Ethics For Life 7Th Edition By Boss – Test Bank

 

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Sample Test

Ethics for Life, 7e (Boss)

Chapter 3   Conscience and Moral Development

 

1) In the context of the development of conscience, people who lack a conscience or a moral sense are known as:

1.   A) romantic sentimentalists.

2.   B) misanthropes.

3.   C) praxists.

4.   D) sociopaths.

 

Answer:  D

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2) Which of the following premises is shared by various developmental theories?

1.   A) Morality is intensely personal and relative to each individual’s feelings.

2.   B) Humans have an innate desire to grow and strive toward the good.

3.   C) Morality must be taught because children are fundamentally amoral and lack a moral sense.

4.   D) Conscience is culturally relative; hence moral education is important.

 

Answer:  B

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3) In the context of moral sentiments, the capacity for and inclination to imagine the feelings of others is known as ________.

1.   A) intuition

2.   B) moral satisfaction

3.   C) sympathy

4.   D) the helper’s high

 

Answer:  C

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4) In the context of moral sentiments, moral indignation is defined as:

1.   A) the anger an individual feels at the sight of others being harmed.

2.   B) an individual’s innate need to accept responsibility for his or her actions.

3.   C) the anger an individual feels when he or she is personally injured.

4.   D) an individual’s motivation to pay attention to the needs of his or her loved ones.

 

Answer:  A

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5) According to studies of psychopaths and brain-damaged people like Phineas P. Gage, which part of the brain plays a key role in moral reasoning?

1.   A) the affective medulla

2.   B) the frontal lobes

3.   C) the cerebellum

4.   D) the pituitary gland

 

Answer:  B

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6) Which of the following factors would a cultural relativist argue to be the most important in the formation of our consciences?

1.   A) good genes

2.   B) intuition

3.   C) conscious moral direction

4.   D) environment

 

Answer:  D

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7) Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud identified the conscience with the:

1.   A) heart.

2.   B) ego.

3.   C) superego.

4.   D) voice of God.

 

Answer:  C

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8) In the context of moral reasoning, ________ involves the use of rhetoric, fallacies, and resistance rather than logical analysis.

1.   A) compassion

2.   B) rationalization

3.   C) reciprocity

4.   D) indignation

 

Answer:  B

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9) Which of the following people would be most likely to excuse a woman’s abusive behavior toward her children because of her past history of abuse as a child?

1.   A) Confucius

2.   B) Aristotle

3.   C) Carol Gilligan

4.   D) Sigmund Freud

 

Answer:  D

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10) According to both Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s preconventional stage of moral reasoning, which of the following questions would you be most likely to hear from someone who is confronted with a moral issue?

1.   A) “What will others think?”

2.   B) “Will you accept responsibility?”

3.   C) “What’s in it for me?”

4.   D) “Is this going to harm anyone?”

 

Answer:  C

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11) According to James Rest, a person who has integrated moral reasoning, moral sensitivity, and moral motivation into his or her personality has:

1.   A) a strongly cynical worldview.

2.   B) low individual relativism.

3.   C) high moral character.

4.   D) a rational outlook on life.

 

Answer:  C

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12) According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, ________.

1.   A) people are incapable of moral reasoning

2.   B) people at the postconventional stage of moral development base their moral decisions on mature care ethics

3.   C) people at the postconventional stage of moral development base their moral decisions on universal moral principles

4.   D) people at the postconventional stage of moral development are dangerous

 

Answer:  C

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13) “If you need help writing your essay, you should ask Mary Lou. She’s a real saint. You can always count on Mary Lou to come through when you are in need. Even though she’s in danger of flunking out this semester and her health is suffering, she does not let that stop her from putting other people’s needs before her own. She’ll always drop what she’s doing to help anyone.” At what stage of moral development would Carol Gilligan say Mary Lou is?

1.   A) conventional

2.   B) postconventional

3.   C) preconventional

4.   D) agape

 

Answer:  A

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14) Which of the following questions would you be most likely to hear from people in the postconventional stage of moral reasoning when they are confronted with a moral issue in their lives?

1.   A) “What will others think?”

2.   B) “Will you accept responsibility for what happens?”

3.   C) “Is someone going to be harmed by my action?”

4.   D) “What’s in it for me?”

 

Answer:  C

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15) According to Carol Gilligan, most women make moral decisions based on:

1.   A) self-interest.

2.   B) universal moral principles.

3.   C) care and relationships.

4.   D) fear of patriarchy.

 

Answer:  C

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16) Which of the following is a criticism of Kohlberg’s theory on the stages of moral development?

1.   A) His research was ethnocentric and, not surprisingly, Americans turned out to be at a higher stage of moral development than people from any other culture.

