Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice 9th Edition by Joycelyn M. Pollock

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Sample Test

Chapter_3_Justice_and_Law

1. As defined in the text, the mediator between people’s essential selfishness and generosity is referred to as:

3. justice

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Chapter Introduction

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.01 – Describe the three themes included in the definition of justice.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

2. According to Anthony Walsh, our sense of “moral outrage” and emotional need for justice developed through the

process of:

1. divine

2. philosophical

3. government and

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Chapter Introduction

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.01 – Describe the three themes included in the definition of justice.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

3. Which type of justice is concerned with the allocation of society’s resources?

1. distributive justice

2. commutative justice

3. exemplary justice

4. corrective justice

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

4. Which theory of distributive justice would be most opposed to government involvement in the distribution of goods?

1. libertarian

2. utilitarian

3. egalitarian

4. Marxist

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

5. ______________ theories of distributive justice attempt to maximize benefits for overall

1. Libertarian

2. Utilitarian

3. Egalitarian

4. Marxist

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

6. Which theory of distributive justice considers one’s needs rather than what one has earned or deserves?

1. libertarian

2. utilitarian

3. egalitarian

4. Marxist

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

7. Which theory of distributive justice starts with the basic premise of equality?

1. libertarian

2. utilitarian

3. egalitarian

4. Marxist

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

8. Which of the following is not an aspect of Rawls’s theory of justice?

1. utilitarian principles

2. concern for rights

3. freedom from government interference

4. concern for the least advantaged members of society

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

9. Rawls’s concept of the “veil of ignorance” states that:

1. welfare should be given to the least advantaged or ignorant in our

2. one must be unaware of his or her own position in society in order to make just

3. ignorance always results in

4. because we are ignorant of God’s plan, equal distribution of goods is the most

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

10. Which ethical system is most consistent with a Marxist theory of distributive justice?

1. ethics of Virtue

2. ethical Formalism

3. ethics of Care

4. utilitarianism

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

11. While ____________ justice involves the concept of “just deserts,” ____________ justice concerns the steps we must take before determining guilt and administering

1. procedural; substantive

2. substantive; distributive

3. substantive; procedural

4. procedural; distributive

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.03 – Under corrective justice, distinguish between substantive and procedural justice, including how procedural justice impacts wrongful convictions and perceptions of racial discrimination.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

12. Substantive justice and procedural justice are components of:

1. distributive

2. corrective

3. punitive

4. restorative

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

13. Bentham theorized that people rationally choose their behaviors by weighing the pleasure or benefit of their actions against the potential pain or This process is known as:

1. the veil of

2. the avoidance

3. ethical

4. hedonistic

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

14. The concept that calls for retaliatory punishments such as “an eye for an eye” is known as:

1. lex

2. lex salica

3. lex

4. lex

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

15. Retributive justice is best described by what term?

1. balance

2. deterrence

3. compensation

4. rehabilitation

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

16. An ancient right based on church power that allowed a person respite from punishment as long as he or she was within the confines of church grounds is called:

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

17. The type of justice that seeks to achieve the greatest good for all is called:

1. utilitarian

2. restorative

3. compensatory

4. egalitarian

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

18. According to Beccaria’s and Bentham’s utilitarian rationale, punishment should be based on:

1. the character of the victim

2. the concept of mercy

3. the seriousness of the crime

4. the social status of the perpetrator

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

19. The concept of hedonistic calculus is associated with:

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

20. Deterrence is the central theme of what theory of corrective justice?

1. utilitarian

2. retributive

3. substantive

4. compensatory

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

21. Procedural protections that are part of due process include all of the following except:

1. right to

2. right to the statement of

3. right to restart

4. right to a neutral hearing

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

22. Which type of justice is most closely associated with discussions of criminal law?

1. commutative

2. corrective

3. utilitarianism

4. distributive

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

23. The idea that government should maintain order but the community should establish peace is a characteristic of which concept?

