Evidence Based Practice For Nurses 4th Edition By Schmidt Brown – Test Bank
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Test bank for Schmidt & Brown 4th Edition
Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses: Appraisal and Application of
Research
CHAPTER 1
WHAT IS EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE?
Multiple Choice
1. Which
of the following is the best definition of research?
2. Critically
thinking about problems that occur in health care to determine possible
solutions.
1. Information
that is based on personal experience or tradition.
2. Planned
and systematic activity that leads to new knowledge and/or the
discovery of solutions to problems or questions.
1. Trying
a variety of approaches to a clinical problem and settling on the approach
that is effective more often than not.
Definition of research utilization (p.
4)
2. Which
of the following is the best definition of research utilization?
3. Applying
research findings from individual studies to practice.
4. Analyzing
multiple research studies to synthesize findings.
5. Appreciating
the importance of clinical decision making.
6. Using
previous personal experience to build confidence.
Definition of EBP (pp. 4-5)
3. Which
of the following is the best definition of evidence-based practice (EBP)?
4. Application
of research findings based on scientific theories in a clinical setting.
5. Research
studies that correspond to nationally established priorities for healthcare,
conducted by experts in their fields.
1. Use
of theory-derived, research-based information in making decisions about
health care delivery, with consideration of individual needs and
preferences
and the clinical expertise of the provider.
1. Using
the individual health care provider’s perception of truth without conscious
attention or reasoning.
Difference between research utilization and EBP (pp.
4-5)
4. Which
of the following best describes the difference between research utilization and
EBP?
1. Research
utilization is a process of evaluating multiple studies for the most
generalizable findings; EBP is use of the most recent study on a
topic.
1. Research
utilization involves changing practice based on findings of a single
research study; EBP is the syntheses of findings from multiple
studies to
incorporate with practitioner skills and client preference to
determine best
care.
1. Research
utilization is the application of research findings to health care practice;
EBP is considered in selecting medication options.
1. Research
utilization is review of research publications; EBP is using the
healthcare provider’s perception of what care would be best in
individual
situations.
Evidence from other disciplines (p.
6)
5. In
what way can evidence from disciplines other than nursing be helpful?
6. Theory
based non-nursing evidence can provide a basis on which to build
new evidence.
1. Non-nursing
evidence supports the use of nursing knowledge obtained by trial
and error.
1. Clinical
decision making can be based on findings from single non-nursing
research studies.
1. All
evidence is equally important to the practice of nursing.
Identification of sources of evidence (p.
6)
6. You
are a new nurse working at XYZ hospital. Your preceptor tells you to dangle Ms.
Jones’ legs on the side of the bed before you attempt to assist
her to a chair. You ask your
preceptor why this is done and she answers, “This is what we
have always done, so go do
it.” This is an example of which type of evidence?
1. Trial
and error
2. Intuition
3. Borrowed
evidence
4. Tradition
Identification of sources of evidence (p. 6)
7. You
are a new nurse working at XYZ hospital. Your preceptor tells you to dangle Ms.
Jones’ legs on the side of the bed before you attempt to assist
her to a chair. You ask your
preceptor why this is done and she answers, “Because I said so.”
This is an example of
which type of evidence?
1. Intuition
2. Tradition
3. Authority
4. Borrowed
evidence
Identification of sources of evidence (p.
6)
8. Trial
and error is not a preferred approach for delivering nursing care because
9. it is
not based on systematic scientific approaches.
10.
it is not a sanctioned method by the American Nurses
Association.
11.
it is based only on intuition and therefore not scientifically
based.
12.
patient outcomes are always based only on level 1 evidence.
Identification of sources of evidence (p.
8)
9. Many
nurses in clinical settings base nursing interventions on information obtained
from
10.
level 1 evidence.
11.
individual research studies.
12.
colleagues.
13.
the American Nurses Association.
Barriers to adopting EBP (p.
8)
10.
Studies have shown that the reasons that nurses do not draw on
research are related to
11.
communication problems.
12.
individual and organizational factors.
13.
personal disinterest.
14.
rapid organizational changes.
Environment for EBP to flourish (p.
11)
11.
Which of the following promotes consistent EBP practice changes
in an institution?
12.
Clinical experts such as Advanced Practice Nurses (APNs) should
be the
authority for any change in practices.
1. Change
champions are needed on each work shift to facilitate practice
changes.
1. Nurse
managers must mandate research within healthcare institutions.
2. Opinion
leaders should enforce adherence to their opinions.
Environment for EBP to flourish (p.
10)
12.
One method for overcoming a lack of resources to access evidence
is to
13.
devote 15 minutes a day to reading evidence related to a
clinical problem.
14.
attend conferences where clinical research is presented..
15.
bookmark important Web sites that are sources of clinical
guidelines.
16.
collaborate with a nursing program for access to resources.
Barriers to adopting EBP (p. 9)
13.
What steps can be taken to overcome the time barrier to adopting
an EBP?
14.
Devote 15 minutes a day to reading evidence related to a
clinical problem.
