Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 7th International Edition by Joycelyn M. Pollock – Test Bank
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Sample Test
Chapter 3 – Justice and Law
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The
mediator between people’s essential selfishness and generosity is referred to
as:
2. law
3. ethics
4. justice
5. mercy
ANS:
C
REF: p.
52
OBJ: LO 1
2. Which
type of justice is concerned with business dealings?
3. libertarian
4. corrective
5. rectificatory
6. distributive
ANS:
C
REF: p.
53
OBJ: LO 2
3. Rectificatory
justice is also called:
4. distributive
justice
5. commutative
justice
6. exemplary
justice
7. corrective
justice
ANS: B
REF: p.
53
OBJ: LO 2
4. Which
type of justice suggests what measurement should be used to allocate society’s
resources?
5. distributive
justice
6. commutative
justice
7. exemplary
justice
8. corrective
justice
ANS: A
REF: p.
53
OBJ: LO 2
5. Which
theory of distributive justice would be most opposed to government involvement
in the distribution of goods?
6. Libertarian
7. Utilitarian
8. Egalitarian
9. Marxist
ANS: A
REF: p.
54
OBJ: LO 2
6. ___________________
theories of distributive justice attempt to maximize benefits for individuals
and society in a mixed emphasis on entitlements and needs.
7. Libertarian
8. Utilitarian
9. Egalitarian
10.
Marxist
ANS:
B
REF: p.
54
OBJ: LO 2
7. Which
theory of distributive justice places need above desert or entitlement?
8. Libertarian
9. Utilitarian
10.
Egalitarian
11.
Marxist
ANS: D
REF: p.
54
OBJ: LO 2
8. Which
theory of distributive justice starts with the basic premise of equality?
9. Libertarian
10.
Utilitarian
11.
Egalitarian
12.
Marxist
ANS:
C
REF: p.
54
OBJ: LO 2
9. ________________
theories of distributive justice attempt to maximize benefits for individuals
and society in a mixed emphasis on entitlements and needs.
10.
Libertarian
11.
Utilitarian
12.
Egalitarian
13.
Marxist
ANS:
B
REF: p. 54
OBJ: LO 2
10.
Which of the following is not an aspect of Rawls’s theory of
justice?
11.
utilitarian principles
12.
concern for rights
13.
freedom from government interference
14.
concern for the least advantaged members of society
ANS: C
REF: p.
56
OBJ: LO 2
11.
Rawls’s veil of ignorance states that:
12.
Welfare should be given to the least advantaged or ignorant in
our society.
13.
One must be ignorant of their own position in society in order
to make just decisions.
14.
Ignorance results in unfairness.
15.
Because we are ignorant of God’s plan, equal distribution of
goods is the most just.
ANS:
B
REF: p.
57
OBJ: LO 2
12.
Which ethical system is most consistent with a Marxist theory of
distributive justice?
13.
Ethics of Virtue
14.
Ethical Formalism
15.
Ethics of Care
16.
Utilitarianism
ANS:
C
REF: p.
58
OBJ: LO 2
13.
While __________________ justice involves the concept of just deserts,
__________________ justice concerns the steps we must take before administering
punishment.
14.
procedural; substantive
15.
substantive; distributive
16.
substantive; procedural
17.
procedural; distributive
ANS:
C
REF: p.
58
OBJ: LO 3
14.
Substantive justice and procedural justice are components of:
15.
distributive justice
16.
corrective justice
17.
punitive justice
18.
rectificatory justice
ANS:
B
REF: p.
58
OBJ: LO 3
.
15.
Which of the following statements is false?
16.
The ethics of care is consistent with a Marxist theory of
justice since both emphasize need.
17.
Utilitarian theories try to maximize societal good, thus some
balance of need and merit would be necessary to provide the incentive to
produce.
18.
Ethical formalism is concerned solely with rights, thus, issues
of societal good may not be as important.
19.
Rawls’s theory is solely Kantian because it demands a basic
level of individual rights.
ANS:
D
REF: p.
58
OBJ: LO 3
16.
