Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 8th Edition by Joycelyn M. Pollock – Test Bank
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CHAPTER 3 – Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The
mediator between people’s essential selfishness and generosity is referred to
as:
2. law
3. ethics
4. justice
5. mercy
ANS:
C
REF: p.
52
OBJ: LO 1
2. Anthony
Walsh describes the following types of humans in his illustration of justice as
a result of evolution, except:
3. “cheaters”
4. “grudgers”
5. “suckers”
6. “judgers”
ANS:
D
REF: p.
52
OBJ: LO 1
3. According
to the chapter, which of the following is NOT a valid component of civil
disobedience?
4. Any
activity must be approved by whatever authority is in power.
5. A
major moral issue must be at stake.
6. It
must be nonviolent.
7. No
other legitimate means of correcting with the issue should be available.
ANS:
A
REF: p. 71
OBJ: LO 5
4. Which
type of justice is concerned with the allocation of society’s resources?
5. distributive
justice
6. commutative
justice
7. exemplary
justice
8. corrective
justice
ANS:
A
REF: p. 53
OBJ: LO 2
5. Which
theory of distributive justice would be most opposed to government involvement
in the distribution of goods?
6. Libertarian
7. Utilitarian
8. Egalitarian
9. Marxist
ANS:
A
REF: p. 54
OBJ: LO 2
6. ___________________
theories of distributive justice attempt to maximize benefits for individuals
and society in a mixed emphasis on entitlements and needs.
7. Libertarian
8. Utilitarian
9. Egalitarian
10.
Marxist
ANS: B
REF: p.
54
OBJ: LO 2
7. Which
theory of distributive justice places need above desert or entitlement?
8. Libertarian
9. Utilitarian
10.
Egalitarian
11.
Marxist
ANS:
D
REF: p.
54
OBJ: LO 2
8. Which
theory of distributive justice starts with the basic premise of equality?
9. Libertarian
10.
Utilitarian
11.
Egalitarian
12.
Marxist
ANS:
C
REF: p.
54
OBJ: LO 2
9. The
idea that government should restore order, but the community should establish
peace is a characteristic of which concept?
10.
Substantive justice
11.
Restorative justice
12.
Egalitarian philosophy
13.
Marxist philosophy
ANS:
B
REF: pp.
67-68
OBJ: LO 4
10.
Which of the following is not an aspect of Rawls’s theory of
justice?
11.
utilitarian principles
12.
concern for rights
13.
freedom from government interference
14.
concern for the least advantaged members of society
ANS:
C
REF: p. 59
OBJ: LO 2
11.
Rawls’s veil of ignorance states that:
12.
Welfare should be given to the least advantaged or ignorant in
our society.
13.
One must be ignorant of their own position in society in order
to make just decisions.
14.
Ignorance results in unfairness.
15.
Because we are ignorant of God’s plan, equal distribution of
goods is the most just.
ANS:
B
REF: p.
59
OBJ: LO 2
12.
Which ethical system is most consistent with a Marxist theory of
distributive justice?
13.
Ethics of Virtue
14.
Ethical Formalism
15.
Ethics of Care
16.
Utilitarianism
ANS:
C
REF: p.
59
OBJ: LO 2
13.
While __________________ justice involves the concept of just
deserts, __________________ justice concerns the steps we must take before
administering punishment.
14.
procedural; substantive
15.
substantive; distributive
16.
substantive; procedural
17.
procedural; distributive
ANS:
C
REF: p.
60
OBJ: LO 3
14.
Substantive justice and procedural justice are components of:
15.
distributive justice
16.
corrective justice
17.
punitive justice
18.
restorative justice
ANS:
B
REF: p.
60
OBJ: LO 3
.
15.
Which of the following statements is false?
16.
The ethics of care is consistent with a Marxist theory of
justice since both emphasize need.
17.
Utilitarian theories try to maximize societal good, thus some
balance of need and merit would be necessary to provide the incentive to
produce.
18.
Ethical formalism is concerned solely with rights, thus, issues
of societal good may not be as important.
19.
Rawls’s theory is solely Kantian because it demands a basic
level of individual rights.
ANS:
D
REF: pp. 59-60
OBJ: LO 2
16.
“An eye for an eye” and “a tooth for a tooth” are examples of:
17.
lex talionis
18.
lex salica
19.
lex rasa
20.
lex mala
ANS:
A
REF: p.
61
OBJ: LO 3
17.
Retributive justice is best described by what term?