15.
Subscribe to e-mail summaries of research studies in your area
of interest.
16.
Take advantage of available technologies to provide quick and
convenient access
to relevant data and clinical guidelines.
1. All
of the above
Parts of a research article (p.
18)
14.
Which section of a research article provides an overview of the
study?
15.
Abstract
16.
Introduction
17.
Review of literature
18.
Theoretical framework
Parts of a research article (pp.
18)
15.
Which section of a research article identifies the problem being
studied and includes a
purpose statement and background information on the topic?
1. Discussion
section
2. Introduction
3. Methods
section
4. Results
section
Parts of a research article (p.
19)
16.
A major portion of a research article is the methods section,
which includes a discussion
of the study design, the sample, and the collected.
1. solutions
2. statistics
3. data
4. theories
Parts of a research article (p.
19)
17.
The section of a research article outlines the methods used to
analyze the
data and notes the findings.
1. results
2. summary
3. introduction
4. abstract
Parts of a research article (p.
20)
18.
Which section of a research article provides an interpretation
of the study’s results?
19.
Abstract
20.
Introduction
21.
Methods
22.
Discussion
Ethical issues (p. 24)
19.
The first regulations to protect human subjects in medical
research studies were proposed
by the in 1973.
1. American
Medical Association
2. U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
3. U.S.
Food and Drug Administration
4. Association
of American Universities
Ethical issues (p. 31)
20.
Which of the following forms the basis for ethical conduct in
medical research
internationally?
1. Jewish
Chronic Disease Hospital study
2. Nuremberg
Code
3. Tuskegee
studies
4. Willowbrook
studies
Short Answer/Fill-in
Identifying types of research
1. The
category of research that addresses why or how phenomena are related is
.
2. research
aims to forecast when certain phenomena will occur.
3. The
type of research that analyzes words to focus on the meanings individuals give
to their
experiences is .
4. Quantitative
research focuses on collecting evidence, which is evidence
gathered through observation using one or more of the five
senses.
5. research
is concerned with providing accurate observations of phenomena
in natural settings
CHAPTER TWO
USING EVIDENCE THROUGH COLLABORATION TO PROMOTE
EXCELLENCE IN NURSING PRACTICE
Multiple choice
EBP levels of collaboration (p.
40)
1. What
are the five EBP levels of collaboration?
2. Organizational,
societal, fraternal, national, and international
3. Individual,
organizational, regional, national, and international
4. Professional,
educational, organizational, regional, and national
5. Individual,
organizational, societal, regional, and international
EBP levels of collaboration (p.
40)
2. Of
the situations listed, which is the best example of collaboration between the
levels
described in the model of EBP collaboration?
1. A
health care organization funds a group of nurses to attend a research
conference
related to practice areas that have had less than desirable
outcomes in the past
year.
1. An
individual nurse searches databases for the best evidence to support practice
with a population of clients on a particular unit.
1. A
participant at a national nursing organization conference listens attentively
to
presenters related to the most relevant topics for the
population served.
1. A
staff nurse uses findings from the Joanna Briggs Institute to support an
EBP project, evaluates outcomes, and reports the findings at an
international
conference.
Individual nurse level (pp.
40-41)
3. What
is one step a staff nurse can take to advance EBP at the point of care?
4. Establish
the culture for EBP in institutional settings.
5. Identify
clinical questions related to current nursing practice.
6. Promote
consistent practice changes among different shifts.
7. Reward
nurses involved in EBP and help those who lack involvement.
Individual nurse level (p.
41)
4. As a
staff nurse, what steps can you take to advance EBP as part of your team or
unit?
5. Participate
in implementing practice changes based on evidence.
6. Participate
as a member of an EBP project team.
7. Participate
in QI initiatives
8. All
of the above.
Individual nurse level (p.
41)
5. As a
staff nurse, how can you further educate yourself about EBP?
6. Read
evidence related to your area of practice on a regular basis.
7. Watch
what other nurses do.
8. Follow
the example of your supervisor.
9. Act
as a role model for younger staff.
Nurse manager level (p. 41)
6. How
can a nurse manager advance EBP as part of evaluating his or her staff?
7. Set a
good example with own behavior.
8. Clearly
outline goals for the team.
9. Use
performance criteria related to EBP.
10.
Participate in QI initiatives.
Advanced practice nurse level (p.
41)
7. The
advanced practice nurse can work to implement EBP by
8. Serving
as a coach and mentor in EBP.
9. Locates
relevant evidence and synthesizes evidence for practice.
10.
Uses evidence to writes and modify practice standards.
11.
All of the above.
Organizational level (p.
43)
8. Creating
an EBP culture is an example of contribution at the
9. organizational
level.
10.
individual nurse level.
11.
regional level.
12.
international level.
International level (p. 48)
9. The
Cochrane Collaboration and the Joanna Briggs Institute are examples of which
EBP
collaboration level?
1. Individual
2. International
3. Organizational
4. Regional
National level (p. 46)
10.