“An eye for an eye” and “a tooth for a tooth” are examples of:
17.
lex talionis
18.
lex salica
19.
lex rasa
20.
lex mala
ANS:
A
REF: p.
59
OBJ: LO 3
17.
Retributive justice is best described by what term?
18.
balance
19.
deterrence
20.
compensation
21.
rehabilitation
ANS:
A
REF: p.
59
OBJ: LO 2
18.
An ancient right based on church power which allowed a person
respite from punishment as long as he or she was within the confines of church
grounds is called:
19.
refuge
20.
sanctuary
21.
asylum
22.
haven
ANS:
B
REF: p.
60
OBJ: LO 3
19.
The type of justice that looks to the greatest good for all as
the end is called:
20.
utilitarian justice
21.
restorative justice
22.
compensatory justice
23.
egalitarian justice
ANS:
A
REF: p.
61
OBJ: LO 2
20.
According to Beccaria’s and Bentham’s utilitarian rationale,
punishment should be based on:
21.
the character of the victim
22.
the concept of mercy
23.
the seriousness of the crime
24.
the social status of the perpetrator
ANS:
C
REF: p.
61
OBJ: LO 2
21.
The concept of hedonistic calculus is associated with:
22.
Beccaria
23.
Bentham
24.
Hirschi
25.
Sutherland
ANS:
B
REF: p.
62
OBJ: LO 2
22.
Deterrence is the central theme of what theory of corrective
justice?
23.
utilitarian
24.
retributive
25.
substantive
26.
compensatory
ANS:
A
REF: p.
62
OBJ: LO 2
23.
Procedural protections that are part of due process include all
of the following except:
24.
Right to appeal
25.
Right to the statement of findings
26.
Right to restart proceedings
27.
Right to a neutral hearing body
ANS: C
REF: p.
63
OBJ: LO 4
24.
Boss described unjust laws as having several characteristics.
Which of the following is not one of these characteristics?
25.
they are degrading to humans
26.
they are discriminatory against certain groups
27.
they are universal
28.
they are unjustly applied
ANS:
C
REF: p.
65
OBJ: LO 4
25.
The voluntary breaking of established laws based on one’s moral
beliefs is called:
26.
due process
27.
moral exception
28.
ethical justice
29.
civil disobedience
ANS:
D
REF: p.
67
OBJ: LO 4
26.
___________________________ is an approach to corrective justice
that focuses on meeting the needs of all concerned.
27.
Distributive justice
28.
Restorative justice
29.
Civil justice
30.
Utilitarian justice
ANS:
B
REF: p.
68
OBJ: LO 5
27.
Hallmarks of community justice models include the following
except:
28.
The process of justice employs local leadership, is informal, and
invites participation from community members.
29.
The goal is to repair the harm done to a community member by
another community member in a way that will restore the health of the community
relationship.
30.
The authority of the justice giver is through the customs and
traditions accepted by all members.
31.
The punishment imposed by the community should be of equal or
greater severity than the crime itself.
ANS:
D
REF: p.
68
OBJ: LO 5
28.
The roots of restorative justice can be found as far back as:
29.
Mayan and Aztec law
30.
Chinese law
31.
Roman and Grecian law
32.
Common law
ANS:
C
REF: p.
69
OBJ: LO 5
29.
The goals of community reparative boards include all the
following except:
30.
promote citizen ownership of process
31.
provide an opportunity for the offender to take personal
responsibility
32.
provide opportunity for victims and community members to
confront offenders in a constructive manner
33.
provide an opportunity for the victim and offender to reach an
agreement as to punishment or payment
ANS:
D
REF: p.
70
OBJ: LO 5
30.
Which type of justice is most closely associated with
discussions of criminal law?
31.
commutative
32.
corrective
33.
utilitarianism
34.
distributive
ANS:
B
REF: p.
71
OBJ: LO 5
TRUE/FALSE
1. Rectificatory
justice deals with how to achieve a fair resolution between individuals when
one feels they have been wronged.
ANS: T
REF: p.
