.
13.
Which of the following is an example of a value?
14.
It is raining hard
15.
Rain is good
16.
It has been a long time since it rained
17.
It rains mostly in the afternoons
ANS:
B
REF: p.
9
OBJ: LO 3
The mixed concepts of the answer options were confusing, so
answers c and d were redone to also be about rain.
18.
We usually discuss moral or immoral behavior only in cases in
which the behavior significantly:
19.
threatens nature
20.
affects others
21.
deviates from the norm
22.
corrupts the social order
ANS:
B
REF: p. 12
OBJ: LO 4
Answer D was a throwaway incorrect answer choice and was
rewritten to be less obviously wrong.
22.
According to the text, broad social questions, often concerning
the government’s social control mechanisms and the impact on those governed are
called:
23.
social dilemmas
24.
moral dilemmas
25.
ethical issues
26.
public conundrum
ANS:
C
REF: p.
13
OBJ: LO 5
The answer choices were too close and the correct answer could
be debated, so answer choices a and d were rephrased to cause less confusion.
CHAPTER 2
Multiple Choice
24.
Which of the following is one of the three principles of ethical
decision making as described by Krogstand and Robertson?
25.
the egoistic principle
26.
the golden mean principle
27.
the utilitarian principle
28.
the ethical principle
ANS: C
REF: p.
39
OBJ: LO 3
Question was rephrased for clarity.
CHAPTER 3
Essay
8. Discuss
the factors associated with the retributive argument for punishment.
ANS: answer not
provided REF: p.
59
OBJ: LO 2
The question had asked for a simple definition (What is…) and
was rephrased to produce a discussion of the topic.
9. Discuss
the factors associated with the utilitarian argument for punishment.
ANS: answer not
provided REF: p.
61
OBJ: LO 2
The question had asked for a simple definition (What is…) and
was rephrased to produce a discussion of the topic.
CHAPTER 4
Multiple Choice
4. Studies
regarding biological sex differences in brain activity found evidence of sex
differences in all except:
5. antisocial
tendencies
6. delinquency
7. conduct
disorders
8. intelligence
ANS:
D
REF: p.
79
OBJ: LO 1
Added which studies the question was referencing to reduce
confusion.
CHAPTER 5
Multiple Choice
8. A
model of law enforcement that creates partnerships with the community and
addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing the law is referred
to as:
9. crime
control policing
10.
reactive policing
11.
traditional policing
12.
community policing
ANS: D REF: p.
106
OBJ: LO 2
Reactive policing could be argued as correct, so answer b was
replaced with proactive policing.
18.
___________________ is different from the other three means of
control in that it is physical, whereas the other three are exercised through
mental domination and control.
19.
Force
20.
Authority
21.
Discretion
22.
Persuasion
ANS: A REF: p. 109
OBJ: LO 3
Question 18 was a clone of 19 so a new question was added.
True/False
4. One
problem critics have with The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics is that it is
considered aspirational.
ANS: T REF:
p.114
OBJ: LO 2
Added “considered” to clarify the statement.
10.
Brown and Muir both included the “peacemaker” officer in their
typologies.
ANS: F REF:
p.112
OBJ: LO 4
Original statement had no learning utility, so was rewritten.
Essay
10.
Describe Wilson and Brown’s typologies of police and explain how
each might perceive the role of discretion.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
p.113
OBJ: LO 4
Original phrasing of “use discretion” would lead to list of
examples, so was rephrased to elicit discussion.
CHAPTER 6
True/False
8. Deontological
ethics would focus on the duty of the officer when determining whether physical
coercion or deception is ethically justified.
ANS: T REF: p.
157 OBJ: LO 4
Original question was replaced because it was confusing and not
directly covered in text.
CHAPTER 7
Multiple Choice
5. The
term grass eaters refers
to police officers in:
6. New
York City who accepted bribes, gratuities and protection money
7. Boston
who sold their services to the highest bidders
8. Los
Angeles who “shopped” at burglary scenes
9. Chicago
who used marijuana on a regular basis
ANS: A REF: p.
178
OBJ: LO 1
Answer options were rephrased for clarity and to focus on what
actions the officers participated in instead of the city.
15.