What national organizations can nurses use to locate EBP
resources and EBP-based
clinical guidelines?
1. Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality, National Institute of Nursing
Research, National Nursing Practice Network, and specialty
nursing
organizations.
1. National
Institutes of Health and regional resource centers.
2. American
Nurses Credentialing Center and the American Nurses Association.
3. Department
of Health and Human Services, Sigma Theta Tau International, and
the Joanna Briggs Institute.
Ethical guidelines (pp. 50-51)
11.
Which international code for ethical conduct by physicians
conducting biomedical
research followed the Nuremberg Code and provides more specific
guidelines?
1. ANA
Code of Ethics
2. Belmont
Report
3. Code
of Federal Regulations
4. Declaration
of Helsinki
Ethical guidelines (p. 52)
12.
Federal regulations mandate the establishment of institutional
review boards whose
purpose is to
1. develop
guidelines for conducting research.
2. identify
basic ethical principles in conducting research.
3. review
and approve research studies.
4. provide
a code of ethics for conducting research.
Institutional review board (p.
56)
13.
Which type of IRB review is required for research involving
vulnerable populations or
when there are substantial risks to participants?
1. Special
review
2. Full
review
3. Expanded
review
4. Expedited
review
Institutional review board (p.
56)
14.
A nurse researcher wants to interview parents and their autistic
children regarding the
children’s sleep patterns. This study would require which type
of IRB review?
1. Expedited
review
2. Full
review
3. Special
review
4. Exempt
from review
Institutional review board (pp.
57-58)
15.
A nurse educator is planning a research study related to
experiential learning activities
regarding caring for older adults with cognitive changes. Which
type of IRB review is
needed?
1. Exempt
from review
2. Expedited
review
3. Expanded
review
4. Full
review
Institutional review board (p.
56)
16.
Research proposals may be eligible for an expedited review by
the IRB if they involve
minimal risk to participants. This means
that
1. there
is a very low risk of harm or discomfort to study participants, no more
than that involved in daily life or routine physical or
psychological exams.
1. the study
will be based on the analysis of existing specimens or data only.
2. there
is some chance of harm to study participants due to invasive procedures.
3. the
study will only involve subject 18 years or older who have given consent.
Ethical issues (p. 52)
17.
The Belmont Report, issued in 1979, identified the following
three ethical principles:
18.
confidentiality, consent, and justice.
19.
autonomy, social justice, and respect for persons.
20.
beneficence, respect for persons, and justice.
21.
altruism, confidentiality, and consent.
Institutional review board (p.
49)
18.
In regard to IRB criteria, which of the following are included
in the category of
vulnerable populations?
1. Fetuses,
infants, children, pregnant women
2. Prisoners,
students, females, African Americans
3. Residents
of long-term care facilities, students under the age of 18, infants
4. Hospitalized
adults, illegal aliens, premature infants, children
Nurses as patient advocates (p.
59)
19.
A nurse has agreed to assist in collecting data from patients in
a primary care setting as
part of a research study on grieving and coping skills. What
would be the most
appropriate action by the nurse when a patient becomes visibly
upset after relating that
his son was recently killed in an automobile accident and that
he does not want to talk
further about it?
1. Sympathize
and explain how his answers will help many others.
2. Weigh
the potential greater good for a greater number of people and continue.
3. Support
the patient receiving care by ceasing further questioning.
4. Consider
the primary duty to advance nursing knowledge and continue
questioning after a brief break.
Ethical issues (pp. 51, 54)
20.
A nurse has agreed to assist in collecting data from clients in
a long-term-care setting.
The nurse becomes concerned upon realizing that many of the clients
participating in the
study have documented cognitive impairments. Which ethical
responsibility is being
violated?
1. Beneficence
2. Confidentiality
3. Voluntary
participation
4. Informed
consent
CHAPTER THREE
IDENTIFYING RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Multiple choice
Research question (p. 68)
1. An
area of concern due to a gap in knowledge that requires a solution that can be
described, explained, or predicted to improve practice is a
1. research
problem.
2. purpose
statement.
3. null
hypothesis.
4. research
hypothesis.
Research question (p. 68)
2. Which
one of the following could form the basis for a potential research study?
3. The
majority of patients are admitted between the hours of midnight and 4:00
a.m.
1. The
majority of nurses do not want to work the night shift.
2. The
majority of patient falls occur on the evening shift.
3. The
nurses who work the evening shift are not attentive to their patients.
Research process (pp. 72-73)
3. An
example of a is: “The use of alcohol by freshman at XYZ State
University contributes to alcohol-related injuries and
increasing numbers of visits to the local
emergency room.”
1. purpose
statement.
2. hypothesis.
3. problem
statement.
4. research
problem.
Research process (pp. 72-73)
4. An
example of a is: “To determine if brief screening for alcohol use and
nursing intervention during orientation reduces self-reported
alcohol use, alcohol-related
injuries, and visits to the emergency room by college students
during their freshman
year.”