18.
Balance
19.
Deterrence
20.
Compensation
21.
Rehabilitation
ANS:
A
REF: p.
61
OBJ: LO 3
18.
An ancient right based on church power which allowed a person
respite from punishment as long as he or she was within the confines of church
grounds is called:
19.
Refuge
20.
Sanctuary
21.
Asylum
22.
Haven
ANS:
B
REF: p.
63
OBJ: LO 3
19.
The type of justice that seeks to achieve the greatest good for
all is called:
20.
utilitarian justice
21.
restorative justice
22.
compensatory justice
23.
egalitarian justice
ANS:
A
REF: p.
63
OBJ: LO 3
20.
According to Beccaria’s and Bentham’s utilitarian rationale,
punishment should be based on:
21.
the character of the victim
22.
the concept of mercy
23.
the seriousness of the crime
24.
the social status of the perpetrator
ANS:
C
REF: p.
63
OBJ: LO 3
21.
The concept of hedonistic calculus is associated with:
22.
Rawls
23.
Bentham
24.
Hirschi
25.
Sutherland
ANS:
B
REF: p.
63
OBJ: LO 3
22.
Deterrence is the central theme of what theory of corrective
justice?
23.
Utilitarian
24.
Retributive
25.
Substantive
26.
Compensatory
ANS:
A
REF: pp. 63-64
OBJ: LO 3
23.
Procedural protections that are part of due process include all
of the following except:
24.
Right to appeal
25.
Right to the statement of findings
26.
Right to restart proceedings
27.
Right to a neutral hearing body
ANS:
C
REF: pp.
64-65
OBJ: LO 3
24.
Boss described unjust laws as having several characteristics.
Which of the following is not one of these characteristics?
25.
they are degrading to humans
26.
they are discriminatory against certain groups
27.
they are universal
28.
they are unjustly applied
ANS:
C
REF: p.
70
OBJ: LO 5
25.
The voluntary breaking of established laws based on one’s moral
beliefs is called:
26.
due process
27.
moral exception
28.
ethical justice
29.
civil disobedience
ANS:
D
REF: p.
71
OBJ: LO 5
26.
___________________________ is an approach to corrective justice
that focuses on meeting the needs of offenders as well as victims.
27.
Distributive justice
28.
Restorative justice
29.
Civil justice
30.
Utilitarian justice
ANS:
B
REF: pp.
67-68
OBJ: LO 4
27.
Hallmarks of community justice models include the following
except:
28.
The process of justice employs local leadership, is informal,
and invites participation from community members.
29.
The goal is to repair the harm done to a community member by
another community member in a way that will restore the health of the community
relationship.
30.
The authority of the justice giver is through the customs and traditions
accepted by all members.
31.
The punishment imposed by the community should be of equal or
greater severity than the crime itself.
ANS:
D
REF: p.
68
OBJ: LO 4
28.
The roots of restorative justice can be found as far back as:
29.
Mayan and Aztec law
30.
Chinese law
31.
Roman and Grecian law
32.
Common law
ANS:
C
REF: p.
68
OBJ: LO 4
29.
The goals of community reparative boards include all the
following except:
30.
promote citizen ownership of process
31.
provide an opportunity for the offender to take personal
responsibility
32.
provide opportunity for victims and community members to
confront offenders in a constructive manner
33.
provide an opportunity for the community to enact changes in the
law to match their local customs
ANS:
D
REF: p.
68
OBJ: LO 4
30.
Which type of justice is most closely associated with
discussions of criminal law?
31.
Commutative
32.
Corrective
33.
Utilitarianism
34.
Distributive
ANS: B
REF: pp.
53-54
OBJ: LO 3
CRITICAL THINKING
Case 3.1
Sam has been convicted of burglary, theft, possession of drug
paraphernalia, and destruction of private property. This was the result
of an incident where he broke into the Jones’ home, causing damage to the
sliding door in the process. He stole approximately $500 worth of items,
and was caught trying to sell a stolen DVD player at a pawn shop. He
explained that he was a heroin addict and was stealing in order to be able to
buy drugs.
1. Assume
that Sam was given a sentence that included probation with the condition of
drug treatment. The judge is of the opinion that if Sam can break his addiction
then he will not need to return to crime. If the judge’s intention is to help
Sam, we could say her decision is based on the ethics of care. If her
purpose was to rehabilitate Sam so that the community would benefit by removing
his need to commit crimes, this would be consistent with the idea of:
2. restorative
justice
3. retributive
justice
4. deterrence
5. utilitarianism
ANS:
D
REF: pp.
