Evolution Making Sense Of Life 2nd Edition by Carl Zimmer -Test Bank

 

 

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Sample Test

Test Bank, Chapter 3

 

1.    Lord Kelvin argued that based on the temperature of rocks, the earth could not be as old some geologists thought. What turned out to be wrong with his reasoning?

 

·         he claimed that the temperature of surface rocks should be used in calcuations, but these calculations were shown to be unreliable

·         he did not realize that the planet’s interior was constantly changing

·         the upper layers of the earth are cooler than Kelvin realized

·         all of the above

 

2.    Which of the following allowed scientists to determine whether early hominins were browsers (eating shrubs primarily) or grazers (eating grasses primarily)?

 

·         shrubs and grasses differ in the type of photosynthesis they perform

·         shrubs and grasses have different carbon isotopic signatures

·         fossil remains of plants surrounding hominins indicate what they most likely ate

·         a and b are correct

·         a, b, and c are correct

 

3.    Scientists discover a new fossil that they expect is at least three million years old. To estimate the age of the fossil they would most likely:

 

·         search for layers of volcanic ash in rock layers above an below the location of the fossil

·         use radiocarbon dating to determine the age of the fossil itself

·         use radiocarbon dating to determine the age of the sedimentary layer in which the fossil was found

·         all of the above

 

4.    Minik Rosing and Robert Frei have argued that life likely existed as far back as 3.7 billion years ago. They base this claim on:

 

·         the presence of biomarkers in rocks of that age

·         fossils of stromatolites in rocks of that age

·         fossils of photosynthetic bacteria in rocks of that age

·         the presence of tiny blobs of mineral-rich fluids in rocks of that age

 

5.    The earliest generally accepted fossils of living organisms are:

 

·         yeasts

·         stromatolites

·         zircons

·         carbon isotopes

 

6.    Eukaryotes differ from archaea and bacteria because:

 

·         they contain a nucleus

·         the cell membrane contains peptidoglycan

·         they contain mitochondria

·         a and c are correct

·         a, b, and c are correct

 

7.    The transition of from single-celled to multi-celled organisms:

 

·         happened once

·         happened on multiple occasions

·         occurred before the origin of eukaryotes

·         a and c are correct

·         b and c are correct

 

8.    The earliest animal fossils appear similar to modern day:

 

·         sponges

·         archaea

·         fungi

·         jellyfish

 

9.    Tetrapods include:

·         organisms descended from ancestors with four limbs

·         birds

·         whales

·         all of the above

 

10.  The Edicaran fauna includes:

 

·         organisms that lived on land

·         tetrapods

·         organisms that are not clearly related to any currently existing lineages

·         chordates

 

11.  Nearly all currently existing animal lineages evolved during which period?

 

·         Ediacaran

·         Precambrian

·         Cambrian

·         Cryogenian

 

 

12.  Prokaryotes include representatives from:

 

·         bacteria

·         archaea

·         eukarya

·         a and b

·         a, b, and c are all correct

 

13.  The oldest currently known fossil of a land animal is:

 

·         a tetrapod

·         a bird

·         a millipede

·         bacteria

 

14.  Modern day mammals are descended most recently from what group:

 

·         synapsids

·         reptiles

·         fish

·         amphibians

 

15.  The diversification of grasses has occurred mostly in the last 20 million years. Some scientists have argued that this can be explained by:

 

·         the decline of large herbivores

·         the extinction of dinosaurs

·         a decline in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

·         the emergence of insects

 

16.  The earliest fossils of our own species date to:

 

·         approximately 500,000 years ago

·         approximately, 2 million years ago

·         approximately 6 million years ago

·         approximately 200,000 years ago

 

 

 

17.  What are four features shared by all chordates?

 

1.    notochord

2.    hollow nerve chord

3.    pharyngeal gill slits as embryos

4.    post anal tail as embryos

 

18.Imagine you discovered a fossil from an adult organism that you suspect might be an ancient chordate.  What structure would you look for to confirm you suspicion?

 

You could look for the presence of a notochord.  Structures such as the pharyngeal gill slits and post anal tail may only be seen in embryos. 

 

 

19.  Give one explanation that has been proposed for why grasses expanded and diversified around 20 million years ago.

 

Around this time the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere began to decline.  Grasses perform C4 photosynthesis and are therefore more efficient at extracting carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than C3 plants. 

 

20.  Match the following species or taxonomic groups with the approximate time period in which they appear in the fossil record:

 

Bacteria                    3.5 bya

Mammals                  150-200 mya

Tetrapods                370 mya

Flowering plants    132 mya

Sponges                   650 mya

 

21.  What factor might scientists take into account when choosing an isotope to date a new fossil.

 

The scientists would need to consider how old the fossil may be relative to the length of the half-life of different radioactive isotopes.  Isotopes with a longer half-life will be better for older fossils, while isotopes with a shorter half-life will be better for younger fossils. 

