Experience History Interpreting America’s Past 8Th Edition By James West Davidson- Test Bank
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Sample Test
Chapter 03
Colonization and Conflict in the South 1600-1750
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (p. 51-53)This
chapter tells the story of the Powhatan confederacy to make the point that
A. Indians
initially tolerated the first English settlers as allies against rival tribes,
but the cultivation of tobacco led to white land hunger that would destroy
Indian power.
B. the initial English settlements at Virginia survived only because of
the generous assistance provided by local Indian tribes.
C. Powhatan had no strategy to deal with the white “tribes” who invaded
his domain, so he tried in vain to organize an alliance to resist the English.
D. since the English colony was so self-sufficient, they felt no need to
cultivate friendly relations with the few scattered, unorganized tribal bands
in the Chesapeake region.
2. (p. 57)The
primary objective of mercantilism was to
A. promote free trade policies.
B. develop industries in the Americas.
C. build
national self-sufficiency through a favorable balance of trade.
D. encourage development of a textile industry in Europe.
3. (p. 59)Which
of the following accounted for the desperate circumstances early in the
Jamestown settlement?
A. failure of the first tobacco crop
B. Jamestown’s lack fortifications
C. colonists’ willingness to cooperate
D. agrarian
skills of the colonists
4. (p. 59-60)Which
of the following most characterized the Virginia colony in its first two
decades?
A. the profitability of the Virginia Company due to the tobacco boom
B. political stability due to the representative assembly
C. Indian wars
D. immigrant
deaths
5. (p. 59)Which
of the following best describes a “headright”?
A. the
right of a free settler or sponsor of immigrants to receive 50 acres per person
or head
B. the recognized right of the gentry class to rule
C. the right, according to European diplomacy, of the first nation to
colonize a river valley to claim all adjacent lands up to its headwaters
D. the absolute property right, according to English law, of a head of
household over his wife, children, servants, and slaves
6. (p. 59)Which
of the following is NOT an accurate description of immigrants to Virginia during
the tobacco boom of the 1620s?
A. They were mostly young, single males.
B. Most came as indentured servants.
C. Nearly
all were recruited from peasant villages where they had lived all their lives.
D. They died relatively soon after coming.
7. (p. 60)The
king revoked the company’s charter and made Virginia a royal colony in 1624 for
what reason?
A. He wanted to keep all the colony’s profits for the royal treasury.
B. Indian attacks on the settlers required revenue for security.
C. An investigation revealed the horrible death rate for the Spanish.
D. More
than 3,000 immigrants had succumbed to the brutal conditions of Chesapeake
life.
8. (p. 60)In
the 1630s and 1640s, as the tobacco boom broke, which of the following
situations developed in Virginia?
A. Conditions improved somewhat for less powerful Virginians.
B. Planters raised more corn and cattle.
C. Single women stood a good chance of improving their status through
marriage.
D. All
these answers are correct.
9. (p. 60)Of
the following, which is the most likely reason that Maryland granted religious
toleration?
A. Its
Catholic founders wished to provide a haven for Catholics.
B. Its Puritan founders wished to break the power of the Anglican state
church.
C. Its merchant founders needed a gimmick to lure settlers away from
Virginia.
D. Its idealistic founders sought a virtuous and egalitarian utopia for
the worthy poor of all faiths.
10.
(p. 62)What
created the conditions of unrest that led to local rebellions in the
Chesapeake?
A. religious persecution
B. a sharp rise in the death rate
C. political oppression
D. diminishing
economic opportunity
11.
(p. 60-61)In an
effort to ensure that his American colonies contributed to England’s
prosperity, King Charles II initiated a series of regulations known as the
A. mercantile regulations.
B. Navigation
Acts.
C. tariff and tax laws.
D. Neutrality Acts.
12.
(p. 60-61)British
authorities based their colonial trade policies, as embodied in the Navigation
Acts, on the theory of
A. mercantilism:
insuring self-sufficiency by monopolizing trade.