1. problem
statement
2. purpose
statement
3. research
question
4. research
hypothesis
Research process (p. 74)
5. The
following statement: “There will be a change in nursing practice of nurses
after
completion of an EBP mentorship program as compared to before
the mentorship program,”
is an example of a
1. problem
statement.
2. purpose
statement.
3. research
hypothesis.
4. correlation.
Research process (p. 71)
6. Once
an idea is generated for a research problem, what is the next step?
7. Identify
variables to be studied.
8. Perform
a review of the literature.
9. Conduct
a survey to ascertain if the problem really exists.
10.
Formulate a hypothesis.
Hypothesis (p. 76)
7. A
simple hypothesis
8. describes
the associative or causal relationship between three or more variables.
9. predicts
how strong the relationship is between the variables.
10.
predicts an inverse relationship between the variables.
11.
describes the associative or causal relationship between two
variables.
Hypothesis (p. 77)
8. The
following statement: “There will be no difference in practice of nurses after
completion of an EBP mentorship program as compared to before
the mentorship program,”
is an example of a
1. problem
statement.
2. purpose
statement.
3. directional
hypothesis.
4. null
hypothesis.
Hypothesis (pp. 74-75)
9. What
is the purpose of formulating a hypothesis or hypotheses?
10.
To validate the research problem
11.
To provide direction for the research study by identifying
possible outcomes
12.
To identify the independent variable
13.
To identify the dependent variable
Variables (p. 80)
10.
“There will be a change in nursing practice after completion of
an EBP mentorship
program as compared to before the mentorship program.” In the
preceding statement,
“completion of an EBP mentorship program” represents the
1. confounding
variable.
2. dependent
variable.
3. extraneous
variable.
4. independent
variable.
Variables (p. 80)
11.
Variables that confuse the effect of the independent variable on
the dependent variable,
so that the research results do not really reflect a true
relationship between the independent
and dependent variables are
1. extraneous
variables.
2. random
variables.
3. within-group
variables.
4. control
variables.
Hypotheses (p. 75)
12.
A relationship between variables so that when one variable
changes, the other variable
changes is a(n)
1. associative
relationship.
2. causal
relationship.
3. indirect
relationship.
4. predictive
relationship.
Formulating EBP questions (p.
81)
13.
A widely used EBP model consisting of four components for
identifying clinical
questions for specific patient problems is known as the model.
1. AHRQ
2. PICO
3. intervention
4. comparison
Formulating EBP questions (p.
82)
14.
There is a study being conducted of adults over the age of 65 to
investigate the effect of
caregiver education on calming communication techniques in
comparison to sedative
medications on the agitation level of clients experiencing stage
2 dementia. In this study, the
clients’ level of agitation would be the measured
1. intervention.
2. association.
3. variable.
4. outcome.
Short Answer/Fill-in
Dependent and independent variables (p.
80)
1. In a
study investigating the effect of eating a bowl of oatmeal every day for 30
days and serum
cholesterol levels, is the independent variable.
2. In a
study investigating the effect of eating a bowl of oatmeal every day for 30
days and
serum cholesterol levels, is the dependent variable.
3. In a
study designed to determine if exposure to x-rays during pregnancy increases
the
likelihood of birth defects, x-ray exposure is the variable.
4. In a
study designed to determine if exposure to x-rays during pregnancy increases
the
likelihood of birth defects, birth defects are the variable.
5. “The
purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which sex, age, height,
and weight
predict selected physiologic outcomes: namely, forced expiratory
volume in one second (FEV),
hemoglobin concentration, food intake, serum glucose
concentration, total serum cholesterol
concentration, and cancer-related weight change (Brown et al.,
1997).” In this study, the
variable is the physiologic outcomes.
6. “The
purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which sex, age, height,
and weight
predict selected physiologic outcomes: namely, forced expiratory
volume in one second (FEV),
hemoglobin concentration, food intake, serum glucose
concentration, total serum cholesterol
concentration, and cancer-related weight change (Brown et al.,
1997).” In this study, the
variables are: sex, age, height, and weight.
CHAPTER FOUR
FINDING SOURCES OF EVIDENCE
Multiple choice
Purpose of finding evidence (p.
89)
1. As an
undergraduate student, which of the following should be the focus of your
literature
review?
1. gathering
information
2. helping
to identify a research question
3. identifying
gaps in current research
4. identifying
a source for publication of new findings
Purpose of finding evidence (p.
89)
2. Researchers
perform a literature review for the purpose of
3. helping
to sharpen and focus a research question.
4. highlighting
areas of needed change.
5. identifying
gaps in current research.
6. all
of the above.
Purpose of finding evidence (p.
91)
3. To
begin a literature review, what initial sources would you use to locate
information on your
topic of interest?
1. Online
search engines, journal archives in the local library, and recommendations from
your supervisor or professor
1. Journal
articles by nationally recognized researchers, health sciences publication
indexes,
and online search engines
1. Health
sciences publication indexes, government and university literature databases,
academic and hospital library resources
1. Textbooks,
government and university literature databases, and online medical sites
Types of evidence (pp. 93-94)
4. Which
of the following is an example of primary sources?