61,64
OBJ: LO 3
2. Assume
that Sam accepted the judge’s offer to enter into a mediation process, where he
and the family he stole from arrived at a mutual solution. As a result,
Sam will provide $500 worth of yard work and is responsible for getting the
door repaired. This sentence is consistent with the idea of:
3. restorative
justice
4. retributive
justice
5. deterrence
6. ethics
of care
ANS:
A
REF: pp.
67-68
OBJ: LO 4
3. Assume
that the judge sentenced Sam to a straight jail term. She believes simply that
Sam has caused harm and should be punished for it. This sentence is
consistent with the idea of:
4. restorative
justice
5. retributive
justice
6. deterrence
7. ethics
of care
ANS:
B
REF: p.
61
OBJ: LO 3
Case 3.2
Before coming to trial, Sam was assigned a public defender, was
informed of the charges, and was given a chance to review the evidence against
him. At the trial, the prosecutor called the crime scene investigator to
the stand, and she provided scientific evidence to show that Sam had indeed
been inside the victim’s home.
4. The
public defender, presentation of charges, and the discovery process were all
elements of _______________, which is guaranteed by the Constitution.
5. restoration
6. due
process
7. utilitarianism
8. impartiality
ANS:
B
REF: pp.
64-65
OBJ: LO 3
5. These
pre-trial activities are part of the process of:
6. substantive
justice
7. procedural
justice
8. ethics
of care
9. peacemaking
justice
ANS:
B
REF: p.
64
OBJ: LO 3
6. The
evidence that the crime scene investigator presented would have had to meet:
7. the
“Rawls test”
8. the
“veil of ignorance test”
9. the
“impartiality standard”
10.
the “Daubert standard”
ANS:
D
REF: p.
73
OBJ: LO 3
Case 3.3
Mary owns her own consulting business. Among her employees
are:
Sue — the receptionist and a single mother of three;
Joe — the web designer and marketing manager, single, has an MBA;
Larry — a married salesman who makes few sales and cares for an
elderly parent; and
Carla — a single salesperson who makes the majority of the
company’s sales.
7. Assume
that Mary agrees with Marxist theories. Which of the following would you
expect?
8. Carla
would be the highest-paid employee because of the business she brings in
9. Larry
and Sue would be paid more than their value indicates, due to their family
needs
10.
Mary would divide the company’s profits equally among all
employees
11.
Mary would expect the government to tell her how to pay the
employees
ANS:
B
REF: pp.
54-55
OBJ: LO 2
8. Assume
that Mary agrees with egalitarian theories. Which of the following would you
expect?
9. Carla
would be the highest-paid employee because of the business she brings in
10.
Larry and Sue would be paid more than their value indicates, due
to their family needs
11.
Mary would divide the company’s profits equally among all
employees
12.
Mary would expect the government to tell her how to pay the
employees
ANS:
C
REF: pp.
54-55
OBJ: LO 2
9. Assume
that Mary believes in distributive justice based on “desert.” Which of the
following would you expect?
10.
Carla would be the highest-paid employee because of the business
she brings in
11.
Larry and Sue would be paid more than their value indicates, due
to their family needs
12.
Mary would divide the company’s profits equally among all
employees
13.
Mary would expect the government to tell her how to pay the
employees
ANS:
A
REF: p.
54
OBJ: LO 2
10.
Assume that Mary agrees with libertarian theories. All of the following
are possible EXCEPT:
11.
Carla would be the highest-paid employee because of the business
she brings in
12.
Larry and Sue would be paid more than their value indicates, due
to their family needs
13.
Mary would divide the company’s profits equally among all employees
14.
Mary would expect the government to tell her how to pay the
employees
ANS:
D
REF: pp.
54,56
OBJ: LO 2
TRUE/FALSE
1. Some
actions might be considered “good” but are not demanded by justice.
ANS: T
REF: p.
52
OBJ: LO 1
2. According
to Aristotle, slavery was not necessarily unjust, as long as the slaves were
naturally best suited to be slaves.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
53
OBJ: LO 2
3. Distributing
society’s goods based on need is associated with the Marxist approach to
justice.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
54
OBJ: LO 2
4. Rawls’s
theory of justice is consistent with rights-based theories of justice.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
59
OBJ: LO 2
5. Substantive
justice involves the determination of just deserts.