53
OBJ: LO 2
2. The
libertarian theory of justice promotes minimal governmental interference in the
distribution of goods.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
54
OBJ: LO 2
3. Distributing
society’s goods based on need is associated with the Marxist approach to
justice.
ANS:
T
REF: pp.
54-55
OBJ: LO 2
4. Rawls’s
theory of justice is consistent with rights-based theories of justice.
ANS: T
REF: p.
56
OBJ: LO 2
5. Substantive
justice involves the determination of just deserts.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
58
OBJ: LO 3
6. Procedural
justice necessarily produces substantive justice.
ANS:
F
REF: pp.
58-59
OBJ: LO 3
7. Sanctuary
allowed offenders to escape punishment as long as they were members of the
clergy.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
60
OBJ: LO 3
8. The
Latin term associated with “an eye for an eye” is lex salica.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
59
OBJ: LO 3
9. Under
the retributive system, the reason we punish is for the greater good of
society.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
62
OBJ: LO 3
10.
Under the utilitarian rationale for punishment, we weigh the
punishment to the crime in order to balance the wrong to society.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
62
OBJ: LO 3
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK
1. ______________________
is concerned with the fairness of contracts and business relations.
ANS: Commutative
justice
REF: p.
71
OBJ: LO 2
2. ______________________
is concerned with punishments and sanctions.
ANS: Corrective
justice
REF: p.
53
OBJ: LO 2
3. _____________________
justice is concerned with the allocation of the goods and burdens of society.
ANS:
Distributive
REF: p.
53
OBJ: LO 2
4. _____________________
justice is concerns fairness in business dealing.
ANS:
Rectificatory
REF: p. 53
OBJ: LO 2
5. The
constitutionally mandated procedural steps designed to eliminate error in any
governmental deprivation of protected liberty, life, or property are called
___________________,
ANS: due process
REF: p. 63
OBJ: LO 3
6. __________________
justice concerns the steps taken to reach a determination of guilt, punishment,
or other conclusion of law.
ANS:
Procedural
REF: p.
58
OBJ: LO 3
7. ___________________
justice concerns the determination and methods of punishment.
ANS:
Retributive
REF: p.
59
OBJ: LO 2
8. Rawls’
concept of a way to make moral judges unbiased by not knowing what role one
might play in a moral issue is referred to as ______________________________.
ANS: veil of
ignorance
REF: p.
587
OBJ: LO 2
9. The
component of _________________ justice is concerned with the determination and
methods of punishment.
ANS:
retributive
REF: p. 57
OBJ: LO 2
10.
Bentham’s idea that individuals weigh potential profit or pleasure
against potential pain or punishment is called ______________________________.
ANS: hedonistic calculus REF: p.
62
OBJ: LO 4
ESSAY
1. Explain
how Aristotle and Plato associated status with justice.
ANS: answer not provided
REF: p.
53
OBJ: LO 1
2. Define
rectificatory justice. Provide examples.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
p.
53
OBJ: LO 2
3. Describe
distributive, corrective, and commutative justice.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
p.
53
OBJ: LO 2
4. Describe
the various theories of distributive justice.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
p.
54
OBJ: LO 2
5. Compare
and contrast substantive justice and procedural justice. Give an example of
each.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
pp.
58-59
OBJ: LO 3
6. Compare
and contrast lex
talionis and lex
salica. Give an example of each.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
pp. 58-59
OBJ: LO 3
7. Explain
the relationship between mercy and justice.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
pp.
60-61
OBJ: LO 3
8. Discuss
the factors associated with the retributive argument for punishment.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
p.
59
OBJ: LO 2
9. Discuss
the factors associated with the utilitarian argument for punishment.
ANS: answer not provided
REF: p.
61
OBJ: LO 2
10.
Define and discuss the concept of civil disobedience. Provide
examples.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
pp. 67-68 OBJ: LO 4
Chapter 5 – The Police Role in Society
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Crime
control is an approach that is consistent with the following except:
2. Criminals
are the enemy.
3. Police
officers are soldiers in a war.
4. Police
officers serve all the people.
5. Efficiency
is a top priority.