B. industrialism: promoting English industrial development.
C. imperialism: keeping the American colonies weak and dependent.
D. developmentalism: stimulating colonial economic diversification.
13.
(p. 60)Women
in the seventeenth-century Chesapeake
A. usually outnumbered men.
B. usually outlived men.
C. had
a good chance of improving their status through marriage.
D. had a good chance of ending up as unmarried landless vagabonds.
14.
(p. 60-61)The
Navigation Acts were
A. procedures instituted by the king when he chartered the Virginia
Company.
B. reforms prescribed by the Virginia Company to encourage diversification
of the economy.
C. regulations decreed by Massachusetts to regulate shipping safety.
D. laws
passed to give English merchants a monopoly on the colonial trade.
15.
(p. 60)The
English Civil War of the mid-1600s resulted in the execution of ________ and
then the dictatorship of ________.
A. Charles I; Charles II
B. Charles
I; Oliver Cromwell
C. Parliament; Oliver Cromwell
D. Parliament; Charles II
16.
(p. 62)Which
of the following did NOT trigger the revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon?
A. clashes between Indians and whites
B. diminishing economic opportunities for freed servants and small
planters
C. popular
opposition to the restoration of the monarchy
D. a contest for power between older and newer elites
17.
(p. 63)While
the rising demand for slaves in the Chesapeake played some role in the large
growth of the Atlantic slave trade between the mid-1500s and the late 1800s, it
was the spread of plantation economies in other places that spurred and
sustained the traffic in human beings. Which were these other places?
A. the
Caribbean and South America
B. South Africa and India
C. the Middle East and North Africa
D. British North America
18.
(p. 67)The
leaders of Chesapeake society by the end of the 1600s were able to foster
greater unity and stability because
A. they relied more on serfs than servitude.
B. economic prospects for slaves improved.
C. new
land on the frontier became available.
D. they gave more white males a vote in elections.
19.
(p. 67)The
English mainland colonies of North America received most of their slaves
directly from
A. Africa.
B. Brazil.
C. the West Indies.
D. Portugal.
20.
(p. 63)After
1680, Chesapeake planters began to rely more heavily on black slave labor than
on indentured white servants because
A. declining death rates made indentured servants more profitable than
slaves.
B. the flow of white servant immigrants was increasing.
C. the
pool of available black labor was widening.
D. whites were developing a more egalitarian society.
21.
(p. 68)The
Chesapeake gentry, above all, sought
A. wealth in order to return to England.
B. respect.
C. titles of nobility.
D. social relations rooted in morality and equality.
22.
(p. 68-73)As
with the Chesapeake colonies, so too the Carolinas followed a process from
________ to ________.
A. violence
and high mortality; relative stability
B. diverse economic endeavors; a single-crop economy
C. reliance on African slaves; reliance on indentured servants
D. the West Indies; the mainland
23.
(p. 68)English
settlements in the West Indies had the greatest influence upon the development
of the mainland colonies of
A. the Chesapeake.
B. the
Carolinas.
C. New England.
D. New York and New Jersey.
24.
(p. 68)What
was the most lucrative New World product by the later 1600s?
A. silver
B. sugar
C. tobacco
D. rice
25.
(p. 69)Initially
it was the ________ of sugar that conferred status, but later it was the ________
of sugar that conveyed power.
A. cultivation; marketing
B. sources; control
C. consumption;
production
D. abundance; monopoly
26.
(p. 69)Until
the fourteenth century Europe imported sugar from
A. North
Africa, Persia, and India—and it was scarce and exotic.
B. the inhabitants of Madeira and the Canary Islands—and it was inferior
in quality.
C. the natives of the Caribbean—and it was used at first in religious
ceremonies.
D. the trade with West African countries—and it was unappreciated.
27.
(p. 69)Europe
and America affected each other in many ways as the result of colonization.
Among the most fundamental conditions of life altered by colonization was
A. diet.
B. time.
C. sexual relations.
D. religion.
28.
