Evolutionary Analysis 5th Edition Herron Freeman – Test Bank

 

 

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Sample Test

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Evolutionary Analysis, 5e (Herron/Freeman)
Chapter 3 Evolution by Natural Selection
1) Evolution by natural selection was conceived and written about in the 1800s by ________.
A) Alfred Russel Wallace
B) Charles Darwin
C) W. C. Wells
D) Patrick Matthew
E) All of the above
Answer: E
Section: 3.0
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
2) Natural selection ________.
A) works on populations, but its long-term effect is rendered on individuals
B) works on individuals, but its long-term effect is rendered on populations
C) can work only on populations of genetically identical individuals
D) works regardless of the amount of genetic variability in populations
Answer: B
Section: 3.0/3.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) Darwin studied and wrote extensively about the mechanism known as artificial selection.
Artificial selection is similar to natural selection, except that ________.
A) natural selection works toward a specific goal
B) artificial selection relies on preexisting variations in populations; natural selection does not
C) artificial selection produces varieties that would be less likely be favored in nature
D) artificial selection produces varieties of less interest to humans than natural selection
Answer: C
Section: 3.1/3.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
4) Varieties produced under domestication via artificial selection most generally have traits that
________.
A) would continue to be perpetuated in the wild as well as, or better than, those produced by
natural selection
B) are based only on variations that already exist in populations
C) are based only on new mutations that have arisen recently in domesticated varieties
D) are not typically well adapted in a wild setting
Answer: D
Section: 3.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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5) Tomatoes carry a gene called fw2.2 that encodes a protein made during early fruit
development―the job of which is to repress cell division. Additionally, researchers have
identified a second gene called fas that controls the number of compartments in the mature fruit.
Artificial selection leading to the production of very large tomatoes has apparently capitalized on
________.
A) alleles associated with low production of the repressor protein and an increase in the number
of fruit compartments
B) alleles associated with high production of the repressor protein and an increase in the number
of fruit compartments
C) alleles associated with low production of the repressor protein and a decrease in the number
of fruit compartments
D) alleles associated with high production of the repressor protein and a decrease in the number
of fruit compartments
Answer: A
Section: 3.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
6) When the Darwin/Wallace theory of natural selection is summarized, four central postulates
emerge. Which of the following is NOT one of these four natural selection postulates?
A) Variations exist in any given generation of a species.
B) Variations in traits are produced by mutations.
C) Variations are, at least in part, heritable.
D) Those individuals whose variations confer an advantage are more likely to survive and
reproduce.
Answer: B
Section: 3.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
7) Which of the following statements best summarizes natural selection?
A) Organisms evolve in order to become better adapted to the environment.
B) Individuals who are most fit will survive.
C) Traits that promote survival and reproduction become more frequent in species from one
generation to the next.
D) Organisms change in order to become adapted to new environments.
Answer: C
Section: 3.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
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8) A trait that confers a greater level of fitness, relative to those who lack it, is called a(n)
________.
A) adaptation
B) mutation
C) variation
D) allele
E) None of the above.
Answer: A
Section: 3.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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9) In the accompanying figure of Jones and Reithel’s work with snapdragons, what is the most
likely outcome if these plants were in a natural setting?
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A) A 2% change is too small to be significant, so yellow and white flowers will remain in
roughly equal percentages in future generations.
B) Yellow and white flowers will oscillate in frequencies, depending on environmental
conditions such as rainfall.
C) Yellow flowers will continue to increase in frequency, as compared to white flowers, over
time.
D) Because the yellow trait is recessive, yellow flowers will ultimately take over the population.
Answer: C
Section: 3.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
10) Evolution by natural selection ________.
A) requires that multiple unverified assumptions are made before it can be considered a viable
explanation
B) is only a theory and therefore not testable
C) can be tested experimentally
D) can be tested observationally
E) Both C and D.
Answer: E
Section: 3.3/3.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
11) Which of the following issues constitute a threat(s) to estimating the heritability of the
Galapagos Island finches?
A) bisidentified paternity
B) conspecific nest parasitism
C) shared environments
D) maternal effects
E) All of the above.
Answer: E
Section: 3.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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12) The accompanying figure shows data on composite values for beak size, beak shape, and
body size for the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) inhabiting Daphne Major. Complete
data sets were collected from 1973 onward.
For each of the three graphs in the accompanying figure, the 95% confidence intervals are shown
as vertical bars extending above and below each data point for each year. The fact that many of