ANS:
C REF: p.102-103
OBJ: LO 1
2. The
crime control and due process models were developed by:
3. Carl
Klockars
4. Herbert
Packer
5. Lawrence
Sherman
6. John
Crank
ANS:
B REF:
p.103
OBJ:
LO 1
3. According
to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the
crime control model operates?
4. efficiency
is rejected if it involves shortcuts
5. protection
of process is as important as protection of innocents
6. a
conveyor belt is the model for the system
7. the
coercive power of the state is always subject to abuse
ANS:
C REF: p.
103 OBJ: LO 1
4. According
to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the due
process model operates?
5. efficiency
is a top priority
6. there
is a presumption of guilt
7. protection
of process is as important as protection of innocents
8. emphasis
is on speed and finality
ANS:
C REF: p.
103
OBJ: LO 1
5. The
public servant model of policing includes all the following except:
6. Criminals
are not a distinct group.
7. Police
have a limited ability to control crime.
8. Protection
of the process of justice is as important as crime control.
9. Police
are not public servants of those who commit crime.
ANS:
D REF:
pp.103-104 OBJ: LO 1
6. The
first era of police professionalism began in the:
7. 1920s
8. 1930s
9. 1960s
10.
1980s
ANS:
A REF:
p.105
OBJ:
LO 2
7. In
relation to community policing and ethics, all of the following is true except:
8. Community
policing ethical issues arise from the closer relationships formed with
community members.
9. There
is evidence that there is more corruption in community policing models than
with traditional law enforcement.
10.
Community policing reduces cynicism and burnout which may reduce
corruption.
11.
Community policing may increase the potential for gratuities.
ANS:
B REF:
p.106
OBJ:
LO 2
8. A
model of law enforcement that creates partnerships with the community and
addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing the law is referred
to as:
9. crime
control policing
10.
reactive policing
11.
traditional policing
12.
community policing
ANS:
D REF: p.
106
OBJ: LO 2
9. Harris’
“preventive policing” model includes:
10.
the concepts of community policing, problem-oriented policing,
and accountability mechanisms
11.
the concepts of community policy and the practices of crime
control policing
12.
the concepts of problem-oriented policing, and counter-terrorism
efforts
13.
the concepts of accountability mechanisms and counter-terrorism
efforts
ANS:
A REF: p.
107
OBJ: LO 2
10.
Authority is defined as:
11.
the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome
resistance
12.
the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance
13.
the use of words and arguments to induce compliance
14.
the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from
fulfilling a specific role
ANS:
D REF: p.
108
OBJ: LO 2
11.
Power is defined as:
12.
the right inherent in a role to use any means to overcome
resistance
13.
the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance
14.
the use of words and arguments to induce compliance
15.
the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from
fulfilling a specific role
ANS:
A REF: p.
108
OBJ: LO 2
12.
Persuasion is defined as:
13.
the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome
resistance
14.
the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce
compliance
15.
the use of force and coercion to get one’s way
16.
the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from
fulfilling a specific role
ANS:
B REF: p.
108
OBJ: LO 2
13.
Force is defined as:
14.
the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome
resistance
15.
the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce
compliance
16.
the use of physical coercion to overcome the will of the
individual
17.
the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from
fulfilling a specific role
ANS:
C REF: p.
109
OBJ: LO 2
14.
According to Klockars, what are the four elements of police
power?
15.
power, persuasion, threat, and force
16.
power, persuasion, force, and authority
17.
authority, threat, force, and persuasion
18.
force, coercion, persuasion, authority
ANS:
B REF: pp.108-109
OBJ: LO 3
15.
Cohen and Feldberg include all of the following as ethical
standards derived from the social contract except:
16.
safety and security
17.
integrity
18.
fair access
19.
teamwork
ANS:
B REF:
p.109
OBJ:
LO 3
16.
Cohen and Feldberg proposed five ethical standards that can be
derived from the social contract between society and the individuals. Which of
the following is not one of these standards?
17.
teamwork
18.
objectivity
19.
equality
20.
fair access
ANS: C
REF: p.