5. Biographies
6. Journal
articles
7. Systematic
reviews
8. Textbooks
Types of evidence (pp. 93-94)
5. Which
of the following best describes a primary source?
6. Historical
reviews
7. Interpretations
of other sources
8. Original
information
9. Written
summaries
Types of evidence (p. 94)
6. Which
of the following is an example of secondary sources?
7. Summaries
of primary sources
8. Commentaries
or interpretations
9. Reviews
10.
All of the above
Peer reviewed and refereed sources (p.
94)
7. What
is the purpose of the peer-review process?
8. To
ensure confidence in the quality of published works
9. To
confirm that the work is from a primary source
10.
To evaluate publications included in the literature review
11.
To make a decision about best practice
Types of reviews (p. 96)
8. Which
of the following are scholarly papers that synthesize published studies and
articles to
answer questions about phenomena of interest?
1. Integrative
reviews
2. Meta-analyses
3. Peer
reviews
4. Systematic
reviews
Types of reviews (p. 96)
9. Which
of the following combine results of studies into a measurable format and
statistically
estimate the effects of proposed interventions?
1. Integrative
reviews
2. Meta-analyses
3. Peer
reviews
4. Systematic
reviews
Types of reviews (p. 97)
10.
Which of the following summarize the results and implications of
large quantities of
research and include articles addressing the same clinical
problem?
1. Integrative
reviews
2. Meta-analyses
3. Peer
reviews
4. Systematic
reviews
How sources are organized (pp.
101, 111)
11.
What is the most recognized and widely used database of
published nursing practice
literature?
1. National
Guideline Clearinghouse
2. Cumulative
Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature
3. MEDLINE
(PubMed)
4. National
Institute of Nursing Research
How sources are organized (p.
103)
12.
What type of scholarly material can indicate upcoming “hot”
topics and includes
unpublished reports, conference papers, and grant proposals?
1. Government
agency reports
2. Systematic
reviews
3. Grey
literature
4. Peer-reviewed
summaries
How to search for evidence (p.
108)
13.
In conducting a keyword search of a literature database,
including the Boolean operator
“AND” to connect two words has what effect on the search
results?
1. Expands
the search to include all articles containing either word
2. Narrows
the search to include only articles that contain both words
3. Confuses
the search so you may not get all articles related to your topic
4. Defines
the search by one or the other word
How to search for evidence (p.
108)
14.
In conducting a keyword search of a literature database,
including the Boolean operator
“OR” to connect two words has what effect on the search results?
1. Expands
the search to include all articles containing either word
2. Narrows
the search to include only articles that contain both words
3. Confuses
the search so you may not get all articles related to your topic
4. Defines
the search by one or the other word
How to search for evidence (p.
108)
15.
A nurse conducting a keyword search of a literature database
enters the search terms
“anorexia NOT bulimia” to obtain what result?
1. All
articles that discuss either anorexia or bulimia
2. Articles
that discuss both anorexia and bulimia
3. Articles
that discuss anorexia only
4. Articles
that discuss bulimia only
How to search for evidence (p.
109)
16.
In searching a database, a controlled vocabulary is
17.
a list of forbidden words that cannot be used as search terms
18.
a series of keywords that must be entered in a specific order
19.
proprietary terms that can only be used when searching one
particular database
20.
a standardized, hierarchical list of terms that represent major
subjects and
conditions
How to search for evidence (p.
107)
17.
In which situation does the use of key words provide better
results than a controlled
vocabulary search?
1. finding
standardized hierarchical lists that represent major subject concepts
2. searching
full text or citation records
3. searching
for a particular subject
4. searching
for exact matches
How to search for evidence (p.
110)
18.
In searching database subject headings, you would use the
technique to
broaden the search by locating all records indexed to your
search term plus any that include the
term in a related, narrower category.
1. exploding
2. Boolean
3. qualification
4. nesting
How to search for evidence (p.
110)
19.
In searching a literature database, you would use the technique
to designate
which fields (e.g., author, title, subject, publication date)
are to be included in the search.
1. exploding
2. Boolean
3. qualification
4. nesting
How to search for evidence (p.
115)
20.
After a database search has been completed and you have located
published literature on
your topic, what is the next step?
1. Verify
that all material has been subjected to the peer-review process.
2. Appraise
the materials to ensure their integrity and applicability.
3. Include
additional materials that loosely relate to the topic of interest.
4. Exclude
those materials obtained using data collection tools with low reliability.
How to search for evidence (p.
115)
21.
After completing a database search, if you have any doubts or
concerns regarding the
validity of articles you’ve located, what options do you have to
resolve the issue?
1. Exclude
any materials for which you have doubts about their integrity.
2. Verify
questionable material elsewhere using a reputable source.
3. Ask a
nursing faculty member or a librarian for assistance.
4. All
of the above.
Ethical citation of sources (pp.
116-117)
22.
Which of the following statements should be cited if used in a
research paper?
23.