(p. 52-53)One
of the differences between South Carolina and the Chesapeake was that
A. the Chesapeake had a black majority.
B. Virginia and Maryland were Catholic; South Carolina was Protestant.
C. wealthy
South Carolina planters grew rice; the Chesapeake gentry were primarily tobacco
growers and brokers.
D. South Carolinians enjoyed peaceful relations with Indians.
29.
(p. 73)The
early instability of South Carolina society was due to
A. ethnic
and religious divisions among the white settlers.
B. the trafficking of Indian slaves.
C. the influx of black labor and the resulting disruption of families.
D. the volatile rice boom.
30.
(p. 73)________
was founded both as a military buffer and a philanthropic enterprise.
A. The colony of Maryland
B. The
colony of Georgia
C. The plantation system in Barbados
D. The plantation system in South Carolina
31.
(p. 68-74)Which
of the following is NOT an accurate generalization about the southern English
colonies by about 1700?
A. Each
had been founded as a private (i.e. proprietary) colony, but each would
eventually become royal.
B. The economy of each was based on slave-grown plantation staple crops.
C. Each had matured into a hierarchical society in which the leading
planters controlled the government.
D. To the south of England’s mainland colonies were mainland colonies of
Spain.
32.
(p. 55)The
principal institution used by the Spanish to incorporate natives into colonial
society was the
A. presidio.
B. hacienda.
C. vaquero.
D. mission.
Fill in the Blank Questions
33.
(p. 59)________
was the king of England who chartered the company that founded the first
permanent English colony in North America.
James I
34.
(p. 53)In
1617 John Rolfe established a pattern for southern colonies when he introduced
the cultivation of ________.
tobacco
35.
(p. 59)In
1619 the Virginia Colony began the tradition of self-government in America by
authorizing a(n) ________, or the House of Burgesses.
representative
assembly
36.
(p. 60)The
king who was restored to the throne after the English Civil War was ________.
Charles II
37.
(p. 60-61)The
collective name for parliamentary legislation designed according to
mercantilist theory for the purpose of controlling colonial trade was the
________.
Navigation Acts
38.
(p. 63)The
phase of the enslavement process after slaves had been procured along the
African coast and before they were sold in the Americas involved a long sea
voyage across the Atlantic known as the ________.
Middle Passage
39.
(p. 63)The
________ basically the leading plantation owners—were the political and
economic elite of the Chesapeake colonies by the late 1600s.
gentry
40.
(p. 70)Many
of the original settlers of South Carolina came from the West Indian island of
________.
Barbados
41.
(p. 55-56)Unlike
the English, the Spanish projected a place in their colonies for ________.
Indians
42.
(p. 55-56)The
medieval religious order that would become key to the settlement of Spanish
North America was the ________.
Franciscans
Essay Questions
43.
Describe Powhatan’s reactions to the arrival of the English in
the Chesapeake. Why did Powhatan allow the settlement at Jamestown to survive?
Answers will vary
44.
What was mercantilism? Why did the logic of mercantilist ideas
encourage King James to grant a charter to the Virginia Company?
Answers will vary
45.
Discuss the causes of Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia. Compare and
contrast the causes and character of that rebellion with the causes and
character of Coode’s Rebellion in Maryland.
Answers will vary
46.
Describe how the Virginia colony was transformed from a colony
in which most unfree laborers were white servants to one in which black slavery
was firmly established.
Answers will vary
47.
Discuss the ways in which the character and composition of the
black population and the institution of slavery in the Chesapeake changed
between the middle of the seventeenth century and the early decades of the
eighteenth century.
Answers will vary
48.
What explains the greater stability of white society in South
Carolina after about 1730?
Answers will vary
49.
Why did Georgia’s idealistic founders fail in their plan to
create a small farmer’s utopia?
Answers will vary
50.
Compare and contrast the Spanish treatment of native peoples in
the Southwest with relations between Indians and English settlers in the
colonial American Southeast.
Answers will vary
51.