109
OBJ: LO 3
17.
Cohen and Feldberg propose five ethical standards that can be
derived from the social contract. Which of the following is not one of these
five principles?
18.
fair access
19.
punishment
20.
teamwork
21.
decentralization
ANS:
D REF: p.
109
OBJ: LO 3
18.
___________________ is different from the other three means of
control in that it is physical, whereas the other three are exercised through
mental domination and control.
19.
Force
20.
Authority
21.
Discretion
22.
Persuasion
ANS:
A REF: p.
109
OBJ: LO 3
19.
Wilson described types of police as including all except:
20.
legalistic
21.
service
22.
watchman
23.
caretaker
ANS:
B REF:
p.111
OBJ:
LO 3
20.
Muir’s typology of police styles includes:
21.
The caretaker
22.
The old-style fighter
23.
The enforcer
24.
The watchman
ANS:
C REF: p.
112
OBJ: LO 3
21.
In Muir’s typology of police styles, the professional:
22.
used coercion exclusively
23.
avoided situations where they might be challenged
24.
balanced coercion with compassion
25.
had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace
ANS:
C REF: p.
112
OBJ: LO 3
22.
In Brown’s typology of police styles, the old-style crime fighters:
23.
are concerned only with action that might be considered crime
control
24.
avoided situations where they might be challenged
25.
balanced coercion with compassion
26.
had citizens solve problems and made deals to keep the peace
ANS:
A REF: p.
112
OBJ: LO 3
23.
In Muir’s typology of police styles, the reciprocator:
24.
used coercion exclusively
25.
avoided situations where they might be challenged
26.
balanced coercion with compassion
27.
had citizens solve problems and made deal to keep the peace
ANS: D
REF: p. 112
OBJ: LO 3
24.
In Brown’s typology of police styles, which type of officer
emphasizes public order and peace officer tasks?
25.
the professional-style officer
26.
the service-style officer
27.
the clean-beat officer
28.
the old-style
crime fighter
ANS:
B REF: p.
112
OBJ: LO 3
25.
The four major themes of formal ethical codes for law
enforcement include all except:
26.
fairness
27.
personal conduct
28.
service
29.
integrity
ANS:
D REF:
pp.113-114 OBJ: LO 4
26.
The informal values of police have been said to include which of
the following?
27.
cynicism
28.
loyalty
29.
force
30.
all these are informal values of police
ANS:
D REF:
p.115
OBJ:
LO 4
27.
Another name for the code of silence or the practice of police
officers to remain silent when fellow officers commit unethical actions is:
28.
the blue wall
29.
the blue curtain of secrecy
30.
the green wall of silence
31.
the blue code
ANS:
B REF: p.
119
OBJ: LO 4
28.
Souryal argued that there are different kinds of loyalty to
superiors or to fellow officers, including all of the following except:
29.
integrated loyalty
30.
personal loyalty
31.
institutional loyalty
32.
fragmented loyalty
ANS:
D REF: p.
123
OBJ: LO 4
29.
Which of the following statements about police subculture is
false?
30.
increasing diversity of police recruits has eliminated the
social homogeneity of the workforce
31.
civil litigation has increased the risk of covering for another
officer
32.
decreasing crime rates have prevented new hires
33.
police unions have contributed to the weakening of the police
subculture
ANS:
C REF: p.
124
OBJ: LO 5
30.
The law enforcement approach first implemented when William
Bratton was police chief in New York City in the 1990s is called:
31.
community policing
32.
“safe for tourists” zone
33.
zero-tolerance policy
34.
blue wall of integrity
ANS:
C REF: p.
127
OBJ: LO 5
TRUE/FALSE
1. The
crime control paradigm of policing is most consistent with ethical formalism.
ANS:
F REF: p.
l11
OBJ:
LO 1
2. Cohen
and Feldberg believe that the justification for police power comes from natural
law.
ANS:
F REF:
p.109
OBJ:
LO 1
3. The
public service paradigm of policing is consistent with utilitarianism.