these 95% confidence intervals do not overlap with the data from 1973 (the original reference
point for this study) do not overlap reveals that ________.
A) no detectable change in these phenotypes was measured
B) no evolution can be documented
C) detectable change in phenotypes was observed, but the changes were not heritable
D) detectable evolution by natural selection did occur
E) None of these is an accurate statement.
Answer: D
Section: 3.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
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13) The accompanying figure shows data on composite values for beak size, beak shape, and
body size for the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) inhabiting Daphne Major. Complete
data sets were collected from 1973 onward.
The figure shows that ________.
A) the population of Geospiza fortis evolved a bigger beak in response to both droughts (1977
and 2003-04)
B) the population of Geospiza fortis evolved a bigger beak in response to the 1977 drought and
then evolved a smaller beak in response to the 2003-04 drought
C) the population of Geospiza fortis evolved a smaller beak in response to both droughts (1977
and 2003-04)
D) the population of Geospiza fortis did not evolve at all in response to either drought (1977 and
2003-04)
Answer: B
Section: 3.4
Skill: Application/Analysis
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14) Regarding the nature of natural selection, which of the following is NOT an accurate
statement?
A) Populations evolve traits by natural selection that will be useful for future environmental
changes.
B) Natural selection acts on the phenotypes of individuals, but evolution occurs with changes in
allele frequencies in populations.
C) Natural selection can and does produce features that are less than perfect adaptations.
D) Natural selection operates as a systematic, nonprogressive mechanism.
Answer: A
Section: 3.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
15) Darwin developed his theory of natural selection despite having an incomplete and/or
inaccurate knowledge base from which to work. Which of the following were problems for
Darwin?
A) the source of variations in populations
B) an understanding of inheritance patterns from one generation to the next
C) The accepted age of the Earth was far too young to allow for the gradual changes Darwin
envisioned.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Section: 3.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
16) Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court decisions struck down laws prohibiting the
teaching of evolution?
A) The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes, 1925
B) Epperson v. Arkansas, 1968
C) Edwards v. Aguillard, 1987
D) Tammy Kitzmiller, et al. v. Dover Area School District, et al., 2005
Answer: B
Section: 3.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
17) Darwin confirmed the concept of evolution under domestication himself by experimenting
with pigeons. This mechanism is more commonly known as ________. [two words]
Answer: artificial selection
Section: 3.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
18) An attribute that increases an organism’s fitness, as compared to individuals lacking it, is
called a(n) ________.
Answer: adaptation
Section: 3.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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19) ________, in general terms, is an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce.
Answer: Fitness
Section: 3.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
20) ________ can be defined as the fraction of the variation in a population that is due to
differences in genes.
Answer: Heritability
Section: 3.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
21) Occasional traits, such as the insect-capturing features of carnivorous plants, emerge because
existing traits become used in novel ways. Such traits are known as ________.
Answer: exaptations
Section: 3.5
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
22) Before Mendel’s work was rediscovered, some argued that natural selection would not work
because favorable traits would merge into existing traits over time and become lost. This
hypothesis is known as ________. [two words]
Answer: blending inheritance
Section: 3.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
23) Beginning around 1930, the ________ [two words] developed as a reformulation of
Darwinian natural selection based on the ways in which knowledge in genetics has informed us
about heredity.
Answer: modern synthesis
Section: 3.6
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
24) Social, political, and legal controversy surrounding acceptance of evolution goes back to the
decade of the ________, when teacher John Scopes was tried for teaching evolution.
Answer: 1920s
Section: 3.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
25) Proponents of ________ [two words] argue that the complexities of living systems can only
be accounted for by the creative acts of a conscious entity.
Answer: Intelligent Design (ID)
Section: 3.7
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
26) Identify and describe Darwin/Wallace’s four tenets of natural selection.
27) Rewrite Darwin/Wallace’s four tenets of natural selection by incorporating what we’ve
learned from the field of genetics (i.e., “The Modern Synthesis”).
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28) Compare and contrast the experimental work of Jones and Reithel on snapdragons with Peter
and Rosemary Grant’s research with the medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis).
29) Darwin’s calculations on elephant reproduction under ideal conditions reveal that far more
elephants could be produced than actually are. Explain why this supporting fact is important to
the theory of natural selection.
30) Suppose you were a dog breeder who wished to reduce the incidence of barking in an
otherwise popular breed of dog. Design a strategy that would allow you to do this. What
assumptions would you need to make, and what key elements would need to be in place to be
successful?