Does the text’s account of Powhatan’s confederacy reinforce or
contradict the notion of the Chesapeake Indians as “noble savages” who lived a
simpler life than did the Europeans who reached their shores? Explain why.
Answers will vary
52.
Imagine that you were one of the leaders of the English
settlement at Jamestown. What could you have done to lessen the hardships or to
prevent the tragedies that took place during the first fifteen years of
settlement?
Answers will vary
53.
Without tobacco, the Virginia Colony would never have survived.
Make a case for that thesis, using what you know of the colony’s history.
Answers will vary
54.
Explain how sugar and tobacco played similar roles in Virginia
and in the Caribbean colonies.
Answers will vary
55.
Discuss and assess the following statement from the textbook:
“All that saved white society in the Chesapeake from renewed crisis and
conflict [after Bacon’s and Coode’s rebellions] was the growth of black
slavery.”
Answers will vary
56.
One of Virginia’s biggest planters, William Byrd, boasted that,
“I am dependent upon no one but Providence.” In what ways were Byrd and other
planters like him powerful and independent? In what ways were they more
dependent than Byrd realized?
Answers will vary
57.
Was it inevitable that black slavery emerged as the dominant
labor system in the Chesapeake? In South Carolina? Could planters in either
colony have adopted alternatives—free white workers? White indentured servants?
Indian slaves or servants?
Answers will vary
58.
Discuss the relationship that existed between the Spanish in the
Southwest and the Pueblo Indians.
Answers will vary
59.
Explain how the various groups of Indians in the Northeast
adjusted and adapted to the colonization of Europeans.
Answers will vary
Chapter 05
The Mosaic of Eighteenth-Century America 1689-1768
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (p. 107)________
was the Spanish Empire’s last major colonial project in North America.
A. New Mexico
B. California
C. The Texas mission project
D. The Pueblos
2. (p. 111)Why
were the French less likely than the British to use military force when dealing
with the native peoples of North America?
A. The
French population was relatively low.
B. French soldiers were much less effective fighters than their British
counterparts.
C. As Catholics they naturally were more benevolent when dealing with the
native peoples.
D. They had superior diplomatic skills.
3. (p. 114)The
three largest groups of non-English immigrants coming to the American colonies
in the 1700s were
A. Africans,
Scots-Irish, and Germans.
B. Africans, Germans, and Dutch.
C. Scots-Irish, Dutch, and Africans.
D. Scots-Irish, Germans, and Dutch.
4. (p. 114)Which
of the following is NOT one of the reasons the American population grew
dramatically in the 1700s?
A. high birth rate
B. importation of slaves
C. absorption
of French and Spanish colonials as the British Empire expanded
D. large numbers of non-English immigrants
5. (p. 117)Which
of the following was among the highest-paying occupations for women in the port
cities of the colonies?
A. dressmaker
B. nurse
C. seamstress
D. maid
6. (p. 114)By
the beginning of the eighteenth century land scarcity pushed both native-born
and newly arrived families to look westward. Why did new immigrants from Europe
have better luck obtaining land south of New York?
A. Yankee
westward expansion
B. German land grants
C. the Great Wagon Road
D. the Homestead Act
7. (p. 119)Where
in the South did most black Americans live and work?
A. inland plantations
B. along
the seaboard
C. in the backcountry
D. the piedmont
8. (p. 120)In
what time frame was the greatest number of African slaves imported into the
Chesapeake and Carolina regions?
A. the first half of the seventeenth century
B. the second half of the seventeenth century
C. the
first half of the eighteenth century
D. the second half of the eighteenth century
9. (p. 114)Which
of the following characterized the society of the eighteenth-century
backcountry?
A. influx of English manufactured goods
B. political equality
C. isolation
D. stability
10.
(p. 116)What
was the primary reason so many families migrated into the backcountry?
A. to escape governmental authority
B. to worship in freedom
C. to find a healthier environment
D. to
obtain cheap land
11.