2.   B) His research placed too much emphasis on the cognitive aspect of moral development.

3.   C) There is no evidence that people’s style of moral reasoning changes as they age.

4.   D) His research on the stages is misleading because his research was based only on studies with men.

 

Answer:  D

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17) During a junior high health education class on genetics, a teacher asked one of the students to remove his shoes and show the webbing between his toes. Oblivious to the student’s obvious embarrassment, she chided him until he finally took off his shoe. In the context of James Rest’s components of moral behavior, this teacher was clearly deficient in:

1.   A) moral sensitivity.

2.   B) moral reasoning.

3.   C) moral motivation.

4.   D) moral relativism.

 

Answer:  A

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18) You were up late last night helping a friend who is depressed. As a result, you did not have enough time to study for your ethics test today. You are a good student and plan to go to a medical school next year and, after that, work in an inner-city clinic. You need to pass ethics in order to graduate. When you look at the test, you realize you will not be able to pass. However, you notice that you can see the answers of the student sitting in front of you. She is one of the best students in the class. Should you copy her answers? What would Kant say?

1.   A) Yes, you should copy her answers if you are pretty sure you will not get caught, because by graduating and becoming a physician you will benefit far more people than by failing the course.

2.   B) No, you should not copy the test answers because it is against the school’s rules.

3.   C) No, you should not copy the test answers because it is dishonest.

4.   D) Yes, although in general you have a duty not to cheat, in this situation it is morally acceptable since your lack of preparation for the test stems from your good will and desire to help a friend in need.

 

Answer:  C

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19) According to Kant, members of the moral community or kingdom of ends include(s):

1.   A) all sentient beings because they are capable of experiencing pain and pleasure.

2.   B) humans, as well as household pets because they are valued by humans.

3.   C) humans because they are rational.

4.   D) only God because only God has a perfectly good will.

 

Answer:  C

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Identify the person who said each of the following.

 

20) “The superego retains the character of the father, while the more powerful the Oedipus complex was and the more rapidly it succumbed to repression… the stricter will be the domination of the superego later on—in the form of conscience or perhaps of an unconscious sense of guilt.” Which of the following theorists is most likely to have made this statement?

1.   A) James Rest

2.   B) Jean Piaget

3.   C) Lawrence Kohlberg

4.   D) Sigmund Freud

 

Answer:  D

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21) “The failure to see the different reality of women’s lives and to hear the differences in their voice stems in part from the assumption that there is a single mode of social experience and development.” Which of the following theorists is most likely to have made this statement?

1.   A) Lawrence Kohlberg

2.   B) Carol Gilligan

3.   C) Sigmund Freud

4.   D) Ruth Benedict

 

Answer:  B

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22) “The postconventional stage is characterized by a major thrust toward autonomous moral principles that have validity and application apart from the authority of the groups or people who hold them…” Which of the following theorists is most likely to have made this statement?

1.   A) Mencius

2.   B) A. J. Ayer

3.   C) Carol Gilligan

4.   D) Lawrence Kohlberg

 

Answer:  D

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Ethics for Life, 7e (Boss)

Chapter 5   Divine Command Theory and Civil Religion

 

1) In the context of morality, the divine command theory claims that:

1.   A) morality is created collectively by people and, therefore, differs from culture to culture.

2.   B) morality is relative to or dependent on God’s will.

3.   C) human knowledge comes through the five senses.

4.   D) the existence of evil in the world disproves the existence of God.

 

Answer:  B

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2) According to divine command theorists, ________.

1.   A) the Ten Commandments are morally binding on all people at all times, including people who do not accept the Bible as the word of God

2.   B) it was morally acceptable for the terrorists to bomb the World Trade Center on 9/11, if the command to do so came from God

3.   C) God would not command a person to commit an act of terror because it is morally wrong to target innocent people, even in war

4.   D) God does not exist because an all-good God is incompatible with the existence of evil in the world

 

Answer:  B

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3) According to Kai Nielsen, which of the following comes first?

1.   A) divine command before natural law

2.   B) the worship of God before a concept of morality

3.   C) a concept of morality before the worship of God

4.   D) the chicken before the egg

 

Answer:  C

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4) According to Robert Bellah, the morality supported by mainstream religion in the United States is primarily based on:

1.   A) divine command theory.

2.   B) egoism.

3.   C) cultural relativism.

4.   D) ethical subjectivism.

 

Answer:  C

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5) In the context of religion’s role in society, sociologist Robert Bellah coined the term ________, which he defined as an institutionalized set of beliefs, symbols, and rituals that provide a religious dimension to a nation’s collective life.

1.   A) “civil religion”

2.   B) “religious extremism”

3.   C) “moral community”

4.   D) “ethical relativism”

 

Answer:  A

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6) Which of the following is a basic tenet of American civil religion?

1.   A) We have a moral obligation to redistribute America’s wealth to the poorer nations of the world and to open our borders to the poor of the world.

2.   B) Waging a preemptive war is immoral, even if it may be in the best interest of the United States to do so, since doing so is a violation of the just war theory.

3.   C) God is actively involved in history and has a special interest in America.

4.   D) Jesus is the supreme ruler of America.

 

Answer:  C

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7) According to Sioux holy man and philosopher Black Elk, the moral community in many Native American spiritual traditions includes:

1.   A) all and only humans.

2.   B) all and only Native Americans.

3.   C) all and only rational beings.

4.   D) all rational and irrational beings.

 

Answer:  D

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8) In the context of morality and religion, which of the following best defines spirituality?