Fewer UTIs occur with routine perineal hygiene.
24.
George Washington was the first president of the United States.
25.
Zithromax has shown statistically significant results in the
treatment of URIs.
26.
Antibiotics are used to treat infection.
Ethical citation of sources (p.
117)
23.
The test can help determine if it is necessary to cite a source
in a written
work.
1. common
knowledge
2. plagiarism
3. reference
source
4. qualification
Short answer/Fill-in
Purpose of finding evidence (p.
90)
1. An
article by J. Lander published in Clinical
Nursing Research in 2005 outlined the
competencies that nursing students need to develop to perform a
quality literature review. One
key competency is to know what sources of information are
reliable and and how
to them using available resources and technology.
2. An
article by J. Lander published in Clinical
Nursing Research in 2005 outlined the
competencies that nursing students need to develop to perform a
quality literature review. One
key competency is to understand the various types of designs and
design issues.
3. An
article by J. Lander published in Clinical
Nursing Research in 2005 outlined the
competencies that nursing students need to develop to perform a
quality literature review. One
key competency is to know how to differentiate poor quality from
good quality reports,
systematic , and clinical .
4. An
article by J. Lander published in Clinical
Nursing Research in 2005 outlined the
competencies that nursing students need to develop to perform a
quality literature review. One
key competency is to be able to assess the of an intervention
for clinical
.
Peer review process (p. 94)
5. The
peer review process involves rigorous by experts and editors.
6. The
peer review process ensures that research articles and papers to be published
as
sources meet established for publication.
7. The
peer review is conducted to ensure the and integrity of published works.
Ethical citation of sources (p.
117)
8. The
definition of is using another’s work without giving proper credit.
9. A
simple rule to follow in written materials is if statements or graphics are not
your original
work, it is best to the source.
10.
It may be necessary to credit sources even when the original
statements are
(rewritten in your own words) if the concept being presented
must be attributed to another.
11.
Certain concepts have become knowledge and as such, do not need
to be
attributed to a source.
CHAPTER FIVE
LINKING THEORY, RESEARCH, AND PRACTICE
Relationship between theory, research, and practice (p.
123)
1. Which
of the following is both the source of questions addressed by research and the
testing
ground for theory?
1. literature
review
2. practice
3. peer
review
4. study
design
Relationship between theory, research, and practice (p.
123)
2. What
provides an essential foundation for nursing practice?
3. Formal
and informal nursing education
4. Theories
and research
5. Hypotheses
and discussion
6. Repeated
clinical studies
Relationship between theory, research, and practice (p.
124)
3. The
concepts that are core to nursing are person, environment, health, and nurse;
these
are known as the nursing
1. metaparadigm
2. model
3. proposition
4. theory
Relationship between theory, research, and practice (p.
124)
4. A is
a set of concepts linked through propositions to explain a
phenomenon.
1. metaparadigm
2. model
3. construct
4. theory
Importance of testing theory (p.
127)
5. What
compels nurses to continue learning throughout their careers to avoid becoming
laggards?
1. Changes
over time regarding knowledge of effective practices
2. Desire
for publication of new findings
3. Increased
funding for in-service education attendance
4. License
renewal requirements
Importance of testing theory (pp.
125-127)
6. In
the United States during the 1970s, nursing practice included the use of
granulated sugar to
pack stage III and IV wounds based on the rationale that
bacteria would be less invasive of new
tissue formation. Over time, this method did not result in
statistically significant increase in
wound healing time as compared to use of normal saline wet
packing. Research was begun to
determine what packing method led to best wound healing. The
1970s practices provides an
example of
1. nursing
practice based on personal experience.
2. nursing
practice based on research.
3. nursing
practice based on untested theory.
4. nursing
practice based on tested theory.
Importance of testing theory (pp.
125)
7. A is
a statement about the relationship between two or more concepts.
8. model
9. construct
10.
theory
11.
proposition
Language of research (pp.
127)
8. A is
a special type of proposition that has a theoretical basis and can be tested
empirically.
1. model
2. paradigm
3. hypothesis
4. proposition
Language of research (pp.
127)
9. In
research, a(n) is an observation that can be measured by assigning a number
to each dimension.
1. relationship
2. assumption
3. concept
4. variable
Language of research (pp.
128)
10.
A theory has credence until
11.
a) a less costly intervention is determined.
12.
b) evidence comes forward to refute it.
13.
c) new hypotheses are determined from practice.
14.
d) proof is provided that supports it.
Language of research (p.
127)
11.
Researchers formulated hypotheses based on clear definitions of
12.
concepts and variables.
13.
empirical indicators.
14.
likely risk factors.
15.
populations to be included.
Language of research (p.
128)
12.
Explicit statements of how a variable will be measured, such as
using a rating scale to collect
quantitative data regarding pain, are called
1. conceptual
definitions
2. empirical
indicators
3. operational
definitions
4. theoretical
framework
Language of research (p.
128)
13.