1. utilitarianism

2. restorative justice

3. egalitarian philosophy

4. Marxist philosophy

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Restorative Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.04 – Explain the concept of restorative justice and the programs associated with it.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

24. ________ is an approach to corrective justice that focuses on meeting the needs of offenders as well as

1. Distributive justice

2. Restorative justice

3. Civil justice

4. Utilitarian justice

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Restorative Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.04 – Explain the concept of restorative justice and the programs associated with it.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

25. Key elements of community justice models include all of the following except which?

1. The process of justice employs local leadership, is informal, and invites participation from community

2. The goal is to repair the harm done to a community member by another community member in a way that will restore the health of the community

3. The authority of the justice giver is through the customs and traditions accepted by all

4. The punishment imposed by the community should be of equal or greater severity than the crime

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Restorative Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.04 – Explain the concept of restorative justice and the programs associated with it.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

26. The roots of restorative justice can be found as far back as:

1. Mayan and Aztec

2. Chinese

3. Roman and Grecian

4. Common

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Restorative Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.04 – Explain the concept of restorative justice and the programs associated with it.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

27. The goals of community reparative boards include all the following except:

1. promote citizen ownership of

2. provide an opportunity for the offender to take personal

3. provide opportunity for victims and community members to confront offenders in a constructive

4. provide an opportunity for the community to enact changes in the law to match their local

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Restorative Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.04 – Explain the concept of restorative justice and the programs associated with it.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

28. According to the chapter, which of the following is not a valid component of civil disobedience?

1. Any action must be approved by the majority of the

2. A major moral issue must be at

3. It must be non-violent.

4. No other legitimate means of correcting the issue should be

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Immoral Laws and the Moral Person

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.05 – Describe civil disobedience and when it may be appropriate.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

29. Boss described unjust laws as having several Which of the following is not one of these characteristics?

1. They are degrading to

2. They are discriminatory against certain

3. They are universal

4. They are unjustly

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Immoral Laws and the Moral Person

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.05 – Describe civil disobedience and when it may be appropriate.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

30. The voluntary breaking of established laws based on one’s moral beliefs is called:

1. due

2. moral

3. ethical

4. civil

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Immoral Laws and the Moral Person

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.05 – Describe civil disobedience and when it may be appropriate.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

Sam has been convicted of burglary, theft, possession of drug paraphernalia, and destruction of private property. This was the result of an incident where he broke into the Jones’ home, causing damage to the sliding door in the process. He stole approximately $500 worth of items, and was caught trying to sell a stolen DVD player at a pawn shop. He explained that he was a heroin addict and was stealing in order to be able to buy drugs.

31. Assume that Sam was given a sentence that included probation with the condition of drug The judge is of the opinion that if Sam can break his addiction, then he will not need to return to crime. If the judge’s intention is to help Sam, we could say her decision is based on the ethics of care. If her purpose was to rehabilitate Sam so that the community would benefit by removing his need to commit crimes, this would be consistent with the idea of:

1. ethics of

2. retributive

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

PREFACE NAME: Case 3.1

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

32. Assume that the judge sentenced Sam to a straight jail She believes simply that Sam has caused harm and should be punished for it. This sentence is consistent with the idea of:

1. restorative

2. retributive

4. ethics of

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

PREFACE NAME: Case 3.1

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

33. Assume that Sam accepted the judge’s offer to enter into a mediation process, where he and the family he stole from arrived at a mutual As a result, Sam will provide $500 worth of yard work and is responsible for getting the door repaired. This sentence is consistent with the idea of:

1. restorative

2. retributive

4. ethics of

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Restorative Justice

PREFACE NAME: Case 3.1

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.04 – Explain the concept of restorative justice and the programs associated with it.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

Before coming to trial, Sam was assigned a public defender, was informed of the charges, and was given a chance to review the evidence against him. At the trial, the prosecutor called the crime scene investigator to the stand, and she provided scientific evidence to show that Sam had indeed been inside the victim’s home.