1.   A) an inner attitude of reverence or deep respect for the ultimate moral worth or sacredness of oneself and others

2.   B) an admirable character trait or disposition to habitually act in a manner that benefits others over oneself

3.   C) an institutionalized set of beliefs about a transcendent god-figure that created the world

4.   D) an intrinsic awareness of what is morally good or bad that is not dependent on one’s religious beliefs or views on society

 

Answer:  A

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9) Why does one of the critiques of divine command theory suggest that God as envisioned by the Christian tradition does not exist?

1.   A) Human culture, not God, is the source of morality.

2.   B) There is evil and suffering in the world.

3.   C) The world is mechanistic; God, free will, and morality do not exist.

4.   D) The Bible is fictional; Abraham and Isaac never existed.

 

Answer:  B

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10) In the context of morality and religion, morality that is beyond what is normally expected of an individual is known as ________.

1.   A) moral extremism

2.   B) a divine command

3.   C) spirituality

4.   D) supererogatory

 

Answer:  D

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11) Which of the following is the best example of a supererogatory act?

1.   A) Because she loves him so much, Jane suggests that her boyfriend Harry, who is unprepared for an exam, cheat by copying from her answer paper, even though she realizes that she may be kicked out of college if they are caught.

2.   B) Harry refrains from cheating because he knows cheating is wrong.

3.   C) Jane volunteers in a homeless shelter as part of a requirement for her ethics course.

4.   D) Harry spent the previous week, at his own expense, helping to rescue flood victims in Alabama.

 

Answer:  D

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12) Which of the following people is most likely to be a true moral reasoner?

1.   A) a religious person who subscribes to the divine command theory

2.   B) a psychopath who rejects spirituality

3.   C) an extrinsically religious person

4.   D) an intrinsically religious person

 

Answer:  D

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13) Identify a common critique of divine command theory.

1.   A) It is problematic because there are no independent criteria to determine if someone’s actions were actually commanded by God.

2.   B) It is irrelevant because the number of people with irreligious or atheistic beliefs far outnumber the number of religious people in the world.

3.   C) It is not a valid theory because religious scriptures do not specify that God commanded everyone to live a morally just life.

4.   D) It is self-contradictory in that it identifies morality as independent of God’s will and yet expects people to follow God’s commands unquestioningly.

 

Answer:  A

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14) According to Gordon Allport, which of the following people can be categorized as an intrinsically religious person?

1.   A) Farah, who is deeply religious because her faith is meaningful to her

2.   B) Jonah, who is very active in his synagogue because his father expects him to be

3.   C) Nina, a faith healer who uses ancient rituals to help people quit addictions

4.   D) Bill, an atheist who works with Doctors Without Borders to help children in developing nations

 

Answer:  A

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15) According to Gordon Allport, extrinsically religious people tend to:

1.   A) be morally autonomous and tend to adhere to universal moral principles instead of religious tenets.

2.   B) prioritize spiritual experiences over the worship of a superior transcendent being.

3.   C) be heteronomous moral reasoners who uncritically accept the tenets of civil religion.

4.   D) consider morality to be subjective and variable from person to person.

 

Answer:  C

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16) In the context of religiosity, unlike heteronomous moral reasoners, truly moral people:

1.   A) uncritically accept the tenets of their religion.

2.   B) emphasize the worship of a superior transcendent being as the highest expression of morality.

3.   C) strive to be a good kind of person because they personally believe it is the right thing to do.

4.   D) have narrow definitions of what moral communities are.

 

Answer:  C

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17) In the context of morality and religion, natural law theory maintains that:

1.   A) an action is moral when God commands it.

2.   B) modern American society conceptualizes god as patriarchal and racially biased.

3.   C) morality is autonomous and is independent of religion or God’s commands.

4.   D) Judeo-Christian concepts of moral worth are universally applicable to all people.

 

Answer:  C

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18) In the context of religion and society, with which of the following sentiments is Karl Marx most likely to agree?

1.   A) To live without religion is to live without hope, because without hope, and thereby without God, there is no future.

2.   B) Without a just and powerful god watching over people, morality would cease to exist.

3.   C) Religion is a destructive force created by people to maintain the divisive and oppressive status quo in society.

4.   D) Religion is the worship of society, and it renders the sacred cultural norms and values of all peoples everywhere.

 

Answer:  C

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Identify the person who said each of the following.

 

19) “My friends, I must say to you that we have not made a single gain in civil rights without determined legal and nonviolent pressure. History is the long and tragic story of the fact that privileged groups seldom give up their privileges voluntarily… We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed.” Which of the following persons is most likely to have said this?

1.   A) Ruth Benedict

2.   B) Thomas Aquinas

3.   C) Martin Luther King Jr.

4.   D) Robert Bellah

 

Answer:  C

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20) “What is pleasing to the gods, and the man that pleases them, are holy; what is hateful to the gods, and the man they hate, unholy. But the holy and unholy are not the same; the holy is directly opposite to the unholy.”

1.   A) Thomas Aquinas

2.   B) Martin Luther King Jr.

3.   C) Black Elk

4.   D) Socrates

 

Answer:  D

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