(p. 116)Which
group dominated the political and economic life of the seaport towns?
A. descendants of the original founding families
B. the numerous middle-class artisans
C. merchants
D. aristocratic crown officials
12.
(p. 116)The
colonial seaports were not only the centers for overseas trade; they were also
the places where
A. enterprising
merchants worked to organize and control the commerce of the surrounding
region.
B. religious revivals had their greatest effect.
C. British imperial authority remained visible and strong.
D. slavery was first outlawed.
13.
(p. 119)Conflicts
in the seaport towns of the early- to mid-1700s included
A. strikes by the working class.
B. clashes between citizens and British redcoats.
C. gender clashes among groups of men and groups of women.
D. impressment.
14.
(p. 117)In
the mid-1700s, slaves in the seaport cities
A. often gained their freedom.
B. were practically nonexistent.
C. were
likely to be recent arrivals from Africa.
D. frequently fought for their freedom.
15.
(p. 121)In
the mid-1700s, slaves on southern plantations
A. were
about as likely to have been born in America as in Africa.
B. found little opportunity to create an African American culture.
C. had mostly all gained their freedom.
D. were more likely to be recent arrivals from Africa.
16.
(p. 120)Unlike
slaves on Carolina plantations, those in the Chesapeake
A. had less contact with whites.
B. enjoyed greater autonomy because of the “task system.”
C. lived
on smaller plantations with fewer slaves.
D. were mostly African-born.
17.
(p. 121)Which
of the following statements is true about slave communities on southern
plantations?
A. With few slaves imported directly from Africa, African folkways soon
disappeared.
B. Slave marriages were legally recognized.
C. Resistance to slavery led to a drop in the slave trade.
D. Black
family life was sustained despite the high possibility that a family member
would have to be sold due to a master’s death or indebtedness.
18.
(p. 122)Which
of the following was most likely true of Americans who were influenced by the
Enlightenment?
A. They would have faith that society could be improved through human
slavery.
B. They
would be from the educated upper class.
C. They would hold to a religion that believed human beings could find
salvation in the Catholic Church.
D. They would understand knowledge as valuable for its own sake,
independent of any practical usefulness.
19.
(p. 122)The
doctrine known as “rational Christianity” stressed which of the following
beliefs?
A. predestination
B. conversion
C. the
benevolence of God
D. the reasons for innate human sinfulness
20.
(p. 123)Regarding
the effects of the Great Awakening, all the following are correctly stated,
EXCEPT that
A. Americans became more sharply polarized along religious lines.
B. many westerners embraced evangelical Protestantism and swelled the
denominations of the Baptists and the Presbyterians.
C. many
urban easterners embraced evangelical Protestantism and thus swelled such
denominations as Quakers and Anglicans.
D. though divisive, it also had a unifying effect, since it was the only
experience that many people throughout all the colonies had in common.
21.
(p. 123)The
Great Awakening can best be described by which of the following statements?
A. It was a multifaceted, intellectual movement, based primarily on new
discoveries in science.
B. It was a secular, humanitarian movement, which sought to improve the
quality of life for the poor.
C. It was a rationalist religious movement, which had its greatest impact
among the well-educated in eastern seaboard cities.
D. It
was an emotional revivalist movement that appealed to a diverse cross section
of Americans.
22.
(p. 122)The
direct influence of the Enlightenment in America was
A. widespread, affecting all classes and regions.
B. widespread, affecting all except the poorest backcountry farmers.
C. confined mainly to the clergy.
D. confined
mainly to some skilled artisans and elite planters and merchants.
23.
(p. 124)One
of the important distinctions between eighteenth-century English and American
social structure was that
A. while England had a large lower class, there were no poor people in
America.
B. while England had a large lower class, their more industrialized
economy created more opportunities for upward mobility than did agrarian
America.
C. while England’s aristocrats claimed titles and legal privileges by
hereditary right, only a few American elites inherited titles and political
power.
D. while
less than one-third of England’s inhabitants belonged to the “middling sort,”
three-quarters of white Americans could be described as “middle class.”