ANS:
F REF:
p.111
OBJ:
LO 1
4. One
problem critics have with The Law Enforcement Code of Ethics is that it is
considered aspirational.
ANS:
T REF:
p.114
OBJ: LO 2
5. The
four themes found in formal codes are fairness, service, law, and integrity.
ANS:
F REF:
pp.113-114 OBJ: LO 3
6. According
to Scheingold, the values of police subculture are like dominant American
values, only they are more extreme.
ANS:
T REF:
p.116
OBJ:
LO 4
7. Reuss-Ianni
found that the informal subculture of police enforced the notion that managers
were not to be trusted.
ANS:
T REF:
p.116
OBJ:
LO 5
8. Informal
police subculture may be breaking down because of police unions.
ANS:
T REF:
p.124
OBJ:
LO 5
9. Muir’s
police types included the professional, the reciprocating officer, the enforcer,
and the clean beat officer.
ANS:
F REF:
p.112
OBJ:
LO 4
10.
Brown and Muir both included the “peacemaker” officer in their
typologies.
ANS:
F REF:
p.112
OBJ:
LO 4
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK
1. An
unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from fulfilling a specific
role is called ___________________.
ANS:
authority REF:
p.108
OBJ:
LO 1
2. The
term ____________________________ means to have the power to make a decision
between two or more choices.
ANS:
discretion REF: p.
110
OBJ:
LO 1
3. A
program where officers and community members form partnership to prevent crime
is called a ____________________ program.
ANS: community policing REF:
p.106 OBJ: LO 1
4. Having
a negative perception of human nature is called ___________________.
ANS:
cynicism REF:
p.115
OBJ:
LO 1
5. The
responsibilities that are attached to a specific role are called
______________.
ANS: duties REF:
p.110
OBJ: LO 2
6. The
term used to describe the power to use physical coercion to overcome the will
of another individual is ______________.
ANS: force REF:
p.109
OBJ: LO 2
7. The
use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce compliance is called
__________________.
ANS: persuasion
REF: pp.108-109 OBJ: LO 2
8. ________________
is the right, inherent in a role, to use any means to overcome resistance.
ANS: power
REF:
p.108
OBJ:
LO 3
9. Those
who are paid from the public purse and are expected to serve the public good
are called ___________________.
ANS: public
servants
REF: p.103 OBJ: LO 3
10.
The law enforcement approach whereby small violations and
ordinances are enforced to the maximum with the expectation that this will
reduce more serious crime is called the ________________________ policy.
REF:
zero-tolerance
REF: p.127 OBJ: LO 4
ESSAY
1. Explain
the public servant role and the crime fighter role and why the two may be
inconsistent.
ANS: answer not provided REF:
pp.102-104
OBJ:
LO 1
2. Compare
and contrast the due process model and crime control model.
ANS: answer not provided REF: p.
103
OBJ: LO 2
3. Discuss
what potential ethical issues arise with community policing. Why might
community policing act as an “insulator” against unethical behavior?
ANS: answer not provided REF:
p.106
OBJ: LO 4
4. List
and discuss Klockars’ four elements of police control.
ANS: answer not provided REF:
pp.108-109
OBJ:
LO 2
5. Explain
how the social contract is the source of police power and explain the elements
or characteristics of policing that logically flow from such power.
ANS: answer not provided REF:
p.109
OBJ: LO 3
6. Describe
the elements of the formal code of ethics and contrast them with the values of
the police subculture.
ANS: answer not provided REF:
p.113-116
OBJ:
LO 4
7. List
and discuss Brown’s typology of policy styles. Discuss it compared to Muir’s
typology.
ANS: answer not provided REF: p.
112
OBJ: LO 4
8. Describe
Sherman’s police “values.”
ANS: answer not provided REF:
p.115
OBJ: LO 3
9. Explain
why some people think the police subculture is breaking down.
ANS: answer not provided REF:
pp.124-125
OBJ:
LO 4
10.
Describe Wilson and Brown’s typologies of police and explain how
each might perceive the role of discretion.
ANS: answer not provided REF:
p.113
OBJ: LO 4
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