According to Florence Nightingale, health is defined as the
absence of disease. This is an
example of a(n)
1. conceptual
definition
2. empirical
indicator
3. operational
definition
4. theoretical
framework
Language of research (p.
129)
14.
Empirical indicators are the instruments and methods used to
15.
define concepts.
16.
measure and report on variables.
17.
analyze statistics.
18.
formulate theories.
Language of research (p.
129)
15.
What type of research, usually based on qualitative methods, is
used to develop theory?
16.
Experimental
17.
Deductive
18.
Analytical
19.
Inductive
Ethical research (p. 135)
16.
Ethical research involves citation of previous researchers and
their findings to assist in the
17.
creation of a universal theory of nursing.
18.
advancement of deductive research.
19.
publication of inductive research.
20.
evolution of nursing knowledge and practice.
CHAPTER SIX
KEY PRINCIPLES OF QUANTITATIVE DESIGN
Research study designs (p.
144)
1. In
research studies using experimental designs, the purpose is to
2. examine
causality.
3. explain
relationships and differences among variables..
4. observe
a phenomenon after it has been manipulated..
5. predict
relationships among variables..
Research study designs (p.
144)
2. In
research studies using nonexperimental designs, the purpose is to
3. explain
relationships and differences among variables.
4. predict
relationships and differences among variables.
5. describe
a phenomenon in detail.
6. all
of the above.
Research study designs (p.
144)
3. The
major difference between experimental and nonexperimental designs is the role
of the
4. variables.
5. participants.
6. researchers.
7. reviewers.
Research study designs (p.
144)
4. A
type of quantitative study is the , which examines outcomes across a
number of studies. (p. 124)
1. case
study
2. controlled
trial
3. descriptive
study
4. meta-analysis
Research study designs (p.
144)
5. The
researcher actively manipulates the independent (causal) variable to determine
its
effect on the dependent (outcome) variable when using a(n)
1. experimental
design
2. meta-analysis
3. nonexperimental
design
4. control
group
Quantitative designs (p.
145)
6. Causality
is the that exists between a cause and its effect.
7. balance
8. relationship
9. purpose
10.
outcome
Quantitative designs (p.
145)
7. When
outcomes have many causes, the situation is known as
8. inference.
9. relationship.
10.
manipulation.
11.
multicausality.
Quantitative designs (p.
146)
8. Probability
is how likely it is that the effect of the dependent variable was caused by the
variable.
1. independent
2. evaluated
3. manipulated
4. original
Quantitative designs (p.
146)
9. Manipulation
is the , or treatment, that is being tested in an experimental
study.
1. medication
2. proposition
3. intervention
4. maturation
Quantitative designs (p. 146)
10.
In health-related experimental designs, the group of subjects
receiving the standard of
care but not the intervention is the
1. control
group.
2. intervention
group.
3. total
population.
4. total
sample.
Quantitative designs (p.
146)
11.
Variables that confuse the effect of the independent variable on
the dependent variable
are
1. control
variables.
2. extraneous
variables.
3. random
variables.
4. within-group
variables.
Quantitative designs (p.
147)
12.
When extraneous variables influence and distort the relationship
between the independent
variable (IV) and the dependent variable (DV) so that the
findings do not reflect a true
relationship between the IV and the DV, the result is
1. voided.
2. inconsistent.
1. randomization.
2. bias.
Quantitative designs (p.
147)
13.
What is an effective way to control extraneous variables?
14.
Research purpose
15.
Experimental treatment
16.
Informed consent
17.
Randomization
Quantitative designs (p.
147)
14.
A method of sampling in which all subjects in the sample have an
equal chance of being
assigned to either the treatment group or the control group is
1. between-group
design.
2. within-group
design.
3. random
assignment.
4. random
sampling.
Quantitative designs (p.
147)
15.
A method of sampling in which all people in the population of
interest have an equal
chance of being selected to be included in the study is
1. selected
sampling.
2. within-group
sampling.
3. random
assignment.
4. random
sampling.
Validity (p. 149)
16.
Study validity refers to
17.
the accuracy and peer-reviewed approval of the research design.
18.
the absence of forces that can alter the results of the study.
19.
the degree to which the researcher can prove that the results
are accurate.
20.
the ability to accept that the research results are logical,
reasonable, and
justifiable based on the evidence presented.
Validity (p. 150)
17.
The degree to which one can conclude that the independent
variable, rather than
extraneous variables, produced the change in the dependent
variable is known as
1. effectiveness.
2. internal
validity.
3. statistical
validity.
4. Reliability.
Validity (pp. 150, 153)
18.
External validity refers to
19.
the degree to which confounding variables interfere with the
study outcomes.
1. the
degree to which the findings can be generalized to other subjects, settings,
and times.
1. the
influence of a specific event on the dependent variable.
2. the
relationship between the independent and dependent variable.
Validity (p. 151)
19.
A researcher interested in studying the effect of hearing loss
on self-esteem in
adolescents in grades 6 through 12 would need to be aware of
what type of threat to
internal validity?
1. Testing
2. History
3. Mortality
4. Maturation
Validity (p. 151)
20.