ANS:
T
REF: pp.
60-61
OBJ: LO 3
6. Procedural
justice necessarily produces substantive justice.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
64
OBJ: LO 3
7. Sanctuary
allowed offenders to escape punishment as long as they were members of the
clergy.
ANS:
F
REF: p. 63
OBJ: LO 3
8. The
Latin term associated with “an eye for an eye” is lex salica.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
61
OBJ: LO 3
9. Under
the retributive system, the reason we punish is for the greater good of
society.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
61
OBJ: LO 3
10.
Under the utilitarian rationale for punishment, we weigh the
punishment to the crime in order to balance the wrong to society.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
63
OBJ: LO 3
11.
Marxist theories state that resources should be distributed
according to what one needs, rather than what one deserves.
ANS:
T
REF: p. 55
OBJ: LO 2
12.
Philosophical support for rehabilitative treatment of criminals
can be found in natural law.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
61
OBJ: LO 3
13 . In Walsh’s
theory of the evolution of justice, “grudgers” emerged as a response to
“cheaters.”
ANS:
T
REF: p.
52
OBJ: LO 1
14.
Impartiality refers to fair and equal treatment for all, without
discrimination or bias.
ANS:
T
REF: p.
52
OBJ: LO 1
15.
Libertarian theory states that it is the role of government to
provide as much guidance and control over the citizens as possible.
ANS:
F
REF: p.
56
OBJ: LO 2
FILL-IN-THE-BLANK
1. According
to Walsh, moral outrage is a(n) ___________________response.
ANS:
evolutionary
REF: p.
52
OBJ: LO 1
2. ______________________
is concerned with punishments and sanctions.
ANS: Corrective
justice
REF: pp. 53-54
OBJ: LO 3
3. __________________
justice is concerned with the allocation of the goods and burdens of society.
ANS:
Distributive
REF: p. 54
OBJ: LO 2
4. ________________
theories start with the basic premise of equal treatment or equal shares for
all.
ANS: Egalitarian
REF: pp.
54-55
OBJ: LO 2
5. The
constitutionally mandated procedural steps designed to ensure fairness in any
governmental deprivation of protected liberty, life, or property are called
___________________,
ANS: due
process
REF: p.
64
OBJ: LO 3
6. __________________
justice concerns the steps taken to reach a determination of guilt, punishment,
or other conclusion of law.
ANS:
Procedural
REF: pp.
60,64
OBJ: LO 3
7. ___________________
punishment seeks to balance the victim’s harm with the offender’s pain.
ANS: Retributive
REF: p.
61
OBJ: LO 3
8. Rawls’
concept of a way to make moral judges unbiased by not knowing what role one
might play in a moral issue is referred to as ______________________________.
ANS: veil of ignorance
REF: p. 59
OBJ: LO 2
9. ______________
justice is concerned with ensuring the best possible outcome for society at
large.
ANS:
Utilitarian
REF: p. 63
OBJ: LO 3
10.
Bentham’s idea that individuals weigh potential profit or
pleasure against potential pain or punishment is called
______________________________.
ANS: hedonistic calculus
REF: pp. 63-64
OBJ: LO 3
11.
Since they both emphasize meeting needs, “ethics of care” is
consistent with a _________ theory of justice.
ANS: Marxist
REF: pp.
54-55
OBJ: LO 2
12.
One of the advantages of __________________ was that it was
considered more humane than corporal punishment.
ANS:
imprisonment
REF: p.
61
OBJ: LO 3
13.
In order for scientific evidence to be entered into a criminal
trial, it must meet the ____________ standard in most states.
ANS:
Daubert
REF:
p.73
OBJ: LO 3
14.
In a utilitarian system, the purpose of punishment is to
_________ future crime.
ANS: deter
REF: pp. 63-64
OBJ: LO 3
15.
Community justice is similar to restorative justice, but with
more emphasis on __________.
ANS: prevention
REF: p.
68
OBJ: LO 4
ESSAY
1. Explain
how Aristotle and Plato associated natural law with justice.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
p.
53
OBJ: LO 2
2. Review
Rawls’ theory and explain the criticisms that have been offered.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
p.
59
OBJ: LO 2
3. Describe
Aristotle’s two categories of justice.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
pp.
53-54
OBJ: LO 2
4. Describe
the various theories of distributive justice.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
pp.