 

Chapter 4 Estimating Evolutionary Trees
1) The illustration in the accompanying figure represents an early phylogenetic tree as depicted
by ________.
A) Dembski
B) Wallace
C) Lamark
D) Darwin
Answer: D
Section: 4.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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2) The label “1” in the accompanying figure represents ________.
A) the “root” for the tree
B) the common ancestor for the hypothetical lineage
C) both A and B
D) None of the above.
Answer: C
Section: 4.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
3) Every node in a phylogenetic tree represents a(n) ________.
A) common ancestor
B) extinction event
C) transitional form
D) sister species
Answer: A
Section: 4.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
4) In determining the evolutionary relationships of current species, one needs to ________.
A) read along the tree tips: Species closer to each other are always more closely related
B) read along the tree tips: Species shown at the tips are arranged in patterns reflecting which
groups evolved from others
C) read “back” to nodes connecting species to determine common ancestry
D) None of the above is an accurate way to read phylogenetic trees.
Answer: C
Section: 4.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
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5) Phylogenetic trees can always be regarded as ________ about evolutionary relationships.
A) facts
B) hypotheses
C) guesses
D) none of the above
Answer: B
Section: 4.1
Skill: Application/Analysis
6) A novel, derived character is also referred to as a(n) ________.
A) apomorphy
B) plesiomorphy
C) synapomorphy
D) clade
Answer: A
Section: 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
7) A preexisting, ancestral character is also known as a(n) ________.
A) apomorphy
B) plesiomorphy
C) synapomorphy
D) clade
Answer: B
Section: 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
8) A derived character that is shared among two or more lineages is also called a(n) ________.
A) apomorphy
B) plesiomorphy
C) synapomorphy
D) clade
Answer: C
Section: 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
9) An ancestor and all of its descendants are known as a monophyletic group or a(n) ________.
A) apomorphy
B) plesiomorphy
C) synapomorphy
D) clade
Answer: D
Section: 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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10) A phylogenetic tree grouping that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants is
known as a ________ group.
A) monophyletic
B) paraphyletic
C) polyphyletic
D) polytomy
Answer: A
Section: 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
11) A group consisting of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants is known
as a ________ group.
A) monophyletic
B) paraphyletic
C) polyphyletic
D) polytomy
Answer: B
Section: 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
12) In constructing phylogenetic trees, it is useful to think of monophyletic groups as being
defined by ________.
A) apomorphies
B) plesiomorphies
C) synapomorphies
D) clades
Answer: C
Section: 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
13) The wings of bats and birds and the streamlined body form of sharks and whales represent
examples of ________.
A) convergence
B) reversal
C) outgroups
D) a clade
Answer: A
Section: 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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14) Estimating the uncertainty of phylogenetic trees using computer-generated replicates from an
original data set is known as ________.
A) a heuristic search
B) the likelihood scenario
C) Bayesian inference
D) bootstrapping
Answer: D
Section: 4.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
15) In the case study involving the phylogeny of whales, ________.
A) molecular data and fossil data are in conflict with each other
B) molecular data confirmed what was already known from the fossil record: whales are
cetaceans
C) fossil discoveries confirmed what molecular data already suggested: whales are cetaceans
D) both molecular and fossil data are inconclusive
Answer: C
Section: 4.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
16) Which of the following phylogeny inference tools is the best at reconstructing the most
accurate phylogenetic trees?
A) parsimony
B) maximum likelihood
C) Bayesian inference
D) All of these methods have pros and cons.
Answer: D
Section: 4.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
17) The use of phylogenetic trees in answering questions about the spatial distribution of living
things is called ________.
A) biogeography
B) phylogeography
C) physiogeography
D) polyphyletogeography
Answer: B
Section: 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
18) A ________ [two words] is the evolutionary history of an ancestral lineage and its
descendants.
Answer: phylogeny/phylogenetic tree
Section: 4.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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19) Two closely related species that share a recent common ancestor are called ________
species.
Answer: sister
Section: 4.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
20) A(n) ________ [two words] is a novel feature that evolved in a lineage and may be unique to
a species or shared among species.
Answer: derived character
Section: 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
21) ________ evolution is the independent evolution of similar derived characters in different
lineages.
Answer: Convergent
Section: 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
22) Complications in constructing phylogenetic trees due to reversals and convergent evolution
are known collectively as ________.
Answer: homoplasy
Section: 4.2
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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23) In the accompanying figure, the three “dashes” in the fourth row of nucleotides represent a(n)
________ that was corrected for in this example of molecular data analysis.
Answer: deletion
Section: 4.3
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
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24) After correcting for the noted deletion in slots 62-64, it becomes clear that mutations in the
________ triplet have the most effects on changes in phenotype.
Answer: third
Section: 4.3
Skill: Application/Analysis
25) Analysis of neutral mutation rates to answer interesting questions such as “When did humans
begin to wear clothes?” relies on the ________ [two words] hypothesis, which states that
molecular traits change at a steady rate.
Answer: molecular clocks
Section: 4.4
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
26) Explain what parsimony is, and why it is preferred in constructing phylogenetic trees.
27) Your textbook states that under optimal conditions, all of the methods discussed (parsimony,
maximum likelihood, neighbor joining, and Bayesian inference reveal the true branching pattern
of the phylogeny in question with accuracies approaching 100%. However, real phylogenies are
rarely inferred under ideal circumstances. Explain, using examples, why this is so.
28) Evaluate the merits and limits of parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference as
tools for evaluating alternative phylogenies.
29) Convergence and reversal are two complications that can interfere with accurate
reconstruction of phylogenies. Describe each one, using examples, and explain the common
strategies used to overcome them.
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30) Biogeographers study the spatial distribution of living things, and how they came to be
where they are. Explain, using examples, how phylogeography can be used to answer the
questions of biogeographers.