Which type of bias occurs when the dependent variable is
influenced by changes made
in the way variables are measured?
1. Threat
of history
2. Threat
of instrumentation
3. Threat
of maturation
4. Threat
of selection bias
Validity (p. 154)
21.
In which type of designs do neither subjects nor individuals
administering the
treatments know if subjects are receiving experimental
interventions or the standard of care?
1. Double-blind
experimental
2. Longitudinal
(prospective)
3. Quasi-experimental
4. Nonexperimental
Validity (p. 153)
22.
The occurs when changes noted in the dependent variable can be a
result
of subject reactivity and not a result of the independent
variable.
1. selection
effect
2. Type
II effect
3. Hawthorne
effect
4. placebo
effect
Short answer/fill-in
Categorizing designs according to time
1. Also
referred to as “ex post facto,” designs start with the dependent
variable and look back in time to determine possible causative
factors.
2. Nonexperimental
designs in which data is gathered from a group of subjects at only one
point in time are known as studies.
3. When
more than one group of subjects is studied at the same point in time, this
nonexperimental study type is a .
4. Also
known as prospective designs, designs gather data about subjects at
more than one point in time. They can be either or
nonexperimental.
5. In a
follow-up study, subjects are followed into the .
6. A
study in which subjects receive more than one experimental treatment and then
are
followed over time is based on the design.
CHAPTER 7
QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS: USING NUMBERS TO PROVIDE
EVIDENCE
Multiple Choice
Nonexperimenal designs (p.
175)
1. Researchers
use nonexperimental, descriptive designs for a variety of purposes, including
2. for
early stages of theory development.
3. when
it is not practical to conduct an experiment on the subject.
4. neither
A nor B.
5. both
A and B.
Experimental designs (p.
168)
2. Why
would a researcher need to be concerned about the administration of a pretest and
posttest in a research study?
1. It is
a threat to external validity.
2. It is
a threat to internal validity.
3. It is
a form of selection bias.
4. It is
a form of maturation.
Experimental designs (p.
167)
3. Which
design type is considered to be the “classic” experimental design in which
subjects
are randomized into either the intervention group or the control
group and measured before
and after the intervention is implemented?
1. Solomon
four group
2. Two
group pretest-posttest
3. Multiple
group
4. Two
group posttest only
Experimental designs (p.
169)
4. Which
design type allows researchers to manipulate more than one intervention during
the same experiment?
1. Multiple
group
2. Crossover
3. Factorial
4. Quasi-experimental
Experimental designs (pp.
165-175)
5. The
three major categories of quantitative research designs are
6. experimental,
quasi-experimental, descriptive
7. experimental,
quasi-experimental, nonexperimental
8. experimental,
nonexperimental, exploratory
9. experimental,
descriptive, exploratory
Quasi-experimental designs (p.
171)
6. Which
design type is similar to experimental design but does not meet one of the
other
essential components of experimental design, lacking either
randomization or a control
group?
1. Descriptive
2. Crossover
3. Factorial
4. Quasi-experimental
Quasi-experimental designs (p.
171)
7. The
advantage of using a quasi-experimental design in nursing is
8. smaller
sample size.
9. to
provide beginning evidence of causality.
10.
descriptive statistics can be used to analyze data.
11.
the design is stronger in determining causality.
Nonexperimental designs (pp. 176-177)
8. Which
type of design would be used by researchers interested in establishing
relationships between two or more variables, for example, the
type of coping used by
caregivers of older adults having cognitive changes and the
occurrence of elder abuse?
1. correlational
2. quasi-experimental
3. multi-experimental
4. factorial
CHAPTER 8 Epidemiologic Designs: Using Data to Understand
Populations
1. A
nurse is using analytic epidemiology when conducting a research project. Which
of the following
projects is the nurse most likely completing?
1. Reviewing
communicable disease statistics
2. Determining
factors contributing to childhood obesity
3. Analyzing
locations where family violence is increasing
4. Documenting
population characteristics for healthy older citizens
Epidemiology refers not only to infectious epidemics but also to
other health-related events. Analytic
epidemiology looks at the etiology (origins or causes) of
disease.
2. A
nurse is employed as a nurse epidemiologist. Which of the following activities
would most likely be
completed by the nurse?
1. Eliciting
the health history of a client presenting with an illness
2. Evaluating
the number of clients presenting with similar diseases
3. Performing
a physical examination of an ill client
4. Providing
treatment and health education to a client with a disease
Epidemiology differs from clinical medicine, which focuses on
the diagnosis and treatment of disease in
individuals. Epidemiology monitors the health of the population.
3. Which
of the following actions by Florence Nightingale demonstrates her role as an
epidemiologist?
4. She
convinced other women to join her in giving nursing care to all the soldiers.
5. She
demonstrated that a safer environment resulted in decreased mortality rate.
6. She
obtained safe water and better food supplies and fought the lice and rats.
7. She
met with each soldier each evening to say goodnight, thereby giving
psychological
support.
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