24.
(p. 125)Americans
harbored some reservations about English society. These included
A. anxieties
about what England’s extreme inequality might do to liberty.
B. rejection of the concept of social hierarchy that undergirded the
English class structure.
C. the extravagance and manners of England’s upper class.
D. English promotion and toleration of the corrupt workings of politics.
25.
(p. 125)The
theory of the “balanced constitution” refers to
A. separating government powers into executive, legislative, and judicial
functions.
B. giving
every order of society some voice in the workings of government.
C. the use of “influence” or patronage by the executive officials to win
support for its policies among legislators.
D. restricting the franchise to adult males owning a certain amount of
property.
26.
(p. 125)Which
of the following was NOT one of the ways that English and American politics
differed?
A. Unlike
England, most colonies had unicameral legislatures.
B. The electorate in America encompassed a much larger proportion of
white, adult males than did England’s electorate.
C. Representation was apportioned more fairly and directly in America.
D. The royal governor lacked the patronage resources of English monarchs
and their ministers.
Fill in the Blank Questions
27.
(p. 106)Nowhere
did the French seem more menacing than in ________, one of the most important
blank spots on Spanish maps.
Texas
28.
(p. 106-107)The
Native American people that integrated European horses into their lives and
became formidable equestrian warriors were known by their enemies as the
________.
Comanches
29.
(p. 111)Despite
grand colonial claims, most eighteenth-century French Americans lived along the
________ River.
St. Lawrence
30.
(p. 112)Authorities
in Paris hoped to establish a colony on the Gulf Coast that could be more
profitable and more ________ than their colonial efforts in Canada.
French
31.
(p. 122)The
________ was an intellectual movement in both Europe and America that
celebrated the power of human reason.
Enlightenment
32.
(p. 123)The
“boy preacher” from England who stirred revival fires up and down the colonial
seaboard was ________.
George Whitefield
33.
(p. 126)The
English Parliament’s unofficial policy of benign ________ allowed economic
growth and political autonomy in the American colonies.
neglect
Essay Questions
34.
What “forces of division” were operating in the British colonies
during the first half of the eighteenth century? Discuss with specific
reference to at least two of the following areas: immigration, the backcountry,
boundary disputes, and seaport towns.
Answers will vary
35.
Compare and contrast the character of backcountry settlements
with that of older rural communities in eighteenth-century America.
Answers will vary
36.
Compare and contrast the lives of eighteenth-century American
women in established rural communities, on the frontier, and in major seaports.
Answers will vary
37.
Discuss male and female black slaves’ experiences in South
Carolina, the Chesapeake, and major seaports.
Answers will vary
38.
Compare and contrast the economy, social structure, and politics
of England and America in the eighteenth century.
Answers will vary
39.
Describe the basic outlook of the intellectual movement known as
the Enlightenment.
Answers will vary
40.
Why did some American visitors to England feel ambivalent about
life and society in their “parent country”?
Answers will vary
41.
Comment on the following statement: “That America evolved in
ways distinct from that of England was a direct result of British colonial
policy.”
Answers will vary
42.
In what ways were major American seaports of the eighteenth
century similar to cities today? In what ways were they different? How has
urban life changed in the last 300 years?
Answers will vary
43.
Consider the following: “To any person in bondage, the condition
of slavery must be fundamentally unacceptable, no matter how benevolent a
slave’s master. Yet the realities of power forced enslaved people every day to
confront these inequalities.” Discuss the ways in which enslaved African
Americans dealt, in different ways, with their situation.
Answers will vary
44.
Why was the Great Awakening disruptive socially as well as
religiously? Explain the causes of disruption in both cases.
Answers will vary
45.
What caused the population of North America to increase
dramatically during the eighteenth century?
Answers will vary
46.
Colonial religious practices underwent several changes during
the Great Awakening. Explain how different groups adjusted to these changes.
What was the aftermath of the Great Awakening?
Answers will vary
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