 

22.  Describe one advantage that carbon dating provides over other types of radiometric dating.

 

Dating with other radioisotopes only allows scientists to date rocks.  Thus, the approximate age of fossils has to be estimated based on dates for adjacent layers of volcanic ash.  Carbon dating can be performed on fossils or artifacts themselves, as long as they are not older than about 40,000 years.

 

23.  Explain how carbon isotopic signatures can be used to determine diets of extinct organisms.

 

Plants obtain carbon from the atmosphere, which is a mixture of different isotopes (C-13 and C-14).   The carbon becomes incorporated into plant biomass.  Different plants have different carbon isotopic signatures depending on how they perform photosynthesis.  For example, C4 plants have lower levels of carbon -13 than C3 plants.  The ratio of carbon isotopes in animals reflects their diet.  For example, animals that graze primarily on grass would be expected to have less carbon-13 because grasses are C4 plants. By examining the carbon isotopic signature of fossils extinct organisms, and comparing them to signatures found in organisms with a known diet, scientists can get some idea about the diet of the extinct animal.   

 

24.  Describe an example of where fossils have been used to reconstruct the behavior of extinct animals.

 

1.    Fossils of ichthyosaurs show some females pregnant, indicating that they gave live birth.

2.    Fossils have been discovered that show one organism in the process of eating another, thus giving an indication of diet.

3.    Fossilized trackways of sauropod dinosaurs indicate migratory patterns and group composition.

4.    Fossils of eggs, hatchlings, and adults demonstrate that some dinosaurs practiced parental care.

 

25.  Describe three reasons why any given organism would be unlikely to be discovered in fossilized form.

 

1.    Most organisms are eaten or otherwise degraded to the point where there is nothing left to fossilize.

2.    Fossilization typically requires organisms to be in water and rapidly covered with sediment.

3.    Soft-bodied organisms are unlikely to fossilize.

4.    A fossil must rise to the surface of the earth.

5.    A fossil may be destroyed by erosion

6.    A fossil must be discovered.

 

Test bank, Chapter 4

 

 

1.    According to the tree above:

 

·         Species B is more closely related to species G than species A

·         Species B is equally related to species G and species A

·         Species B is more closely related to species A than to species G

·         Species B is the common ancestor of species A, H, F, and G

·         A and d are correct

 

 

 

2.    Given the tree above, the similar body shape ofIcthyosaurs and dolphins is best described as:

·         an example of convergent evolution

·         ahomoplasious trait

·         an analogous trait

·         all of the above

·         none of the above

 

3.    Only a few species of garter snakes (Th. atratus, Th. couchii, and Th. sirtalis) have evolved the ability to tolerate a toxin produced by newts called tetrodotoxin (TTX). The phylogeny above shows how these three species are related. Referring specifically to Th. couchiiand Th. sirtalis, tolerance to TTX is an example of a ______ caused by ­­­­­­­­­_______.

 

·         reversal; homology

·         homology; convergent evolution

·         homoplasious trait; convergent evolution

·         homplasious trait; homology

·         ancestral homology; natural selection

 

4.    If species A and B are more closely related to each other than either is to species C, then species A and B must:

 

·         share a more recent common ancestor

·         be more similar physically overall

·         share more derived homologies (synapomorphies)

·         both a and c are correct

·         a, b, and c are all correct

 

 

5.    Given the tree above, which statement(s) is/are correct?

 

·         The lineage leading to modern day lemurs is older than the lineage leading to modern day humans

·         The monkeys form a monophyletic group

·         a and b are correct

·         none are correct

 

6.    In the tree above, assume that the ancestor was an herb (not a tree) without leaves or seeds. Given this, the evolution of a tree habit in Lepidodendron, oak and yew is:

 

(a) is an example of convergent evolution between Lepidodendronand the oak-yew clade

(b) is an example of convergent evolution between oak and yew

(c) is a homologous trait for oak and yew

(d) a and c are correct

(e) b and c are correct

 

 

7.    In the tree above, assume that the ancestor was an herb (not a tree) without leaves or seeds. Which currently existing species has/have this same combination of traits?

 

(a) fern

(b) Psilotum

(c) clubmoss

(d) a and c are correct

(e) b and c are correct

 

8.    Which of the following is true of the most recent common ancestor of two currently living species?

 

·         it may still be alive

·         one of the two species can be more closely related to the common ancestor

·         one of the two species may morphologically resemble the common ancestor more than the other

·         all are true

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9.    The phylogeny above shows relationships between birds and four different dinosaur genera. Based on the logic of phylogenetic systematics, which of the following statement(s) is/are accurate?

 

·         Dinosaurs and birds form a monophyletic group

·         In order for dinosaurs to be a valid taxon, birds must also be called dinosaurs

·         Dinosaurs are a paraphyletic group

·         All of the above

·         None of the above