Items of value received by an individual because of his or her
role or position rather than because of a personal relationship with the giver
are called:
16.
pay offs
17.
gratuities
18.
bribes
19.
rewards
ANS: B REF: p.
180
OBJ: LO 2
Answer option “a” was changed to no longer be a possible correct
answer.
18.
An important distinction between a gift and a gratuity is that a
gift is:
19.
clearly given with expectations of reciprocity
20.
clearly given with no strings attached
21.
something that can only be given to an off duty police officer
22.
something that is received from someone recently arrested
ANS: B REF: p.
183
OBJ: LO 2
The answer options were rephrased to clarify and decrease
confusion.
29.
The “rotten bushel” explanation is which type of
explanation for police deviance?
30.
societal
31.
organizational
32.
individual
33.
philosophical
ANS: C REF: p.207
OBJ: LO 4
Replaced “bad” with “rotten” to match core text.
Completion
6. ______________
would indicate that we must be comfortable with a universal law allowing all
businesses to give all police officers certain favors or gratuities, such as
free meals, free merchandise, or special consideration.
ANS: Ethical formalism REF: p.
183
OBJ: LO 2
Original question was replaced because it was confusing and too
broad.
Essay
6. What
are the arguments against gratuities? Provide examples.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
pp.180-184
OBJ: LO 2
Question was more of a short answer topic than essay, so second
half of the question was added to increase depth and complexity.
7. What
does research show concerning the number of officers who use drugs on duty?
Discuss the findings and their implications.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
pp.186-187
OBJ: LO 3
Question was more of a short answer topic than essay, so second
half of the question was added to increase depth and complexity.
8. What
is the continuum of sexual misconduct? Provide examples.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
p.188
OBJ: LO 3
Question was more of a short answer topic than essay, so second
half of the question was added to increase depth and complexity.
CHAPTER 8
Multiple Choice
19.
According to the conflict paradigm:
20.
those who control major social institutions determine how crime
is defined
21.
law arises from minority interest groups but coalitions and
shared interests may shift the balance of power
22.
law serves as a tool of unification
23.
law contributes to the collective conscience by providing an
example of deviance
ANS: A REF: p.
226
OBJ: LO 2
The word “minority” was added to answer option b so it could no
longer be considered the right answer.
CHAPTER 10
Multiple Choice
9. In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, the
U.S. Supreme Court held that detainees in Guantanamo:
10.
did not deserve some due process and the military commissions
created at the time were not sufficient.
11.
did not deserve some due process and that the military
commissions created at the time were sufficient.
12.
deserved some due process and that the military commissions
created at the time were not sufficient.
13.
deserved some due process and that the military commissions
created at the time were sufficient.
ANS: C REF: p.
293
OBJ: LO 3
Replaced original question which was confusing and misleading.
11.
The reasons for false convictions discussed in your text include
all except:
12.
perjury by informants
13.
“junk science”
14.
false confessions
15.
gender bias
ANS: D REF: p.
298-299
OBJ: LO 3
Rephrased the question due to multiple correct answers.
CHAPTER 11
Multiple Choice
6. Which
of the following individuals viewed the criminal as rational and as having free
will?
7. Michael
Milken
8. Cesare
Beccaria
9. Jeremy
von Hirsch
10.
Bentham Quetelet
ANS: B REF: p.
318
OBJ: LO 2
Replaced original question since it was confusing and
misleading.
12.
Atonement is most closely associated with the concept of:
13.
retribution
14.
prevention
15.
deterrence
16.
treatment
ANS: A REF: p. 319
OBJ: LO 2
Answer option c, restoration, was replaced with deterrence since
restoration could be argued as a form of atonement.
26.
Stigmatizing shaming is:
27.
the idea that certain types of punishment can lead to a
reduction of recidivism as long as they do not involve banishment
28.
the effect of punishment whereby the offender feels cast aside
and abandoned by the community
29.
partly accomplished by exiling the individual
30.
no longer practice in the industrialized world
ANS: B REF: p. 328
OBJ: LO 4
Answers b and c were too close, so “rejecting” was replaced with
“exiling.”
30.
Criticism of super max prisons include:
31.
no human contact
32.
little or no exercise
33.
inmates being sent there who do not fit the criteria
34.
all of the these are criticisms
ANS: D REF: p.329-330 OBJ: LO 4
Answer option c was reworded for clarity and accuracy.