34. The public defender, presentation of charges, and the discovery process were all elements of ____________, which is guaranteed by the

1. restoration

2. due process

3. utilitarianism

4. impartiality

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

PREFACE NAME: Case 3.2

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

35. These pre-trial activities are part of the practice of:

1. procedural

2. substantive

3. restorative

4. peacemaking

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

PREFACE NAME: Case 3.2

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

36. In order to be allowed at trial, the evidence that the crime scene investigator presented would have had to meet:

1. the “Rawls ”

2. the “veil of ignorance ”

3. the “impartiality ”

4. the “Daubert ”

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Immoral Laws and the Moral Person

PREFACE NAME: Case 3.2

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

Mary owns her own consulting business. Among her employees are: Sue—the receptionist and a single mother of three

Joe—the web designer and marketing manager, single, has an MBA

Alan—a married salesman who makes few sales and cares for an elderly parent Carla—an unmarried salesperson who makes the majority of the company’s sales

37. Assume that Mary agrees with Marxist Which of the following would you expect?

1. Carla would be the highest-paid employee because of the business she brings

2. Alan and Sue would be paid more than their work seems to deserve, due to their family

3. Mary would divide the company’s profits equally among all

4. Mary would expect the government to tell her how to pay the

ANSWER: b

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

PREFACE NAME: Case 3.3

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

38. Assume that Mary agrees with egalitarian Which of the following would you expect?

1. Carla would be the highest-paid employee because of the business she brings

2. Alan and Sue would be paid more than their work seems to deserve, due to their family

3. Mary would divide the company’s profits equally among all

4. Mary would expect the government to tell her how to pay the

ANSWER: c

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

PREFACE NAME: Case 3.3

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

39. Assume that Mary believes in distributive justice based on “desert.” Which of the following would you expect?

1. Carla would be the highest-paid employee because of the business she brings

2. Alan and Sue would be paid more than their work seems to deserve, due to their family

3. Mary would divide the company’s profits equally among all

4. Mary would expect the government to tell her how to pay the

ANSWER: a

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

PREFACE NAME: Case 3.3

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

40. Assume that Mary agrees with libertarian All of the following are possible except:

1. Carla would be the highest-paid employee because of the business she brings

2. Alan and Sue would be paid more than their work seems to deserve, due to their family

3. Mary would divide the company’s profits equally among all

4. Mary would expect the government to tell her how to pay the

ANSWER: d

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

PREFACE NAME: Case 3.3

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply

41. Some actions might be considered “good” but are not demanded by

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: Chapter Introduction

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.01 – Describe the three themes included in the definition of justice.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

42. Impartiality refers to fair and equal treatment for all, without discrimination or

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: Chapter Introduction

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.01 – Describe the three themes included in the definition of justice.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

43. In Walsh’s theory of the evolution of justice, “grudgers” emerged as a response to “cheaters.”

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: Origins of the Concept of Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.01 – Describe the three themes included in the definition of justice.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

44. According to Aristotle, slavery was always unjust, even when individual slaves were naturally best suited to be

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Origins of the Concept of Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

45. Rawls’s theory of justice is consistent with rights-based theories of

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

46. Marxist theories state that resources should be distributed according to what one needs, rather than what one

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

47. Libertarian theory states that it is the role of government to provide as much guidance and control over the citizens as

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Distributive Justice

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHI.POLL.17.03.02 – Define Aristotle’s two forms of justice described in the chapter.

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

48. According to Peterson, race is a valid predictor of criminal

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Race, Ethnicity, and Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

49. Substantive justice involves the determination of just

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

50. Procedural justice is important because it always leads to substantive

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

51. Sanctuary allowed offenders to escape punishment as long as they were members of the

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

52. The Latin term lex talionis refers to retaliation against an offender for the harm caused to the

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: True

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand

53. Under the retributive system, the reason we punish is for the greater good of

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

54. Under the utilitarian rationale for punishment, we weigh the punishment to the crime in order to balance the wrong to

1. True

2. False

ANSWER: False

REFERENCES: Corrective Justice

KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Remember

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