54-56
OBJ: LO 2
5. Compare
and contrast substantive justice and procedural justice. Give an example of
each.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
pp. 60-65
OBJ: LO 3
6. Compare
and contrast lex
talionis and lex
salica. Give an example of each.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
p. 61
OBJ: LO 3
7. Explain
the relationship between mercy and justice.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
pp.
62-63
OBJ: LO 3
8. Explain
restorative justice and community justice, and include how they differ.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
pp.
67-69
OBJ: LO 4
9. Discuss
the factors associated with the utilitarian argument for punishment.
ANS: answer not
provided REF:
pp.
63-64
OBJ: LO 3
10.
Define and discuss the concept of civil disobedience. Provide
examples.
ANS: answer not provided
REF: pp. 71-72
OBJ: LO 5
Chapter 5 – The Police Role in Society
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Crime
control is an approach that is consistent with the following except:
2. Criminals
are the enemy.
3. Police
officers are soldiers in a war.
4. Police
officers serve all the people.
5. Efficiency
is a top priority.
ANS:
C REF:
p.105
OBJ:
LO 1
2. The
crime control and due process models were developed by:
3. Carl
Klockars
4. Herbert
Packer
5. Lawrence
Sherman
6. John Crank
ANS:
B REF:
p.105
OBJ:
LO 1
3. According
to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the
crime control model operates?
4. efficiency
is rejected if it involves shortcuts
5. protection
of process is as important as protection of innocents
6. a
conveyor belt is the model for the system
7. the
coercive power of the state is always subject to abuse
ANS:
C REF: p.
105
OBJ: LO 1
4. According
to Packer, which of the following is one of the principles under which the due
process model operates?
5. efficiency
is a top priority
6. there
is a presumption of guilt
7. protection
of process is as important as protection of innocents
8. emphasis
is on speed and finality
ANS:
C REF: p. 106
OBJ: LO 1
5. The
public servant model of policing includes all the following except:
6. Criminals
are not a distinct group.
7. Police
have a limited ability to control crime.
8. Protection
of the process of justice is as important as crime control.
9. Police
are not public servants of those who commit crime.
ANS:
D REF:
pp.105
OBJ:
LO 1
6. The
first era of police professionalism began in the:
7. 1920s
8. 1930s
9. 1960s
10.
1980s
ANS:
A REF:
p.107
OBJ:
LO 1
7. In
relation to community policing and ethics, all of the following is true except:
8. Community
policing ethical issues arise from the closer relationships formed with
community members.
9. There
is evidence that there is more corruption in community policing models than
with traditional law enforcement.
10.
Community policing reduces cynicism and burnout which may reduce
corruption.
11.
Community policing may increase the potential for gratuities.
ANS:
B REF:
pp.109-110 OBJ: LO 2
8. A
model of law enforcement that creates partnerships with the community and
addresses underlying problems rather than simply enforcing the law is referred
to as:
9. crime
control policing
10.
reactive policing
11.
traditional policing
12.
community policing
ANS: D
REF: p. 109
OBJ: LO 1
9. Harris’
“preventive policing” model includes:
10.
the concepts of community policing, problem-oriented policing,
and accountability mechanisms
11.
the concepts of community policy and the practices of crime
control policing
12.
the concepts of problem-oriented policing, and counter-terrorism
efforts
13.
the concepts of accountability mechanisms and counter-terrorism
efforts
ANS:
A REF: p.
110
OBJ: LO 1
10.
Authority is defined as:
11.
the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome
resistance
12.
the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance
13.
the use of words and arguments to induce compliance
14.
the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from
fulfilling a specific role
ANS: D
REF: p. 111
OBJ: LO 2
11.
Power is defined as:
12.
the right inherent in a role to use any means to overcome
resistance
13.
the use of signs and symbols to induce compliance
14.
the use of words and arguments to induce compliance
15.
the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from
fulfilling a specific role
ANS:
A REF: p.
111
OBJ: LO 2
12.
Persuasion is defined as:
13.
the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome
resistance
14.
the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce
compliance
15.
the use of force and coercion to get one’s way
16.
the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from
fulfilling a specific role
ANS:
B REF: p.
111
OBJ: LO 2
13.
Force is defined as:
14.
the right to inherent in a role to use any means to overcome
resistance
15.
the use of signs, symbols, words, and arguments to induce
compliance
16.
the use of physical coercion to overcome the will of the
individual
17.
the unquestionable entitlement to be obeyed that comes from
fulfilling a specific role
ANS:
C REF: p.
111
OBJ: LO 2
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