CHAPTER 12
Multiple Choice
1. What
other criminal justice professional is most like the correctional officer?
2. prosecutor
3. judge
4. police
officer
5. bailiff
ANS: C REF:
p.348
OBJ: LO 1
Answer option d was changed to eliminate possibility of more
than one correct answer.
11.
In the 1980s, a decrease in the victimization of inmates by
correctional officers led to:
12.
more humane prisons
13.
violence from racial gangs
14.
less court suits
15.
there was no decrease in CO to inmate violence
ANS: B REF: p.
354
OBJ: LO 2
Question was rephrased to be clearer and more specific.
13.
Without a strong moral and ethical code, correctional officers
may find themselves drifting into:
14.
pragmatic egoism
15.
relativistic pragmatism
16.
utilitarian egoism
17.
relativistic egoism
ANS: D REF: p.
355
OBJ: LO 3
18.
Faith-based programs are:
19.
unconstitutional
20.
constitutional only if no state money is used
21.
shown to have reduced recidivism
22.
only allowed if they are Christian in nature
ANS: C REF: p.
360
OBJ: LO 3
Correct answer was changed to more accurately reflect the core
text.
30.
According to a Justice Department study that tracked 272,111
released inmates in 15 states, which of the following statements is false?
31.
men are more likely than women to recidivate
32.
blacks are more likely to recidivate than whites
33.
young people are more likely to recidivate than older offenders
34.
offenders with the highest recidivism rates are more likely to
include rapists
ANS: D REF: p.
365
OBJ: LO 5
Question was rephrased to be more specific..
5. An
egoistic rationalization would be that a favor done for the inmate may result
in benefit to the officer because the inmate owes him.
ANS: T REF:
p.357 OBJ: LO 3
Previous question was no longer covered in the main text and was
replaced entirely.
CHAPTER 13
4. Souryal
refers to acts that violate authority as:
5. acts
of malfeasance
6. acts
of nonfeasance
7. acts
of unfeasance
8. acts
of feasance
ANS: A REF: p.
373 OBJ: LO 1
Answer option c was changed so it could no longer be considered
a correct answer.
19.
Which of the following theories of ethical management argues
that officers will treat inmates the way they perceive they are being treated
by management?
20.
“trickle down” theory
21.
“eye-for-an-eye” theory
22.
“restitution” theory
23.
“hierarchical” theory
ANS: A REF: p.
383
OBJ: LO 5
“by management” was added to clarify the question.
20.
Souryal argued that the ________________ of a correctional
institution is influenced by the level of education required for hire, the
amount of in-service training officers receive, the policies regarding
employees who act in unethical ways, and the presence of a professional
association or union that can effectively monitor the agency’s practices.
21.
“agility”
22.
“adequacy”
23.
“civility”
24.
“worthiness”
Answer option a was changed from effectiveness to agility to
eliminate the possibility of another correct answer.
22.
To improve the ethical climate of an agency, Souryal advocates
all except:
23.
upgrading the quality of personnel
24.
establishing quality-based supervisory techniques
25.
emphasizing true ethical training
26.
screening potential employees using psychological tools
ANS: D REF: p.
383
OBJ: LO 5
The question and answer d were rephrased to clarify and
eliminate multiple correct answers.
3. The
term ____________________ refers to a group of officers in Salinas Valley
Prison, California who were implicated in a variety of unethical behaviors.
ANS: [The] Green
Wall
REF:
p.374
OBJ: LO 2
The name of the prison was added to decrease confusion.
1. List
and briefly discuss/describe at least two of the explanations given by McCarthy
and Souryal for the misconduct of correctional officers.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
pp.372-379
OBJ: LO 4
Question reworded for clarity and specificity.
4. What
are the implications of Zimbardo’s prison experiment concerning the potential
behavior of correctional officers?
ANS: answer not
provided REF: pp.
381-382
OBJ: LO 3
Question reworded for clarity and specificity.
CHAPTER 14
21.
Cohen uses a _________________ approach in the justification for
police action.
22.
relativist
23.
utilitarian
24.
divine command
25.
deontological
ANS: B REF: p. 402
OBJ: LO 4
This question was replaced because it was too general and too
similar to question 24.
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